紫菜丝状体的形态和养殖

自从党和政府提出“以养为主”发展我国水产事业的正确方針以后,淡水产和海产方面的养殖事業都在蓬蓬勃勃地大发展,大跃进起来。水产养殖界普遍出現了一番新气象。我们水产工作者看到水产养殖事业美好的远景,都感到从未有过的欢欣鼓舞。都在为争取明年水产总量跃居世界第一而努力奋斗。在我国,以往对紫菜的养殖是重视不够的。只在南方,特别是福建,进行着一种比较简易但也行之有效的人工养殖方法:即每年秋季在能自然生长紫菜的潮带间的岩礁上洒石灰水,清理岩面,以便使紫菜孢子大量附着和生长,来增产紫菜。但在长江以北的整个华北和渤海海区,去年以前基本上都还没有进行过任何     

我国鱼类寄生原生动物的研究进展

我国水产养殖事业具有悠久的历史,而且远在11—12世纪的宋代就有鱼病方面的零星记载。但直到解放前夕,鱼病学研究还是一个空白。解放后,随着水产养殖业迅速发展,广大群众对严重影响养殖产量的鱼病,迫切地盼望有关部门进行研究和提出有效的控制措施。我国的鱼病学研究,就是为配合水产养殖事业的迫切需要,从无到有、从小到大地建立和发展起来的。在鱼病学的研究过程中,鱼类寄生原生动物的研究起着先鞭的作用。       

鱼类生物学和生物技术是水产养殖可持续发展的源泉

<正>进入21世纪后,水产养殖对世界食品生产和食品安全的作用已得到国际社会的广泛认同[1~4],因为近50年来世界水产养殖产量一直快速增长,特别是中国的水产养殖已成为农业和食品产业中增长率最快的产业,产量已达全世界养殖产量的70%以上[5,6].联合国粮农组织总干事JoséGraziano da Silva在该组织发布的2014年世界渔业及水产养殖报告的前言中写道:"全球鱼类生产继续超过世界人口增长,水产养     

益生菌在水产养殖中的应用研究

益生菌是一种活性微生物或微生物制剂,由于其安全、无毒、无副作用等,目前在水产动物饲料中被广泛应用。本文概述了益生菌在水产养殖中的应用研究,主要从以下几个方面探究:养殖污染概况、益生菌在水产养殖中的应用、益生菌在水产养殖中应用存在的问题及本文的研究意义。     

海港养鱼业和鲻类

海港养魚业在我国,已有多年历史。我国北方称为“港养”、或“咸淡水养殖”;广东沿海则称为“魚塭”;福建称为“海埭”。虽然各地名称不同,养殖方法和經驗也各有長短,但总的說来,全是利用港湾、海灘涂地,筑堤修闸,引入海水,納入海魚幼苗,进行人工养殖。面积由几亩至几万亩,大小不等。我国海岸長达一万二千余公里,岸綫歧曲,灣港繁多,可以利用进行海港养殖的面积,估計至少有一千五     

试论生物絮凝技术于池塘养虾的应用

生物絮凝技术是当前水产养殖中的热点讨论技术,优势明显。在池塘养虾中应用生物絮凝技术可以提高水中蛋白质利用率,改善水质,降低养殖成本。本文对当前生物絮凝技术在池塘养虾中的优势及问题进行探讨,并重点分析了生物絮凝技术于池塘养虾的应用。以供同行参考。     

光冈氏肠内细菌群分析方法及肠内代谢产物的测定方法讲座（一）

光冈氏肠内细菌群分析方法及肠内代谢产物的测定方法讲座（一）中国科学院大连化学物理研究所博士后流动站大连１１６０２３李雪驼日本医科大学客座研究员邱华我国的微生态学事业正在蓬勃兴旺地开展,微生态学的理论和技术在医疗保健、畜牧生产及水产养殖方面都得到广泛应...     

介紹一本集体創作的科学新著 《中国淡水魚类养殖学》

我国淡水养魚事业有着悠久的历史,始自纪元前十一世紀殷末周初已有养魚的記載,至紀元前五世紀陶朱公范蠡写过一部《养魚經》,不仅是中国最早的养魚科学紀录,也是世界上最早的养魚科学著作。三千多年来,我国劳动人民在养魚方面积累了极为丰富的經驗,但由于旧的社会制度,不仅严重地束縛了生产力的发展,同时对于这些宝貴的养殖經驗也沒有人进行     

几种微生物制剂和微藻在水产养殖中的应用

工厂化高密度养殖,需人工大量投喂饲料,饵料残余及水产动物的排泄物溶解于水中,对养殖水体造成污染,危害养殖对象的健康生长。对鱼虾疾病用药物防治只是暂时性手段,广谱抗生素杀死或抑制了敏感细菌而保留了耐药的致病菌,破坏或干扰了水体原有的正常微生物区系的生态平衡,更增加了养殖动物感染病菌的机会,抗生素在生物体内的残留,最终会对人体产生危害。微生物应用于水产养殖来改善水体生态环境,抑制杀死病原微生物,并可作为饲料添加剂,补充营养成分,改善养殖动物胃肠道有益菌群,达到生态防治的目的,使养殖生产良性发展,取得更好的经济效益、生态效益。本文对目前国内外较为普遍应用于水产养殖的几种微生物、微藻类在水处理、防治病原微生物和病害发生方面的应用情况和发展动态进行了分析。       

近江牡蛎吊养养成技术标准

近江牡蛎是我国重要的养殖经济贝类,其养殖历史约两个世纪,但是,一直缺乏该牡蛎的养殖技术规范(标准)。为了近江牡蛎优质高产,特制定了该牡蛎吊养技术标准。该标准由以下几个方面组成:养殖条件,包括养殖环境、海水温度范围(6-32℃)、海水深度(低潮线以下2-8m)、盐度(8‰-30‰),吊养设施结构,吊养方法,饲养过程中的管理和起捕条件与方法等等。     

Marine mammals in macro-ecosystems of the Far Eastern seas and adjacent waters of the North Pacific

This article considers the role of marine mammals in a sea or ocean ecosystem based on the example of the Far Eastern seas with adjacent waters of the North Pacific, which is one of the regions of the World Ocean that is distinguished by its high biological and fish capacity and by a high abundance of cetaceans and pinnipeds. Based on extensive data, which was published mostly by Russian experts, the authors have estimated the quantities of annual consumption of fish and invertebrates by marine mammals in three Far Eastern seas: 14.6–18.2 million tons in the early 20th century; 12.3–15.1 million tons in the late 1970s; 22.7–28.8 million tons in the pre-harvest period; and 24.0–24.7 million tons in the early 21st century (27.0–29.5 million tons, if 3–5 million tons in ocean waters off the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka are taken into account). More than half of this quantity is formed by zooplankton and zoobenthos; the second largest portion consists of fish and squid. At the same time, the values of food consumption by fish and large invertebrates are much higher than these estimates for the 0–1000 m layer: 516 million tons were consumed in the 1980s–1990s; 389 million tons in 1991–1995; and 461 million tons in 1996–2005. In the years of high abundance, large walleye pollock alone consumed nearly 40 million tons of small fish and squid. Based on the data of 35-year-long ecosystem studies that were conducted by the Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO Center), the following biomass estimates have been obtained for the biota of the Far Eastern Economic Zone of Russia: mesoand macroplankton, 1000 million tons; zoobenthos, 500 million tons; nekton, 100 million tons; benthic fish, 5 million tons; and large benthic invertebrates that are not included in the benthos, 2.43 million tons. By using these estimates and by comparing the quantities of food consumption by marine mammals, the conclusion was made that the role of marine mammals in food webs of waters of the Russian Far East is remarkable, but it does not reach a level that is high enough to regulate such a large-scale ecosystem as the macro-ecosystem of a sea or ocean.     

中国淡水渔业碳汇强度估算

【背景】碳汇是指从大气中消除二氧化碳的过程、活动或机制,我国最先提出碳汇渔业概念。【方法】捕捞鱼类的碳均来自天然饵料,故以其平均碳含量估算碳移出量。而养殖鱼类中,一般假定不考虑施肥养鱼的碳输入;鲢和鳙是滤食性鱼类,主要摄食浮游生物,鳜属鱼类以其他种鱼类为食物,而这些鱼类主要摄食天然饵料,故可以认为其碳均来自天然饵料。此外,假设草鱼、鲫和鲤等产量的20%来自天然饵料,而河蟹产量的50%来自天然饵料。基于渔业统计年鉴(2011—2015年),估算了我国近5年来淡水渔业碳汇强度。【结果】2010—2014年,全国淡水养殖碳移出量逐年稳步增长,分别为136.2万、140.5万、146.0万、153.0万和164.5万t,平均每年的碳移出量为148.0万t。2010—2014年全国淡水捕捞碳移出量分别为29.3万、28.7万、29.6万、29.7万和29.6万t,平均每年的碳移出量为29.4万t。【结论与意义】在自然资源日益减少的情况下,淡水养殖渔业碳汇的发展必然会成为淡水渔业经济发展的主体。     

A new strain group of common carp: The genetic differences and admixture events between Cyprinus carpio breeds

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has an outstanding economic importance in freshwater aquaculture due to its high adaptive capacity to both food and environment. In fact, it is the third most farmed fish species worldwide according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. More than four million tons of common carp are produced annually in aquaculture, and more than a hundred thousand tons are caught from the wild. Historically, the common carp was also the first fish species to be domesticated in ancient China, and now, there is a huge variety of domestic carp strains worldwide. In the present study, we used double digestion restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing to genotype several European common carp strains and showed that they are divided into two distinct groups. One of them includes central European common carp strains as well as Ponto–Caspian wild common carp populations, whereas the other group contains several common carp strains that originated in the Soviet Union, mostly as cold‐resistant strains. We believe that breeding with wild Amur carp and subsequent selection of the hybrids for resistance to adverse environmental conditions was the attribute of the second group. We assessed the contribution of wild Amur carp inheritance to the common carp strains and discovered discriminating genes, which differed in allele frequencies between groups. Taken together, our results improve our current understanding of the genetic variability of common carp, namely the structure of natural and artificial carp populations, and the contribution of wild carp traits to domestic strains.     

Present status of fisheries in Turkey

Turkey’s natural and ecological situations are very suitable for aquaculture. Turkey also has a wide variety of freshwater and marine species comprising trout, carp, sea bass, sea bream, turbot, mussel, crayfish, etc. The total production of fish and shellfish was 646,310 tons in 2008. The contribution of freshwater catch to total fishery production is relatively small. Capture fisheries production amounted to 494,124 tons whilst aquaculture production was 152,186 tons in the same year. In Turkey, Engraulis encrasicholus (anchovy) is the main caught sea fish species. Fisheries in the Black Sea are the most important fishery by far and show the greatest variations in total catch. Alburnus tarichii (a local species belonging to Cyprinidae) and Cyprinus carpio (the common carp) are the most important species caught from freshwaters. Aquaculture is going to play an increasingly important role in the Turkish economy, as fishery products are the only products of animal origin that can be exported to the EU. There has been a fast increase in the aquaculture production in Turkey with the implementation of scientific and technological modernization. For example, total aquaculture production for 1986 and 2008 was 3,075 and 152,186 tons, respectively. The percentage of aquaculture in total fish production has been rising every year. The ratio of cultured fish production to total fish production was 1.5% in 1990 s, 13.57% in 2000 and more than 20% in 2005. It was 23.55% in 2008. Trouts are the main cultured freshwater fish species. Raceways and floating cages are employed in culture of trout. Carps are also important cultured freshwater fish species. Sea bass and gilthead sea bream are grown marine fish species. Floating cages, off-shore and earthen ponds are used for marine fish species culture. There has been an increase in fishery exports and imports in recent years. It was more than US500 million in 2008, but that of 2004 was just over US 500 million in 2008, but that of 2004 was just over US 233 million. However, aquaculture production is still far away from the production targets and fisheries sector is not an important part of the economy at present.     

The biological role of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) in growth and feeding behavior in juvenile fish

To date, many technologies have been developed to increase efficiency in aquaculture, but very few successful biotechnology molecules have arrived on the market. In this context, marine biotechnology has an opportunity to develop products to improve the output of fish in aquaculture. Published in vivo studies on the action of the pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) in fish are scarce. Recently, our group, for the first time, demonstrated the biological role of this neuropeptide administrated by immersion baths in the growth and development of larval fish. In this work, we have evaluated the effects of recombinant Clarias gariepinus PACAP administration by intraperitoneal injection on growth performance and feeding behavior in juvenile fish. Our results showed the physiological role of this peptide for growth control in fish, including the juvenile stage, and confirm that its biological functions are well conserved in fish, since C. gariepinus PACAP stimulated growth in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In addition, we have observed that the growth‐promoting effect of PACAP in juvenile tilapia was correlated with higher GH concentration in serum. With regard to the neuroendocrine regulation of growth control by PACAP, it was demonstrated that PACAP stimulates food intake in juvenile tilapia. In general, PACAP appears to act in the regulation of the growth control in juvenile fish. These findings propose that PACAP is a prominent target with the potential to stimulate fish growth in aquaculture. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How can plant genetic engineering contribute to cost-effective fish vaccine development for promoting sustainable aquaculture?

Aquaculture, the fastest growing food-producing sector, now accounts for nearly 50 % of the world’s food fish (FAO in The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. FAO, Rome, 2010). The global aquaculture production of food fish reached 62.7 million tonnes in 2011 and is continuously increasing with an estimated production of food fish of 66.5 million tonnes in 2012 (a 9.4 % increase in 1 year, FAO, www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16140). Aquaculture is not only important for sustainable protein-based food fish production but also for the aquaculture industry and economy worldwide. Disease prevention is the key issue to maintain a sustainable development of aquaculture. Widespread use of antibiotics in aquaculture has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the accumulation of antibiotics in the environment, resulting in water and soil pollution. Thus, vaccination is the most effective and environmentally-friendly approach to combat diseases in aquaculture to manage fish health. Furthermore, when compared to >760 vaccines against human diseases, there are only about 30 fish vaccines commercially available, suggesting the urgent need for development and cost-effective production of fish vaccines for managing fish health, especially in the fast growing fish farming in Asia where profit is minimal and therefore given high priority. Plant genetic engineering has made significant contributions to production of biotech crops for food, feed, valuable recombinant proteins etc. in the past three decades. The use of plants for vaccine production offers several advantages such as low cost, safety and easy scaling up. To date a large number of plant-derived vaccines, antibodies and therapeutic proteins have been produced for human health, of which a few have been made commercially available. However, the development of animal vaccines in plants, especially fish vaccines by genetic engineering, has not yet been addressed. Therefore, there is a need to exploit plant biotechnology for cost effective fish vaccine development in plants, in particular, edible crops for oral fish vaccines. This review provides insight into (1) the current status of fish vaccine and vaccination in aquaculture, (2) plant biotechnology and edible crops for fish vaccines for oral administration, (3) regulatory constraints and (4) conclusions and future perspectives.     

Current status and future perspectives of Italian finfish aquaculture

Currently available data show that shellfish and finfish production in Italy, derived both from fisheries and aquaculture activities, is on the order of 474,000 tons, each activity representing 50 % of the total amount. In this context, the finfish aquaculture industry contributes on average 31 % to the national aquaculture production and on average 59 % of its value, giving a total amount of 72,000 tons and a value of around 351 million € (2010). According to FEAP statistics, Italy is the fourth largest finfish producer in EU27, after the UK, Greece, and Spain, while it is also one of the six largest finfish producers among the non-EU and EU member countries, together with Norway, UK, Greece, Turkey, and Spain. Presently, fish culture activities are mainly focused on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 55.5 %), followed by European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, 13.6 %), gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, 12.2 %), gray mullet (Mugil cephalus, 5.3 %), sturgeon (Acipenser spp., 2 %), and European eel (Anguilla anguilla, 1.7 %). Over the last 20 years, freshwater fish production and aquaculture (trout, carp, and eel) have decreased in Italy, with the exception of sturgeon. In contrast, marine fish production has significantly increased during the same period, and the two leading species, European sea bass and gilthead sea bream, presently contribute 25.8 % of the finfish production. From 1,900 tons in 1990, production reached 19,000 tons in 2010, with a 900 % increase, at an average percentage of 4.5 %. In addition, new marine fish species were successfully cultured over the same period. This review outlines the past and present situation of finfish culture in Italy and discusses future developments and priorities, with particular emphasis on new, emerging aquaculture species.     

Marine finfish hatchery technology in the USA – status and future

In 1993, about 52% of the 433 698 tons of thetotal US aquaculture production came from theproduction of freshwater catfish. Excludingsalmonid culture, the percentage of marine finfishculture in total aquaculture production in the UShas been negligible. Commercial scale production ofmarine finfish in hatcheries is very limited in theUS.Studies on eggs and larvae of marine finfishspecies in the US have stemmed from theconsideration of fisheries management rather thanaquaculture. Most of the marine finfish larvaeproduced in the laboratory has been for the purposeof providing materials for other academic relatedstudies. Results of these studies can be applied inthe development of marine finfish hatcherytechnology. Hatchery technology for several marinefinfish species has been developed for stockenhancement, technology transfer and aquaculture. This paper reviews the current hatchery technologyof striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), and other potentialaquaculture species.     

Realizing the promises of marine biotechnology

High-quality research in the field of marine biotechnology is one of the key-factors for successful innovation in exploiting the vast diversity of marine life. However, fascinating scientific research with promising results and claims on promising potential applications (e.g. for pharmaceuticals, nutritional supplements, (feed-)products for aquaculture and bioremediation solutions) is not the only factor to realise the commercial applications of marine biotechnology. What else is needed to exploit the promising potential of marine biotechnology and to create new industrial possibilities? In the study project 'Ocean Farming-Sustainable exploitation of marine organisms', we explore the possibilities of marine organisms to fulfill needs, such as safe and healthy food, industrial (raw) materials and renewable energy in a sustainable way. One of the three design groups is envisioning the future of strong land-based 'marine' market chains. Marine biotechnology is one of the foci of attention in this design group. This article provides a model of future-oriented thinking in which a variety of experts actively participate.     

Transnational Corporations as ‘Keystone Actors’ in Marine Ecosystems

Keystone species have a disproportionate influence on the structure and function of ecosystems. Here we analyze whether a keystone-like pattern can be observed in the relationship between transnational corporations and marine ecosystems globally. We show how thirteen corporations control 11-16% of the global marine catch (9-13 million tons) and 19-40% of the largest and most valuable stocks, including species that play important roles in their respective ecosystem. They dominate all segments of seafood production, operate through an extensive global network of subsidiaries and are profoundly involved in fisheries and aquaculture decision-making. Based on our findings, we define these companies as keystone actors of the Anthropocene. The phenomenon of keystone actors represents an increasingly important feature of the human-dominated world. Sustainable leadership by keystone actors could result in cascading effects throughout the entire seafood industry and enable a critical transition towards improved management of marine living resources and ecosystems.