中国大鲵繁殖前期的冲凉行为及其意义

为揭示和探讨中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)繁殖前期的冲凉行为及其意义,在仿生态养殖环境条件下,采用定时定点观察法和全事件记录法,对中国大鲵冲凉行为的过程及姿势进行了观察记录,进而研究了冲凉行为与年龄、求偶行为之间的关系。结果表明,雄性成鲵表现出冲凉行为,冲凉过程包括冲凉试探、姿势调整、冲凉和离开等4个阶段;冲凉姿势可分为头部冲凉、躯干冲凉、尾部冲凉、移动冲凉、环抱冲凉、贴壁冲凉和抬头冲凉等7种;雄性成鲵的冲凉行为与求偶行为之间存在极显著的正相关。本文认为,雄性成鲵可能通过冲凉行为来促进精巢的发育,进而通过求偶行为达到自然配对并成功繁殖、最终实现种族延续的目的。     

中国大鲵繁殖生物学研究进展

中国大鲵（Amndrias davidiamus Blanchard）是我国特有濒危的两栖物种,是研究生物进化、生物多样性、性别决定分子机制等的好材料,对于科学研究具有巨大的潜在贡献。近年来人们对它的研究力度不断加大,本文综述厂大鲵的繁殖生物学的近期研究工作,也简要探讨了大鲵繁殖生物学今后研究的主要工作,以期为大鲵繁殖生物学及繁殖技术的进一步的研究提供有价值的参考。     

大鲵的人工驯养繁殖

中国大鲵 (Ａｎｄｒｉａｓｄａｖｉｄｉａｎｕｓ)属两栖纲有尾目隐鳃鲵科 (Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｂｒａｎｃｈｉｄａｅ)、大鲵属 (Ａｎｄｒｉａｓ) ,俗称娃娃鱼 ,英文名Ｇｉａｎｔｓａｌａｍａｎｄｅｒ,是中国内陆淡水中一种珍贵动物 ,也是目前世界上最大的两栖动物 ,最大个体体长近 2ｍ ,体重约 50ｋｇ ,人工驯养寿命可达 60余年 ,自然界有活 1 0 0多年的记载。1　大鲵的形态特征及分布中国大鲵的外部形态早在 2 2 0 0年前就有记载 ,《山海经·北山经》云 :“泱泱之水 ,其中多人鱼 ,其状如鱼帝鱼 ,四足 ,其音如婴儿”。大鲵体大扁平 ,头部宽阔 ,躯…     

大鲵繁殖盛期的初步探索

大鲵学名Andriasdavidianus (Blanchard),俗称娃娃鱼。     

中国大鲵的食性研究

１９８５－１９８８年,在陕西秦岭,大巴山中,先后１０个月共采集中国大鲵标本７１尾,其中幼林４０尾,成体３１尾。经过剖胃,观察胃容物并称重,分析中国大鲵食物的种类和数量。解剖中空胃４０尾,实胃３１尾,中国大鲵是肉食性捕食动物,幼体以螃蟹,昆虫等小型水生动物为食;成体以螃蟹,鱼,青蛙和水麝鼯等水生动物为食。     

野生大鲵繁殖洞穴生态环境的初步研究

为了探明野生大鲵(Andrias davidianus)自然繁殖所需要的主要生态条件,给人工养殖条件下大鲵的自然繁殖提供生态学依据,对张家界国家级大鲵保护区境内野生大鲵的栖息繁殖洞穴进行生态学考察。对海拔、洞口的宽度与高度等10个生态因子进行定量观测和主成分分析,结果表明,影响大鲵选择繁殖洞穴的主要因子是海拔、洞口高度、洞底组成,以及洞穴中水的透明度、pH、流速、饵料丰度7个因子。对大鲵繁殖洞穴相连河段进行调查,发现多为山溪流。对繁殖洞穴中水的溶解氧、化学耗氧量、硫化物等5项主要指标进行检测,除硫化物外,其他指标多达到国家饮用水的水质标准,可见大鲵自然繁殖对洞穴与水质的要求较高。     

大鲵的水下发声与相关行为

无尾类两栖动物的复杂的声行为对其繁殖与物种的识别具有重要的作用,而有尾类除了少数种类可以发出 微弱的“吱吱”声或吠声外,在过去一直被认为是基本不发声的。但是,最近的基于解剖学的证据的研究显示隐腮 鲵科(Cryptobranchidae)可能是一个例外。为了检验这一假说,作者对实验室严格控制的条件下的4只中国大鲵(An- drias davidianus)进行了观察。观察结果不仅表明动物在水下发声,同时也观察到了与之相关联的行为。作者对进 一步在野生条件下开展研究提出了建议。     

中国大鲵侧线器官的研究

本文以光镜和扫描是镜手段研究了中国大鲵幼体,亚成体及成体头部及躯干部表皮中的侧线器官,即电接受壶腹器官,机械接受的表面神经丘和陷器官的分布,形态和发展变化。壶腹器管仅存于幼体头部,变态结束后消失,后两种终生存在,但前者按一定路线和方向排列,后者仅存于头部,陷在表皮中,文章探讨了壶腹器官的原始性,其消失与生活习性以及由水登陆进化的关系;对三种器官的形态及其它有尾类的侧线器官进行了比较。     

旅游干扰的水质模拟对繁殖前期中国大鲵夜间活动节律的影响

动物的日活动节律是它们对各种环境条件昼夜变化的综合适应。研究旅游干扰对繁殖前期中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)的夜间活动节律影响,有助于探明旅游干扰是否以及如何影响大鲵繁殖行为的机理。前期研究发现旅游干扰程度与水中溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)含量显著负相关。在大鲵繁殖前期,通过控制大鲵生态繁育池水中的进水量(主要影响DO含量)来模拟重度与轻度旅游干扰下大鲵水环境,通过监测大鲵夜间出洞与进洞时间、水温(Water Temperature,WT)、DO和大肠菌群的动态变化,比较不同旅游干扰强度下大鲵夜间活动节律的差异,以明确旅游干扰导致的水质变化对大鲵夜间活动节律的影响。结果表明,雌/雄鲵出洞时间在模拟重度旅游干扰水质下显著晚于轻度水质中,雌鲵分别为19:10±0:22与18:53±0:24,雄鲵分别在18:29±0:20与18:13±0:18。重度干扰导致水质变化分别推迟了雌/雄大鲵出洞时间约17 min与16 min。但是,雌雄大鲵进洞时间在模拟重度与轻度旅游干扰水质下,差异不显著,雌鲵分别为24:10±0:13与24:18±0:17,雄鲵分别为6:...     

中国大鲵研究近况

在中国大鲵研究概况一文的基础上,收集１９９１－１９９７年资料,从形态、胚胎、生态、生化、人工养殖以及建议等方面,对中国大鲵最近的研究概况做了论述。     

中国大鲵生殖腺胚后发育的形态学观察

为探寻中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)生殖腺胚后发育的特点及规律,采用解剖学与组织学技术对其形态结构变化进行了观察.结果表明,大鲵的原始生殖腺开始出现于出膜28～49 d;出膜133～175 d时一些个体生殖腺内已初步分化出原始卵泡;出膜259 ～343 d时一些个体生殖腺内已初步分化出生精小叶;出膜427 d时,卵巢已明显分化为皮质与髓质,且髓质内出现了卵巢腔,精巢内生精小叶及其内的腔隙、精巢间质等分化已较为明显;出膜511 d时精巢分化为明显的生精小叶和非成熟小叶两个区域.本文认为,大鲵与其他无羊膜类原始生殖腺的分化一般发生在胚后阶段,而且雌性的分化时间早于雄性.     

中国大鲵幼体的性别分子鉴定与性腺形态

为探明中国大鲵（Andrias davidianus）雌雄幼体的性腺发育特征,确定适合的性别分子鉴定方法,对15尾5月龄和17尾17月龄养殖个体进行形态测量、解剖观察、性腺组织切片及PCR扩增雌性特异DNA片段。结果发现,引物adf225和adf340的扩增效果好,判定5月龄个体8雌7雄;17月龄个体8雌9雄,与依据性腺形态结构区分的结果一致。体视显微镜下5月龄幼体中肾腹侧有两条半透明细条状的原始生殖嵴;组织切片显示生殖细胞形态分化不明显。17月龄卵巢波浪状弯曲,有颗粒感,精巢呈光滑的白条状,形态分化明显;组织切片显示,卵巢分化出体积较大的卵母细胞,同时保留原始卵泡,精巢分化出生精小叶和精原细胞、支持细胞。外形测量显示,5月龄与17月龄性二型不明显,不能根据外形判断性别。本研究确定了大鲵幼体性别分子鉴定的最佳引物,可用于养殖过程中雌雄选配,以节约资源。     

Sex in flies: what 'body--mind' dichotomy?

Sexual behavior in Drosophila results from interactions of multiple neural and genetic pathways. Male-specific fruitless (fruM) is a major component inducing male behaviors, but recent work indicates key roles for other sex-specific and sex-non-specific components. Notably, male-like courtship by retained (retn) mutant females reveals an intrinsic pathway for male behavior independent of fruM, while behavioral differences between males and females with equal levels of fruM expression indicate involvement of another sex-specific component. Indeed, sex-specific products of doublesex (dsxF and dsxM), that control sexual differentiation of the body, also contribute to sexual behavior and neural development of both sexes. In addition, the single product of the dissatisfaction (dsf) gene is needed for appropriate behavior in both sexes, implying additional complexities and levels of control. The genetic mechanisms controlling sexual behavior are similar to those controlling body sexual development, suggesting biological advantages of modifying an intermediate intrinsic pathway in generation of two substantially different behavioral or morphological states.     

湖北石首麋鹿昼间活动时间分配

为探讨性别、年龄和季节对麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)行为的影响,2006年9月-2007年10月,作者采用焦点取样法和瞬时记录法,将麋鹿昼间活动归为采食、饮水、运动、休息、警觉、其他行为等六大类型,每月6-8 d对湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区麋鹿种群的昼间活动时间分配进行了跟踪观察.结果表明:麋鹿有晨、昏两个采食高峰和一个午间休息期,各种行为类型所占比例依次是:休息53.40％(±5.59％)、采食22.36(±8.34％)、运动11.23％(±0.63％)、警觉5.03％(±1.76％)、其他行为4.42％(±2.06％),饮水2.65％(±0.74％).不同季节,时间分配变化明显.非参数Kruskal Wallis H检验结果显示(n=120),季节、年龄和性别显著影响麋鹿的活动时间分配.除运动行为(x2=16.856,df=3,P＞0.05)和饮水行为(x2=7.667,df=3,P＞0.05)无显著差异外,采食(x2=15.657,df=3,P＜0.01)、休息(x2=13.173,df=3,P＜0.01)、警觉(x2 =13.887,df=3,P＜0.01)和其他行为(x2=16.317,df=3,P＜0.01)在不同季节所占时间百分比均有极显著差异.对不同性别年龄组的活动时间分配采用两个独立样本的Mann-Whitney U检验,各性别-年龄组间的运动行为所占时间比例有极显著差异(P＜0.01),雄鹿与雌鹿之间的警觉行为有极显著差异(P＜0.01),雄鹿花较多时间用于警觉.幼鹿与成年鹿及亚成年鹿之间的采食行为时间有极显著差异(P＜0.01).不同性别、年龄组在不同季节的昼间活动时间分配的差异采用方差(ANOVA)分析后发现:所有年龄组,夏季与冬季饮水、春季与夏季警觉均存在显著性差异(P＜0.01);成体和亚成体麋鹿,春季与冬季警觉、夏季与冬季运动均存在显著性差异(P＜0.01).     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Behavioral changes in the termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera), inoculated with six fungal isolates

The studies of pathogen-prevention behaviors of termites have focused on hygiene behavior directed only against highly virulent pathogens. Therefore, we compared behavioral changes in the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus following contact with entomopathogenic fungi with different levels of virulence. The fungal virulence was inferred from the daily mortality and the LD₅₀ value in previous data. When untreated termites were allowed to contact their fungus-inoculated nestmates, mutual grooming was frequent during 30 min after inoculation. The inoculated termites were often attacked and eaten by their uninoculated nestmates, and then buried after death. Notably, there was no influence of fungal virulence on these pathogen-prevention behaviors. However, the fungal isolates and genera affected not only the frequency of the behaviors but also the horizontal transmission pattern, the number of dead individuals and the survival period before the first death following infection.     

Semicircular canal system in early primates

Mammals with more rapid and agile locomotion have larger semicircular canals relative to body mass than species that move more slowly. Measurements of semicircular canals in extant mammals with known locomotor behaviours can provide a basis for testing hypotheses about locomotion in fossil primates that is independent of postcranial remains, and a means of reconstructing locomotor behaviour in species known only from cranial material. Semicircular canal radii were measured using ultra high resolution X-ray CT data for 9 stem primates (“plesiadapiforms”; n = 11), 7 adapoids (n = 12), 4 omomyoids (n = 5), and the possible omomyoid Rooneyia viejaensis (n = 1). These were compared with a modern sample (210 species including 91 primates) with known locomotor behaviours. The predicted locomotor agilities for extinct primates generally follow expectations based on known postcrania for those taxa. “Plesiadapiforms” and adapids have relatively small semicircular canals, suggesting they practiced less agile locomotion than other fossil primates in the sample, which is consistent with reconstructions of them as less specialized for leaping. The derived notharctid adapoids (excluding Cantius) and all omomyoids sampled have relatively larger semicircular canals, suggesting that they were more agile, with Microchoerus in particular being reconstructed as having had very jerky locomotion with relatively high magnitude accelerations of the head. Rooneyia viejaensis is reconstructed as having been similarly agile to omomyids and derived notharctid adapoids, which suggests that when postcranial material is found for this species it will exhibit features for some leaping behaviour, or for a locomotor mode requiring a similar degree of agility.     

SER-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans 5-HT2-like receptor, and a multi-PDZ domain containing protein (MPZ-1) interact in vulval muscle to facilitate serotonin-stimulated egg-laying

Serotonin (5-HT) stimulation of egg-laying in Caenorhabditis elegans is abolished in ser-1 (ok345) animals and is rescued by ser-1 expression in vulval muscle. A PDZ binding motif (ETFL) at the SER-1 C-terminus is not essential for rescue, but facilitates SER-1 signaling. SER-1 binds specifically to PDZ domain 10 of the multi-PDZ domain protein, MPZ-1, based on GST pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation. mpz-1 is expressed in about 60 neurons and body wall and vulval muscles. In neurons, GFP-tagged MPZ-1 is punctate and colocalizes with the synaptic marker, synaptobrevin. The expression patterns of ser-1 and mpz-1 overlap in 3 pairs of neurons and vulval muscle. In addition, MPZ-1 also interacts with other GPCRs with acidic amino acids in the -3 position of their PDZ binding motifs. mpz-1 RNAi reduces 5-HT stimulated egg-laying in wild type animals and in ser-1 mutants rescued by muscle expression of SER-1. In contrast, mpz-1 RNAi has no effect on 5-HT stimulated egg-laying in ser-1 mutants rescued by expression of a truncated SER-1 that lacks the C-terminal PDZ binding motif. The overexpression of MPZ-1 PDZ domain 10 also inhibits 5-HT stimulated egg-laying. These studies suggest that the SER-1/MPZ-1 interaction facilitates SER-1 mediated signaling.