云南景洪地区蝉鸣特点的分析

本文对云南景洪地区三种蝉:A.周氏尖瓣蝉Acutivalva chotti Yao,B.大狭瓣蝉Aola bindusara Distant,C.中华舌瓣蝉Linguvalva sinensis Chou et Yao的鸣声特点,及其晨鸣进行了分析。 蝉A和蝉B的鸣声都是由主峰频率为6.3 kHz的单次声群(SSG)和连续声群(CSG)组成的节律声。但是蝉A鸣声的节律平均周期、SSG中单次声的个数和CSG中调幅脉冲列的重复频率等都明显地与蝉B有区别。蝉C的鸣声是由重复频率约120Hz的调幅脉冲列组成的连续声,其主峰频率为5kHz。 蝉B的傍晚鸣声与午间鸣声相比较,其CSG中调幅脉冲列的重复频率和主峰频率等都是相同的,仅仅是节律的平均周期延长1.7秒,1/3倍频谱中低于1,000Hz的各个频率幅值明显下降。 这三种蝉晨间群鸣由前奏、高潮声和尾声组成。高潮声开始于6点(28±2)分,尾声终止于6点(43±2)分,是以24小时为周期的生物钟现象。 这些结果可能为蝉科分类和蝉的声通讯研究提供某些参考。     

Foreleg stridulation in male Urania moths (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae)

Males of the uraniid moth genus Urania possess a stridulatory organ on the prothoracic leg. This organ represents an autapomorphy for the genus. The sound-producing mechanism consists of a peg formed of specialized scales on the coxa which produces a train of high pitched clicks when scraped against scales on the proximal end of the femur. The proximal end of the femur is enlarged compared with that of the females and would serve to amplify the sound pulse. Stridulation occurs during a series of rapid forward jerks of the forelegs. The sound produced by Urania consists of a low amplitude pulse audible to humans at short range but with a strong ultrasound component. It has not yet been observed in the wild and its function in these moths is unknown, but it may be used during intrasexual or perhaps intersexual communication. This organ is unlikely to have been evolved originally as a defence against nocturnal predators since the genus is a member of an exclusively diurnal clade and females lack the organ. Stridulation occurs in conjunction with fanning-out of the foreleg femoral hair pencil and this invites speculation as to a route for evolution of the organ.     

Parental behaviour in Copris lunaris (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): care and defence of brood balls and nest

Abstract. 1. Nesting female beetles righted brood balls (so as to replace the egg or larva in the uppermost position) and repaired damaged balls. This behaviour required the presence of an egg or larva in the ball, or of a short-lasting material found just after oviposition. The shape of the ball was also a righting stimulus since artificial ellipsoids were stood on end.
2. Balls containing dichloromethane extracts of C.lunaris brood were righted and repaired. Eggs and larvae of several other Scarabaeidae did not release these responses but were destroyed.
3. Righting behaviour was released when brood was absent from the top of the ball. The beetle then crawled vertically downwards and, if it encountered the displaced apex, a novel rolling action followed which automatically turned the ball towards the correct position.
4. An opening made in the nest was repaired with soil excavated from the chamber floor. Clunaris adults and Aphodius fossor larvae were attacked if they were encountered in the nest.     

Mating calls of water frogs (Ranidae) from Lake Skutari,Yugoslavia, and the relationship to water frogs of other regions1

According to the results of a bioacoustic analysis of the mating calls recorded at the northern end of Lake Skutari, Yugoslavia, this region is inhabited by three water frog phenotypes: Rana ridibunda, R. lessonae and hybrids of these two species. The mating call of R. ridibunda consists of an average of 3.55 pulse groups at all water temperatures. Other parameters of the call, however, are greatly influenced by temperature. The conclusion that the second phenotype is the species R. lessonae was based on the characteristics of the mating call. At a water temperature of 20°C, a call consists of 29 pulse groups repeated at a rate of 24 Hz. Analysis revealed almost complete agreement between this mating call and those of Central and Eastern European R. lessonae. The systematic implications of this finding are discussed. The mating calls of the hybrids of R. ridibunda and R. lessonae are intermediate between those of the parents.     

VOCAL REPERTOIRE OF WILD BREEDING ORANGE-WINGED PARROTS AMAZONA AMAZONICA IN AMAZONIA

ABSTRACT

The vocal repertoire of Amazona amazonica during its breeding season has been recorded from wild individuals in Santa Bárbara do Pará, Pará State, Brazil. At individual nests, we continuously recorded vocalizations and behaviour for four hours in the early morning and three hours in the late afternoon, three times a week throughout the breeding season. We identified nine vocalizations that we classified in three behavioural categories: (1) Flight call—emitted when parrots arrive in the nest area; (2) Perched contact calls—two different vocalizations, one of them related to feeding, were emitted when the pair was perched in the nest area and interacted socially between themselves or with other individuals; (3) Aggressive calls—emitted when birds were in a dangerous situation, i.e. alarm (three types of calls), agonistic contact and distress calls (two types of call). The Orange-winged Parrot is a highly social species and the complexity of its social interactions is reflected in the diversity of its vocal repertoire.     

Patterning of a compound eye on an extinct dipteran wing

We have discovered unexpected similarities between a novel and characteristic wing organ in an extinct biting midge from Baltic amber, Eohelea petrunkevitchi, and the surface of a dipteran's compound eye. Scanning electron microscope images now reveal vestigial mechanoreceptors between the facets of the organ. We interpret Eohelea's wing organ as the blending of these two developmental systems: the formation and patterning of the cuticle in the eye and of the wing. Typically, only females in the genus carry this distinctive, highly organized structure. Two species were studied (E. petrunkevitchi and E. sinuosa), and the structure differs in form between them. We examine Eohelea's wing structures for modes of fabrication, material properties and biological functions, and the effective ecological environment in which these midges lived. We argue that the current view of the wing organ's function in stridulation has been misconstrued since it was described half a century ago.     

Plurisegmental neurones of the cricket Gryllus campestris L. that discharge in the rhythm of its own song

Male crickets (Gryllus campestris L.) mounted so that their wings and abdomen could move freely were induced to stridulate by brain lesion. During the song the activity of single neurones was recorded extracellularly in a cervical connective. Nine distinct spike patterns were observed. Patterns I and II tend to copy the chirp as a whole rather than the onset of the syllables (the recorded potentials of the wing-opener muscle M99 marked the syllable onset). The other patterns reflect the syllabic structure. Each, in its own way, marks the various syllables with different numbers of spikes. The delay of the spike response is different for each pattern. Some patterns, but not others, also reflect the beginning or end of the song, or the abdominal expiratory activity. One neurone also responds in correlation with muscle discharges typical of the courtship song. In some of the patterns it is evident that there is a stronger correlation with the closer muscle (M90) discharge than with the opener muscle discharge. Activation by auditory self-stimulation by way of the tympanal organs can be ruled out for all patterns. It is possible that patterns I–V are induced by afferent activity coupled to the wing movement. Patterns VI–VIII are probably copies of motor signals ascending from the thoracic song-pattern generators to the head ganglia. It is evident that the head ganglia have detailed information as to the motor output for stridulation and abdominal expiration.     

UNUSUAL SONG AND RESPONSES IN A CHAFFINCH FRINGILLA COELEBS

ABSTRACT

Acoustic calling and the mechanisms of its production are described for the ghost crabs Ocypode jousseaumei, O. platytarsus, O. rotundata and O. saratan from Oman. Sounds generated by the major cheliped suggest the existence of species specific differences, predominantly in the temporal properties of rapping and in the physical structure of stridulation. The spectral energy of all sounds is concentrated at frequencies below 4 kHz. O. rotundata and O. saratan build sand pyramids adjacent to their courtship burrows and are considerably less acoustically active than O. jousseaumei and O. platytarsus that do not build pyramids, suggesting that the visual signal is substituted by an auditory one.     

STRIDULATORY ORGAN AND ULTRASONIC EMISSION IN CERTAIN SPECIES OF PONERINE ANTS (GENUS: ECTATOMMA AND PACHYCONDYLA,HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE)

ABSTRACT

Five species of neotropical Ponerinae ants, Ectatomma permagnum Forel, E. quadridens Fabr., E. ruidum Roger, E. tuberculatum Olivier and Pachycondyla apicalis Latreille, were studied. The genus Ectatomma, consisting of 14 species in the tropical forests of Central and South America, has been studied previously in relation to the stridulatory organ only. Stridulations were heard, in the four species considered in this paper, during artificial disturbance of individuals or of the whole colony; so the role of sound production during normal life is still uncertain. Pachycondyla apicalis, belonging to Central American forests, is occasionally present in cocoa and coffee plantations.

The recordings made under laboratory conditions revealed the emission of pulse trains with very clear pulses extending in frequency to more than 75 kHz. The sounds recorded from the workers of the genus Ectatomma appeared homogeneous in their acoustic structure. They were typically emitted in long sequences and were made of pulse-trains consisting of two subunits (disyllabic chirps) characterized by pulses with opposite phase, produced by the alternate movement of the simple plectrum against the pars stridens. In sounds recorded from workers of Pachycondyla we found sequences of monosyllabic chirps, made by single trains of pulses. Pictures and measurements on the stridulatory apparatus were made with a scanning electron microscope.     

Sound production by the sheepshead minnow, <Emphasis Type=Italic>Cyprinodon variegatus</Emphasis>

Sound production in reproductively active sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus, is documented. Male sheepshead minnows produced acoustic signals in seven behavioral contexts including: patrolling the territory, chasing, hovering on the territory, courting, fighting, spawning, and during the startle response. Fifty eight percent of the calls contained one or two pulses and 44% of the calls were greater than three pulses. With the exception of differences in frequency the structure and behavioral contexts of C. Variegatus calls is similar to the calls of C. bifasciatus.     

Vocal repertoire of the New Zealand kea parrot Nestor notabilis

The unique alpine-living kea parrot Nestor notabilis has been the focus of numerous cognitive studies,but its communication system has so far been largely neglected.We examined 2,884 calls recorded in New Zealand's Southern Alps.Based on audio and visual spectrographic differences,these calls were categorised into seven distinct call types:the non-oscillating ‘screech' contact call and ‘mew'; and the oscillating ‘trill',‘chatter',‘warble' and ‘whistle'; and a hybrid ‘screech-trill'.Most of these calls contained aspects that were individually unique,in addition to potentially encoding for an individual's sex and age.Additionally,for each recording,the sender's previous and next calls were noted,as well as any response given by conspecifics.We found that the previous and next calls made by the sender were most often of the same type,and that the next most likely preceding and/or following call type was the screech call,a contact call which sounds like the 'kee-ah' from which the bird's name derives.As a social bird capable of covering large distances over visually obstructive terrain,long distance contact calls may be of considerable importance for social cohesion.Contact calls allow kea to locate conspecifics and congregate in temporary groups for social activities.The most likely response to any given call was a screech,usually followed by the same type of call as the initial call made by the sender,although responses differed depending on the age of the caller.The exception was the warble,the kea's play call,to which the most likely response was another warble.Being the most common call type,as well as the default response to another call,it appears that the ‘contagious' screech contact call plays a central role in kea vocal communication and social cohesion.     

Social relationships and individual contribution to cooperative behaviour in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

The social relationships between the members of a family consisting of eight captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are here examined, as well as the participation of individual family members in infant carrying and defensive behaviour against non-related intruders (adolescent males). Within the social relationships, a clear division of the family into three subgroups (parents, adult offspring, non-adult offspring) could be determined, whereby the adult offspring, especially with respect to the parents, occupy a peripheral position. In the types of cooperative behaviour examined here, substantial participation in infant carrying could be observed in only four family members (parents, adult son, one subadult daughter), and in defence against intruders in only two family members (adult son, one subadult daughter). Participation in infant carrying remained stable throughout the study period. Conversely, individual changes in participation in defence against intruders could be determined, dependent upon the presence of infants carried. The advantages and disadvantages of social substructuring observed are discussed here, in particular the peripheral position of adult offspring, possible connections in individually varied participation in cooperative behaviour, and possible regulative mechanisms. In view of past studies on cooperative behaviour among marmosets, it is here presumed that pronounced individual differences result from a division of labour within the family with respect to various aspects of cooperative behaviour.