光合作用对光响应新模型及其应用

讨论了光合作用对光响应新模型的一些特性．用新模型拟合超级杂交水稻新组合-II优明86和丹参的光响应数据,并与用非直角双曲线模型、直角双曲线模型和二项式回归方法拟合结果进行了比较．结果比较表明：该模型不仅能处理植物在光抑制条件下的光响应问题,而且还能处理植物在低光强条件下的光响应问题．在光补偿点附近这两种植物的光合速率对光强的响应是非线性的．     

珍稀蕨类植物扇蕨光合速率与环境因子的关系

利用CO2光合测定仪分析了引种栽培的扇蕨叶片的光合补偿点和饱和光强,通过控制叶室的光合有效辐射、CO2浓度、温度和相对湿度,分析了叶片的羧化效率和CO2补偿点,并进行光合有效辐射、温度或相对湿度对光合速率影响的研究。扇蕨叶片光补偿点的光强为5.8μmol·m-2·s-1,饱和光强约为1000μmol·m-2·s-1。叶片的羧化效率为0.02665,CO2补偿点为66.1μmol·mol-1。叶片光合速率在20℃时达到最大值,最适温度为17～27℃。相对湿度20%～80%的试验范围内,叶片光合速率随湿度增加而增大,最适相对湿度条件在60%以上。     

不同蒿属植物对光强的适应性差异研究

对中国四种蒿属植物(毛莲蒿、蒙古蒿、牡蒿和灰苞蒿)的光合响应曲线进行了研究。结果表明:牡蒿具有高光饱点(411.0μmol·m-2·s-1)和最大光合速率(18.627μmol·m-2·s-1),以及较低的光补偿点(17.867μmol·m-2·s-1),对高光的适应能力最强;灰苞蒿的暗呼吸速率(0.353μmol·m-2·s-1)和表观量子效率(0.038)最低,说明该种对弱光的适应能力较差,且在弱光条件下只能维持较低的生长速率;灰苞蒿水分利用效率随光强的变化趋势与其他三种蒿属植物一致,但总体上维持在一个较高的水平,可能与其对干旱生境的适应有关。光合响应曲线各个拟合指标在种间呈现出了较大的变异,其中光补偿点(L cpμmol·m-2·s-1)和暗呼吸速率(R dayμmol·m-2·s-1)差异达到了显著水平。说明植物功能性状与植物对环境长期适应密切相关,并且这种适应性是稳定可遗传的。     

低温弱光对茄子幼苗光合特性的影响

以4～5叶的 二苠 茄幼苗为试材,研究了其在低温弱光 10℃/5℃昼/夜,光强60、120μmol·m-2·s-1 胁迫7d并恢复7d后的光合特性变化.结果表明,低温弱光胁迫后茄子幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量显著降低;光补偿点、光饱和点、光饱和时的Pn、表观量子产额降低;CO2补偿点升高,CO2饱和点、CO2饱和时的Pn、光合能力、CO2羧化效率降低;以低温下较强光照时 120μmol·m-2·s-1 的变化幅度较大;恢复7d后各项指标仍然不能恢复到对照水平.试验条件已对茄子幼苗叶片光合机构的结构和活性造成了不可恢复的伤害.     

两种不同生态型麻疯树夏季光合特性的比较

以来源于海南及贵州的两种不同生态型麻风树(Jatropha curcas L.)为试材,利用LI-6400便携式光合作用测量系统及PAM-2100调制叶绿素荧光仪,在夏季对其气体交换特性及叶绿素荧光参数等进行测定.光强-光合速率响应曲线显示两种不同生态型叶片最大净光合速率(Pmax)和光饱和点(LSP)分别为18.9μmol · m-2 · s-1、1600μmol · m-2 · s-1(贵州型)和20.4μmol · m-2 · s-1、1700μmol · m-2 · s-1(海南型),而CO2光合速率响应曲线则显示两者的差异不大.两者的净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线都呈双峰型,主峰出现在10:00,在14:00左右出现低谷,次峰出现在16:00左右,有明显的光合"午休"现象.海南麻风树的Pmax、LSP、光补偿点(LCP)、表观量子效率(AQY)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)均高于贵州麻风树.两种生态型麻风树PSⅡ最大原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)日变化无显著差异, 而实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)变化趋势与Pn相同.这表明麻风树是一种具有较高的光合速率和强光适应性的木本能源植物,不同生态型麻风树的气体交换特性及叶绿素荧光参数有一定的差异,海南麻风树对强光的适应能力强于贵州麻风树.     

北方粳稻光合速率、气孔导度对光强和CO2浓度的响应

 以东北地区主栽的粳稻（Oryza sativa var. japonica）品种为对象,用美国LI-cor公司生产的Li 6400光合作用测定仪控制光强、CO2浓度和温度等环境条件,阐述了光合作用和气孔导度对光和CO2浓度的响应特征及其耦合关系。结果表明,光合速率随光强或CO2浓度的提高而增大,均遵循米氏响应;在不同CO2浓度下,表观量子效率随CO2浓度的提高而增大,但CO2浓度达到800 μmol•mol－1以上时,表观量子效率有所减小;在不同光强下,表观羧化效率也随光的增强而增大,但光强达到1 600 μmol•m-2•s-1以上时,表观羧化效率也有所减小;在光强和CO2浓度协同作用下,光合速率的响应遵循双底物的米氏方程,在光强和CO2浓度均趋于饱和时,北方粳稻（品种：辽粳294）剑叶的潜在最大光合速率为71.737 8 μmol•m-2•s-1,表观量子效率为0.056 0 μmolCO2•μmol-1 photons,表观羧化效率为0.103 1 μmol•m-2•s-1/μmol•mol－1。气孔导度也随光的增强而增大,对光强的响应规律也可以用Michaelis-Menten曲线模拟,而叶面CO2浓度的提高会使气孔导度减小,气孔导度（Gs）对叶面CO2浓度（Cs）的响应可以用Gs=Gmax,c/(1+Cs/Cs0)的双曲线方程模拟。在光强(PFD)和CO2浓度协同作用下,气孔导度可以用式Gs=Gmax(PFD/PFDc)/［(1+PFD/PFDc)(1+Cs/Cs0)］+Gct估算,当CO2浓度趋于0而光强趋于饱和时,北方粳稻的潜在最大气孔导度（Gmax）为0.670 9 mol•m-2•s-1。在光强和CO2浓度协同作用下,Ball-Berry模型及其修正形式依然能很好地表达气孔导度-光合速率的耦合关系,并且用叶面饱和水汽压差（Ds）修正耦合关系中的相对湿度可以提高模拟精度。     

低温弱光对辣椒幼苗光合特性与光合作用启动时间的影响

以辣椒(Capsicum annuumL.)幼苗为试材,研究了偏低温弱光(19℃/12℃昼/夜,90μmol?m-2?s-1)和临界低温弱光(15℃/8℃昼/夜,90μmol?m-2?s-1)胁迫10 d后的光合特性与光合作用启动时间的变化.结果表明:无论是在偏低温弱光还是在临界低温弱光下,辣椒幼苗的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、光饱和时的光合速率(Amax)和表观量子产额(AOY)下降;CO2补偿点(CCP)升高,而CO2饱和点(CSP)、CO2饱和时的光合速率(Amax)以及羧化效率(CE)下降;温度补偿点(TCP)降低;光合作用启动时间(STP)延长.在偏低温弱光下,辣椒幼苗有着更高的光与CO2利用能力和利用效率,光合作用启动时间较短,但温度补偿点较高.     

两种土壤含水率下匙羹藤的光合及水分利用率的初步研究

采用便携式LI-6400光合测定系统,对生长于两种土壤含水率下的当年生匙羹藤光合特性及其水分利用率进行研究。结果表明:(1)匙羹藤叶片的光饱和点(LSP)200～400μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点(LCP)12.1880～12.5593μmol.m-2.s-1,表观量子利用效率(α)0.0472～0.0508mol.mol-1,为阳生植物,但具有较强的弱光利用能力。(2)叶片CO2补偿点为70.97～73.75μmol.mol-1,CO2饱和点在1115.51～1687.99μmol.mol-1,羧化效率7.35×10-3～8.64×10-3μmol.m-2.s-1,表明匙羹藤为C3型植物。(3)上午10:00左右和下午4:00左右是匙羹藤水分利用率的最高时段。(4)含水率高时饱和净光合速率(Pm)、表观光合量子利用效率(α)、光饱和点都比含水率低时高,但光补偿点却比含水率低时低,说明匙羹藤利用弱光的能力较强,能有效地利用全日照的强光,光合潜力较大,生长较好;含水率低时匙羹藤的CO2补偿点较低,说明匙羹藤能利用较低的外界CO2浓度;最大水分利用效率较高,表明含水率低时匙羹藤的节水潜力较大。     

七子花幼苗光合特性的温度响应

对七子花苗期光合特性的温度响应的研究结果表明：（1）净光合速率的最适温度为26-30℃。在19-40℃之间,暗呼吸速率与温度呈乘幂关系。蒸膳速率与温度呈线性关系。（2）饱和光强,表观量子效率和净光合速率在29℃时最高,在39℃时最低,但光补偿点和蒸滕速率程式高,光抑制加剧。（3）高温使七子花叶片的羧化效率下降。CO2补偿点上升,从而引起光合能力下降。     

野生与栽培黄花蒿净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应

比较了相同种源的野生和栽培黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应特性。结果表明,野生和栽培黄花蒿的光饱和点(LSP)分别为1 183和1 564μmol m-2s-1,光补偿点(LCP)为17和18μmol m-2s-1,最大净光合速率(Pmax)为18.78和22.38μmol m-2s-1,表观量子效率(AQY)为0.08和0.075μmol m-2s-1,表明黄花蒿的光合能力强,能够利用很高的光强,且对弱光的适应性也较强。栽培黄花蒿的Pmax、LSP和最大羧化速率(Vcmax)显著高于野生黄花蒿,两者的LCP、不包括光下呼吸的CO2补偿点、AQY、光下呼吸速率和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)差异不显著。强光下栽培黄花蒿主要通过提高Vcmax和Jmax等来增强光合能力,强的光合能力有利于黄花蒿的生长,因此在人工栽培黄花蒿的过程中应选择阳光充足的开阔生境。     

地表臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦光合作用的影响

采用开顶式气室(OTC),在大田试验条件下系统研究了地表臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦光合作用的胁迫效应。结果表明,在(100±8)nmo.lmol-1的O3处理下,与对照相比,从抽穗期到成熟期冬小麦叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均呈先上升后降低的变化趋势,而类胡萝卜素的含量和Chla/b的比值则分别持续升高和下降,净光合速率和气孔导度在抽穗初期无明显下降,但是随着熏蒸时间的增加下降幅逐步变大。在整个试验期间冬小麦表观量子产额、单位面积叶片活性以及PSII最大光量子效率均无明显降低,而蒸腾速率、暗呼吸速率、光补偿点以及最大光合速率却受到较大程度的抑制。当采用(150±8)nmol.mol-1O3处理时,各生育期中小麦叶片类胡萝卜素含量、暗呼吸速率和光补偿点均显著高于对照组,其余参数均较对照组明显降低。以上结果表明,地表臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦光合作用的影响阈值在100 150 nmol.mol-1之间,且随着熏蒸时间的增加,叶片光合作用受抑制的程度逐步增强。     

An integrating sphere leaf chamber

Abstract. A combination of an optical integrating sphere and leaf chamber is described, and some principles of its design are given. It is shown that the number of quanta absorbed by the leaf inside the sphere can be found from measurements of the quantum flux density inside the sphere with and without the leaf present, when certain constant parameters of the sphere are known. Methods for finding these are given. It is not necessary to know leaf area or absorptivity for the quantum yield for photosynthesis to be derived from additional measurement of CO₂, fixation.     

Performance and Photosynthetic Ecophysiology of Three Photo-Types of Dioscorea zingiberensis under Differing Light Intensities

Abstract: The performance and photosynthetic ecophysiology of three photo-types of Dioscorea zingiberensis were studied. The three types are designated DzTL, DzTM and DzTH, according to their adaptation to low (LL), medium (ML) and high (HL) light intensities, respectively. Under LL (23 - 55 μmol m^-2 s^-1) and simulated natural light (SNL), DzTM grows well with increased longevity, and green leaves which are unspotted; while its leaves became small, light yellow and short-lived under HL (550 - 850 μmol m^-2 s^-1). In contrast, under LL the leaves of DzTH were very large, spotted, light yellow and short-lived; while they were small, green and long-lived under HL. Under HL, DzTH had a much higher chlorophyll content than DzTM. Under LL, DzTM and DzTL had a higher Chl content than DzTH. Among the three types, DzTM had the highest peroxidase activity. DzTL had a higher electron transport rate (ETR), maximal quantum yield (MQY) and effective quantum yield (EQY) than DzTH and DzTL under LL, while DzTH had higher ETR, MQY and EQY than the other two types under ML and HL. Therefore, three different photo-types can be characterized according to their adaptation to LL, ML and HL: DzTL, DzTM and DzTH, respectively.     

Shade adaptation of photosynthesis in Coffea arabica

The effect of irradiance on the rate of net photosynthesis was measured for mature leaves of coffee grown under five levels of radiation from 100% to 5% daylight. The rate of light-saturated photosynthesis per unit leaf area (P_Nmax) increased from 2 mol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1 under 5% daylight to 4.4 mol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1 under 100% daylight. The photon flux density (PAR, photosynthetically active radiation) needed for 50% saturation of photosynthesis, as well as the light compensation point, also increased with increasing levels of irradiation during growth. The quantum efficiency of photosynthesis (), measured by the initial slope of the photosynthetic response to increasing irradiance, was greater under shaded growth conditions. The rate of dark respiration was greatest for plants grown in full daylight. On the basis of the increase in the quantal efficiency of photosynthesis and the low light compensation point when grown under shaded conditions, coffee shows high shade adaptation. Plants adjusted to shade by an increased ability to utilize short-term increases in irradiance above the level of the growth irradiance (measured by the difference between photosynthesis at the growth irradiance, P_Ng, and P_Nmax).     

Physiological ecology of photosynthesis in Prasiola stipitata (Trebouxiophyceae) from the Bay of Fundy,Canada

The physiological ecology of Prasiola stipitata was examined in situ from two supralittoral sites in the Bay of Fundy (Nova Scotian, Canada) during November 2011, when the population was undergoing major expansion. Photosynthetic parameters (effective quantum yield, Φ_PSII, maximum quantum yield, F_v/F_m, and relative electron transport rate, rETR) were evaluated using chlorophyll fluorescence of PSII. A largely shaded and continuously moist population showed no change in Φ_PSII from one hour after sunrise to sunset in which natural irradiance varied between 3 and 300 μmol photons m^?2 s^?1. High irradiance (up to 1800 μmol photons m^?2 s^?1) had no apparent negative impacts on either quantum yield or rETR, but high desiccation in the field reduced quantum yield to almost zero. When thalli were brought into the laboratory, no change in F_v/F_m was observed up to 60% dehydration; however, there was a steep decline in F_v/F_m between 60% and 85% dehydration. Thalli showed complete recovery of F_v/F_m within one hour of reimmersion in seawater after 2 days of desiccation. After 15 days of desiccation full recovery required 24 h and after 30 days of desiccation thalli showed only partial recovery. These observations confirm the adaptation to photosynthesis in high irradiances and the rapid recovery following extreme desiccation observed in other Prasiola species.     

The effect of dynamic light regimes on Chlorella II. Minimum quantum requirement and photosynthesis-irradiance parameters

Comparisons were made of photosynthesis in three light limited cyclostat cultures (LD = 8:16, dilution rate 0.7 d^–1) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, differing only in the dynamics of irradiance supply: as a constant rate, i.e. a block culture; as a sine function of the light period, i.e. a sinusoidal culture; as an 8 h sine function superimposed by an 1 h sine function, i.e. an oscillating culture. The sinusoidal culture had a constant minimum quantum requirement for oxygen evolution (QR) of 10.8 over the photoperiod. The OR of the oscillating culture increased from 24 to 37 during the photoperiod. From changes in and P _max we suggest that: (1) photosynthetic units (PSU) of the block and sinusoidal sulture increased in number; (2) increasingly fewer chlorophyll molecules participated in oxygenic photosynthesis with a decreasing turnover time of the PSU's during an oscillating photoperiod. Values of I _k decreased slightly in the block culture, increased slightly in the sinusoidal culture and showed a twofold increase in the oscillating culture. From the ratio of in situ oxygen production (qO₂) and P _max we infer a balanced equilibrium between photosystem activity and electron transport capacity for the block and sinusoidal culture. We hypothesize that the qO₂ values of the oscillating culture underestimated true oxygen production rates due to a nonlinear response at peak light intensities. The results show that a dynamical photoperiod provoked significantly different photosynthetic responses, even though the overall growth rate was unaffected.     

GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF ULVA ROTUNDATA (CHLOROPHYTA) AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND SQUARE WAVE IRRADIANCE IN INDOOR CULTURE1

Temperature and photon flux density (PFD) vary independently in estuaries, e.g. high PFD may occur at any temperature, so it is necessary to consider synergistic effects of these factors on algal growth. Because natural PFD is highly variable and daylength changes confound seasonal temperature cycles, it is easier to interpret factorial experiments in controlled laboratory conditions. Clonal Ulva rotundata Blid. (Chlorophyta) has been studied extensively in outdoor culture. In this study it was maintained indoors under square wave photoperiods at five PFDs and three temperatures. Growth rate, photqsynthetic light response (P-I) curves, and photosystem II chlorophyll fluorescence properties were measured at the growth temperature following acclimation. Interactions between PFD and growth temperature were strongly indicated in all physiological parameters measured. Greatest PFD response occurred at the highest temperature, and the largest temperature response occurred at the highest PFD. Light-saturated photosynthesis (P_m) dark respiration (R_d), and light-limited quantum yield (Φ_m) were sufficient to describe acclimation status. The light-saturation parameter (I_k) was redundant and potentially misleading. Although U. rotundata exhibits a great amplitude of photoacclimation, it apparently has little capacity for temperature acclimation compared to the kelp, Laminaria saccharina, for which published data indicate similar photosynthetic rates over a broad range of growth temperatures. Diurnal variation of P_m and R_d at a growth PFD of ～ 1700 ± 200 μmol photons · m^?2· s^?1 was similar to the pattern observed previously in outdoor culture, suggesting endogenous control of these parameters. Quantum yield and the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F_v/F_m), which were depressed in midday sunlight exceeding ～ 1500 μmol photons · m^?2· s^?1, were relatively invariant through the day in indoor culture, indicating that these parameters are controlled primarily by instantaneous PFD. Growth and fluorescence data are also presented for some other macroalgae for comparative purposes.     

CO2对植物在光补偿点附近量子效率的影响

应用植物光合作用对光响应修正模型研究了CO2浓度分别为380和600 mol·mol-1时,栾树和辣椒在光补偿点附近光合量子效率的改变及Kok效应。结果表明:光响应修正模型可很好地拟合栾树和辣椒2种CO2浓度下的光响应曲线,且获得的光合参数与实测值相符合;2种不同CO2浓度条件下,栾树和辣椒总是存在初始量子效率(φ0)大于光补偿点处的量子效率(φc),光合量子效率在光补偿点附近不是常数,且与暗呼吸速率无关;CO2浓度的大小影响着栾树的Kok效应,但对辣椒的Kok效应影响不明显,分析认为,这是由于栾树在光补偿点附近光合量子效率的改变来自其净光合速率对光强的非线性响应,而辣椒不存在Kok效应。     

Extension of a biochemical model for the generalized stoichiometry of electron transport limited C3 photosynthesis

The widely used steady‐state model of Farquhar et al. (Planta 149: 78–90, 1980) for C₃ photosynthesis was developed on the basis of linear whole‐chain (non‐cyclic) electron transport. In this model, calculation of the RuBP‐regeneration limited CO₂‐assimilation rate depends on whether it is insufficient ATP or NADPH that causes electron transport limitation. A new, generalized equation that allows co‐limitation of NADPH and ATP on electron transport is presented herein. The model is based on the assumption that other thylakoid pathways (the Q‐cycle, cyclic photophosphorylation, and pseudocyclic electron transport) interplay with the linear chain to co‐contribute to a balanced production of NADPH and ATP as required by stromal metabolism. The original model assuming linear electron transport limited either by NADPH or by ATP, predicts quantum yields for CO₂ uptake that represent the highest and the lowest values, respectively, of the range given by the new equation. The applicability of the new equation is illustrated for a number of C₃ crop species, by curve fitting to gas exchange data in the literature. In comparison with the original model, the new model enables analysis of photosynthetic regulation via the electron transport pathways in response to environmental stresses.     

The quantum yield of CO2 fixation is reduced for several minutes after prior exposure to darkness. Exploration of the underlying causes

Previous work has shown that the apparent quantum yield of CO2 fixation can be reduced for up to several minutes after prior exposure to darkness. In the work reported here, we investigated this phenomenon more fully and have deduced information about the underlying processes. This was done mainly by concurrent measurements of O2 and CO2 exchange in an oxygen-free atmosphere. Measurements of O2 evolution indicated that photochemical efficiency was not lost through dark adaptation, and that O2 evolution could proceed immediately at high rates provided that there were reducible pools of photosynthetic intermediates. Part of the delay in reaching the full quantum yield of CO2 fixation could be attributed to the need to build up pools of photosynthetic intermediates to high enough levels to support steady rates of CO2 fixation. There was no evidence that Rubisco inactivation contributed towards delayed CO2 uptake (under measurement conditions of low light). However, we obtained evidence that an enzyme in the reaction path between triose phosphates and RuBP must become completely inactivated in the dark. As a consequence, in dark-adapted leaves, a large amount of triose phosphates were exported from the chloroplast over the first minute of light rather than being converted to RuBP for CO2 fixation. That pattern was not observed if the pre-incubation light level was increased to just 3-5 micromol quanta m(-2) s(-1). The findings from this work underscore that there are fundamental differences in enzyme activation between complete darkness and even a very low light level of only 3-5 micromol quanta m(-2) s(-1) which predispose leaves to different gas exchange patterns once leaves are transferred to higher light levels.