鸟类骨骼标本的制作

骨骼标本有3种类型：（1）附韧带骨骼标本;（2）关节分离骨骼标本;（3）透明骨骼标本。附韧带骨骼标本,能够保存全营整体骨骼装架,能达到生动,原貌更为形象直观的效果,多为教学和陈列标本所采用。现就以家鸽骨胳标本为例,谈谈骨骼标本的制作方法。1实验材料家鸽、解剖器、小电钻、注射器、铁丝、铜丝、标本瓶、标本台板、白乳胶、透明胶、大头针、玻璃标本盒、解剖盘、天平、量筒、烧杯、玻璃棒、双氧水、汽油、氢氧化钠。2实验方法制作鸟类骨路标本时,主要采取处死动物、剥皮、去内脏、剔除肌肉、腐蚀、脱脂、漂白、整形与装架8个…     

大型鸟类生态标本制作技术

通过吸收和应用国际先进技术,结合作者多年的摸索,对大型鸟类标本制作的各个环节进行了总结和改革。特别是在皮张处理、假体填充方面进行了技术改造。在皮张处理时,改变传统使用生皮制作标本和涂抹砒霜防腐的方法,通过打磨、盐腌、脱脂、鞣制等技术,使皮张弹性、防腐性提高;在假体制作中引入模型技术,选用不同材料制作假体的不同部分,然后将各部分假体进行组装,使标本更加丰满、逼真。希望这些技术能为国内同行开展相关工作提供借鉴。     

用聚氨酯泡沫塑料为假体制作鸟类姿态标本

简要介绍用聚氨酯泡沫塑料为主要填充材料制作鸟类姿态标本的技术,包括设计、测量、剥皮、用聚氨酯泡沫塑料制作躯干部内模、用捆绑法制作翅膀和腿,以及缝合和塑形等技术。     

河北大学博物馆生物部鸟类标本的统计分析

河北大学博物馆现有鸟类标本257种,其中在中国分布的鸟类有250种,隶属于19目59科160属;属国家重点保护的鸟类共58种;被列入<中国濒危动物红皮书的鸟类有35种;被列入中日候鸟协定的鸟类89种;被列入中澳候鸟协定的鸟类24种.属于<国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录的鸟类166种.同时介绍了馆藏鸟类标本的主要来源.     

骨骼标本的修复方法

骨胳标本如果原来工艺质量不高或使用时保存不妥 ,时间长了会发生“反油”、变黄、发霉、穿连铅丝断裂和骨块散落等情况 ,应及时修复。方法如下 :1)标本“反油”、发霉是原先骨胳标本脱脂不够所致。补救办法是 :取 1份氨水加 3份水配制成脱脂液 ,将标本浸泡 36～ 4 8h。比较粗大的骨胳 ,脱脂液可配得浓些、浸泡时间也可长些。相反如鱼、蛇、蛙等动物的小型骨胳可浓度小些、浸泡时间短些。脱脂后用水冲洗干净、晾干。2 )标本发黄 ,可重新漂白。将标本放入体积分数为2 5 %的双氧水中浸泡 4 8h左右即可。当骨胳呈乳白色、各个部位颜色很均匀 ,…     

一种从鸟类剥制标本提取DNA的改进方法

应用非损伤性取样的方法,收集鸟类剥制标本的皮肤组织和羽毛,用无水乙醇、浸泡液预处理的方法抽提DNA,结果两者都可提取DNA供PCR扩增。将PCR产物经序列测定和比对分析,证明提取的DNA为目的DNA,表明本试验方法可行。鸟类剥制标本的皮肤组织和羽毛可以作为研究种群遗传学的资源。     

动物标本保藏与修复

在进行科研、教学、科普等科学活动时,收藏、使用大量的标本是必要的。标本使用的过程中,残损现象时有发生,如褪色、脱毛、虫蛀、霉变、肢残等。以动物剥制标本为例．结合自身实践,针对生物标本保藏与修复进行探讨。     

介绍一种鸟类剥制标本的防腐方法

介绍一种鸟类剥制标本的防腐方法制作鸟的剥制标本,为长久保存,离不开防腐处理。书上介绍有不少的防腐办法,特别是砒霜膏法所用的砒霜不仅剧毒且极难得到。为此,我们根据习常经验改用另一种防腐方法,此法所用药品易得,且同样具有良好的防腐效果。现把该方法的制作情...     

动物剥制标本修复技术的改进

动物标本资源越来越珍贵,其修复技术需要不断更新。本文针对动物剥制标本出现的干裂破损、脱毛、褪色、霉烂、虫蛀现象,针对不同类群的动物标本修复作了技术探索,包括使用新型修补材料、新的补色方法,以及新的防霉、除虫技术等。与以前的修复技术相比,新技术充分利用了新材料和新方法,操作简单易行。通过介绍几个修复案例,展示新的修复技术能使损坏的动物剥制标本恢复如初。     

鸟类假剥制标本的制作

对于保存于制的鸟类皮肤和羽毛,主要通过制作假剥制标本来实现。假利制标本又称冰棒标本（供从事鸟类科学研究工作实用的、可作为科学资料保存的标本）,是鸟类研究的参照物,也是大多数自然历史博物馆和大学生物系用于展示和教学而收集的对象。鸟类的体型多种多样,但制作方法基本一致。工工具及材料解剖盘、解剖刀、剪刀、镊子、骨剪、手术针、缝合线、棉花、竹根、石膏粉、防腐剂等。2材料选择由于获得的鸟有时间差或地域环境影响,制作标本时要选择新鲜的。特别是在热带地区,几小时鸟就会腐败,羽毛脱落,内脏分解。而冷冻的鸟类,要…     

Ecological gradient of sexual selection: elevation and song elaboration in finches

Ecological gradients in natural and sexual selection often result in evolutionary diversification of morphological, life history, and behavioral traits. In particular, elevational changes in habitat structure and climate not only covary with intensity of sexual selection in many taxa, but may also influence evolution of mating signals. Here we examined variation in courtship song in relation to elevation of breeding across cardueline finches-a subfamily of birds that occupies the widest elevational range of extant birds and shows extensive variation in life histories and sexual selection along this range. We predicted that decrease in sexual selection intensity with elevation of breeding documented in this clade would result in a corresponding evolutionary reduction in elaboration of courtship songs. We controlled for the effects of phylogeny, morphology, and habitat structure to uncover a predicted elevational decline in courtship song elaboration; species breeding at lower elevations sang more elaborated and louder songs compared to their sister species breeding at higher elevations. In addition, lower elevation species had longer songs with more notes, whereas frequency components of song did not vary with elevation. We suggest that changes in sexual selection account for the observed patterns of song variation and discuss how elevational gradient in sexual selection may facilitate divergence in mating signals potentially reinforcing or promoting speciation.     

Functional spatial scale of community composition change in response to windthrow disturbance in a deciduous temperate forest

Community dynamics in local habitats are affected by landscape characteristics such as the area and connectivity of surrounding habitats at a functional spatial scale where the community responds to landscape structure. However, the functional spatial scale at which community composition is affected by landscape structure has never been explored. We assessed the functional spatial scales of composition change in birds and in three types of arthropod communities (canopy, forest-floor and flying ones) with regard to landscape heterogeneity resulting from a large typhoon in a temperate forest of Japan. We examined the effects of tree-fall disturbance on the communities at various spatial scales, with special attention to compositional evenness. The spatial scale of the best-fitting model, which was selected from models fitted to the disturbance area at stepwise spatial scales, was interpreted as the community-specific functional spatial scale. The composition of all communities studied was all significantly dependent on gap area. The functional spatial scale was highest in birds (370 m in radius), intermediate in flying arthropods (90 m) and lowest in canopy and forest-floor arthropods (10 m). This result may reflect typical dispersal ability and the spatial range of resource use in the community. Compositional changes in each community were consistent with theory regarding traits and responses of component taxa, although the enhancement of evenness was observed only in the arthropod communities. These results imply that management and reserve selection based on functional spatial scales can be effective in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services at the community level.     

A probability-based indicator of ecological condition

We introduce a new method for quantifying the ecological condition (C) of sites based on documented species’ responses to environmental stress. Preliminary research is needed to establish species-specific logistic functions, representing probabilities of finding individual species across an explicit reference gradient, ranging from maximally stressed (C = 0) to minimally stressed (C = 10) localities. Each function takes into account the species’ tolerance to stress, the species’ overall ubiquity, and the probability of detecting the species when it is present. Given a set of standardized species-specific functions, the ecological condition of any site can be derived by iteration, converging on the value of C that best “predicts” the species that are actually present. Species from multiple taxonomic groups can be included in the calculations, and results are not directly affected by species richness or sampling area. We demonstrate a successful application of this method for bird species assemblages in the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes coastal zone. Approximately, 28% of the bird species observed in the Eastern Deciduous Forest Ecological Province and 35% of the species in the Laurentian Mixed Forest Ecological Province showed strong relationships with a reference gradient of land cover variables. Functional stress–response relationships of these species can be used effectively to estimate ecological condition at new sites. The estimated condition based on bird species generally mirrors the reference condition, but deviations from the expected 1:1 relationship provide meaningful insights about ecological condition of the target areas. Sensitivity analysis using different numbers of species shows that our method is robust and can be applied consistently with 25–30 species exhibiting strong stress–response functions.     

Photoinhibition of photosystem II under environmental stress

Inhibition of the activity of photosystem II (PSII) under strong light is referred to as photoinhibition. This phenomenon is due to an imbalance between the rate of photodamage to PSII and the rate of the repair of damaged PSII. In the “classical” scheme for the mechanism of photoinhibition, strong light induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which directly inactivate the photochemical reaction center of PSII. By contrast, in a new scheme, we propose that photodamage is initiated by the direct effect of light on the oxygen-evolving complex and that ROS inhibit the repair of photodamaged PSII by suppressing primarily the synthesis of proteins de novo. The activity of PSII is restricted by a variety of environmental stresses. The effects of environmental stress on damage to and repair of PSII can be examined separately and it appears that environmental stresses, with the exception of strong light, act primarily by inhibiting the repair of PSII. Studies have demonstrated that repair-inhibitory stresses include CO₂ limitation, moderate heat, high concentrations of NaCl, and low temperature, each of which suppresses the synthesis of proteins de novo, which is required for the repair of PSII. We postulate that most types of environmental stress inhibit the fixation of CO₂ with the resultant generation of ROS, which, in turn, inhibit protein synthesis.     

中国植物标本馆数字化发展的缩影——江苏省中国科学院植物研究所标本馆(NAS)

江苏省中国科学院植物研究所标本馆(NAS)是中国最早的植物标本馆之一,也是国内最早开展植物标本数字化的标本馆,其标本数字化发展经历了4个阶段: 20世纪80年代后期尝试的标本文字信息数字化的起步阶段; 20世纪90年代末的标本图像数字化和文字信息数字化规范阶段; 2004年以后的标本批量数字化与信息网络共享快速发展阶段; 2018年后的标本数字化信息维护与优化阶段。这一过程集中代表和反映了中国植物标本数字化的发展历程。此外,近年来开始了发掘和利用江苏植物标本的数字化信息工作,包括建设江苏省级数字植物标本馆、开发江苏省维管植物标本时空分布可视化系统、开展标本采集-入库过程数字化等。今后,将不断深化标本数字化的工作,以期形成有NAS特色的数字化植物标本馆。     

全球大型鸟类持续增加背景下应加强中国鸟击防范工作

随着北美和欧洲生态保护工作推进,大型迁徙水鸟（体重1.2kg以上）和猛禽数量大幅增加,并成为鸟击事故及征候的主要原因。研究表明,鸟类体重是北美鸟击危险程度的重要预测指标。2008至2020年期间,东亚6个类群的大型越冬水鸟数量从65万只增加到113万只,其中,我国从42万只增加到53万只。大型水鸟增加的主要原因包括机械化收割增加了农田可利用的食物、水产养殖业扩张和保护区面积增加,随着生态文明建设不断推进,我国大型水鸟的数量预计将进一步增长。在亚洲,每年有数以亿计的迁徙鸟类经过中国空域,水鸟等大型鸟类可能在迁徙和繁殖季节成为影响飞行安全的重大隐患。基于美国民航1990年至2019年和中国民航1990年至2021年鸟击数据,我国民航每万架次鸟击事件低于美国（我国1.60起,美国3.73起）,但鸟击事故及征候数量高于美国（我国0.269起,美国0.155起）。美国采取的航线鸟击预警和机场栖息地管控等措施成功控制了鸟击事件及征候的增长率。我国需要开展长期的鸟情监测,完善鸟击数据库,结合国际先进经验优化风险评估和防控策略,最大限度降低鸟击飞机风险。     

广东担杆岛鸟类多样性的季节变化

摘要：2008年5月至2009年11月,采用固定样点法对广东省珠海市担杆岛的鸟类进行了调查。共记录到鸟类74种,其中留鸟29种、候鸟45种。雨季记录到鸟类45种,旱季记录到鸟类48种。雨季与旱季每个样点平均记录到的鸟类种数分别为3.5种(n--80)和3.7种(n=69),差异不显著(Z=-0.86,P=0.39);鸟...     

陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落初步研究

1998～2008年,采用直接计数法对陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落组成、鸟类物种多样性及数量变化进行了调查.在预先设置的5条调查样带中共记录到鸟类14目33科117种.观察结果表明,该地区鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为4.497和0.654.栖息地可分为人工渔塘、芦苇沼泽、滩涂湿地、农田和人工林5种类型.这些生境中鸟类组成及物种多样性差异均较大,其鸟类多样性指数分别为2.826、3.571、3.202、1.205、2.496,以芦苇沼泽中的鸟类多样性指数最高,滩涂湿地中鸟类数量最多,农田中鸟类优势度最高.通过对该地区鸟类群落组成及多样性分析研究以及黄河湿地冬季鸟类栖息地现状评价,为湿地鸟类资源的保护提供科学依据.