cDNA3‘端代表差异显示分析

根据真核ｍＲＮＡ３’端一般含Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）的原理,可使用共同引物将不同的ｍＲＮＡ反转录成ｃＤＮＡ,然后设计特殊引物进行反转录ＰＣＲ,或者将限性酶切与呱转录ＰＣＲ偶联使用,均可获得对应于ｍＲＮＡ３’端的ｃＤＮＡ３’端代表扩增子。     

发展中的mRNA差别显示技术

随着ＰＣＲ技术的出现（１９８５）,在分子生物学界又相继出现了两个很有影响的新技术──ＲＡＰＤ技术（１９９０）和ｍＲＮＡ差示法（１９９２）,前者用于分子标记,后者用于基因分离。ｍＲＮＡ差示法的生物学基础是基因的差别表达,既：单个细胞中表达的基因仅占基因总数的１５％。这种基因的差别表达决定了生命的所有过程,如：发育和分化、对逆境的反应、细胞分裂、老化等,图一给出了该方法最初的技术路线。提取要比较的两种或两种以上样品的ｍＲＮＡｓ,分别逆转录成ｃＤＮＡｓ,经过ＰＣＲ扩增后,直接进行测序胶电泳即可识别有差别的ｍＲＮＡ。其中、关键的是ＰＣＲ扩增时两个引物的设计．３＇端引物Ｏｌｉｇｏ（ｄＴ）ＭＮ很容易与具有Ｎ＇Ｍ＇－ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）－３＇末端的大多数ｍＲＮＡ结合,进行ｃＤＮＡ的逆转录合成。Ｍ、Ｎ提供锚定位点,防止３＇端引物在ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）序列不同位置上的随机结合。５＇端为１０个碱基的随机引物。这个经验上的碱基数值较理论的６－７个碱基（表一）更能满足测序胶电泳要求的条件：分子大小在５００ｂｐ左右,每条泳道上条带数在１００条左右。该方法近年来又有如下改进：一、ＰＣＲ退火温度由４２℃改为４０℃,可在保证特异性的同时,增加泳道上的     

cDNA3′端代表差异显示分析

根据真核ｍＲＮＡ３′端一般含Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）的原理,可使用共同引物将不同的ｍＲＮＡ反转录成ｃＤＮＡ,然后设计特殊引物进行反转录ＰＣＲ,或者将限制性酶切与反转录ＰＣＲ偶联使用,均可获得对应于ｍＲＮＡ３′端的ｃＤＮＡ３′端代表扩增子。比较不同条件下的ｃＤ－ＮＡ３′端代表扩增子,可以获得两种或多种细胞中ｍＲＮＡ的表达差异谱,并分离、克隆差异表达的基因序列     

cDNA3′端代表差异显示分析

根据真核ｍＲＮＡ３′端一般含Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）的原理,可使用共同引物将不同的ｍＲＮＡ反转录成ｃＤＮＡ,然后设计特殊引物进行反转录ＰＣＲ,或者将限制性酶切与反转录ＰＣＲ偶联使用,均可获得对应于ｍＲＮＡ３′端的ｃＤＮＡ３′端代表扩增子。比较不同条件下的ｃＤ－ＮＡ３′端代表扩增子,可以获得两种或多种细胞中ｍＲＮＡ的表达差异谱,并分离、克隆差异表达的基因序列 。     

细胞色素c能诱导植物细胞编程性死亡

以悬浮培养的胡萝卜（ＤａｕｃｕｓｃａｒｏｔａＬ．）与烟草（ＮｉｃｏｔｉａｎａｔａｂａｃｕｍＬ．ｃｖ．ＢＹ２）细胞原生质体为材料,加入一定浓度的细胞色素ｃ和ｄＡＴＰ。不同取样时间的ＤＡＰＩ荧光染色与电镜超薄切片观察的结果显示染色质发生凝集、趋边化,最终形成凋亡小体。核酸电泳显示ＤＮＡ发生特异降解并形成电泳“阶梯”（ＤＮＡｌａｄｄｅｒ）。用末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的ｄＵＴＰ切口末端标记方法（ＴＵＮＥＬ）检测发现ＤＮＡ的３＇ＯＨ断端被原位特异标记。以上结果说明：细胞色素ｃ能诱导植物细胞发生典型的凋亡。     

小麦丛矮病毒NS蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

利用与Ｎ蛋白ｍＲＮＡ３＇末端顺序相同的２０寡聚核苷酸引物,通过点杂交、限制性内切酶分析从小麦丛矮病毒（ＷＲＳＶ）ｃＤＮＡ文库中筛选到编码Ｎ蛋白基因下游顺序的ｃＤＮＡ克隆。序列分析表明,该ｃＤＮＡ片段含有一编码的４０ｋＤ蛋白的开放读框。将该读框的全长ｃＤＮＡ经ＰＣＲ扩增后,克隆到ｐＧＥＸ－３Ｘ上,在大肠杆菌ＤＥ３中用ＩＰＴＧ诱导表达,经蛋白质印迹鉴定,该基因为小麦丛矮病毒ＮＳ蛋白基因。     

HCV5＇端非编码区cDNA的体外转录

采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）从广东省一例慢性丙型肝炎病人血清中获得丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）５＇端非编码区（５＇ＮＣＲ）３０２ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ片段,经补齐和提纯后插入ｐＵＣ１９质粒,获得的重组体ｐＵＮ进行序列测定。将ｐＵＮ的目的基因亚克隆进体外转录载体ｐＳＰＯＲＴＩ多克隆位点的ＥｏｏＲＩ和ＰｓｔＩ切点之间,所得重组体ｐＳＮ线性化后由Ｔ＿７ＲＮＡ多聚酶及ＳＰ６ＲＮＡ多聚酶引导体外转录反应,产物经凝胶电泳及特异引物ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ,证实ＳＰ６引导的是正义ＲＮＡ,Ｔ７合成的是反义ＲＮＡ,其大小分别力４２９ｂｐ和３６２ｂｐ。并证实所得ＲＮＡ力ＨＣＶ５＇ＮＣＲｃＤＮＡ转录而来。获得的ＨＣＶ５＇ＮＣＲｃＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ在常规逆转录和ＰＣＲ步骤中用于设立有效的模板对照,对消除假用性及评估试剂有重要意义。同时,ＨＣＶ５＇ＮＣＲ体外转录载体的构建可用于制各ＲＮＡ探针和反义ＲＮＡ,改进后还可作为定量ＰＣＲ的竞争性模板。     

稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)诱导的水稻早期反应基因ER1的5'' 端cDNA片段克隆及序列分析

研究高等生物基因表达与调控的一个重要方面是分离基因的编码区及其上游的调控序列（ＤｅＶｅｅｒ等１９９７）,这需要获得一个基因的ｃＤＮＡ全长及从植物基因组获取全基因。在前文（周建明等１９９９）中曾经分离了稻瘟病菌侵染诱导的水稻早期反应基因ＥＲ１的ｃＤＮＡ片段,但是运用ｍＲＮＡ差异显示技术分离的ｃＤＮＡ片段往往只有近ｍＲＮＡ３’端的一部分,难以反映基因的结构及功能特点,因此,必须进一步分离其５’端的部分才有可能比较全面地了解此基因的特点。ＲＡＣＥ（ｒａｐｉｄａｍｐｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃＤＮＡｅｎ…     

噬菌体RB69 DNA聚合酶的表达、分离纯化和其聚合反应的稳态动力学研究

噬菌体ＲＢ６９外切酶活性缺失的ＤＮＡ 聚合酶突变体（Ｄ２２２Ａ／Ｄ３２７Ａ）在大肠杆菌细胞中表达,表达量达细胞蛋白总量的６９％ ．表达后经ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ＦａｓｔＦｌｏｗ , Ｓｏｕｒｃｅ ３０Ｑ 和ＨＴＰ三步分离纯化,纯度可达９９％ 以上．随后测定了该酶利用５种ｄＮＴＰ为底物进行聚合反应的酶促动力学常数（Ｋｍ 和Ｋｃａｔ）,结果表明该酶利用ｄＵＴＰ的能力与利用ｄＴＴＰ的能力相近,Ｋｍ （ｄＴＴＰ）和Ｋｍ（ｄＵＴＰ）均较高于其它３种脱氧核苷酸的Ｋｍ （ｄＡＴＰ, ｄＣＴＰ, ｄＧＴＰ）,推测其Ｋｍ 值的差异主要来源于Ｔ／Ｕ 碱基本身,而并非全部由ＧＣ碱基配对与ＡＴ碱基配对之间的氢键作用力的强弱差别所决定．     

含人TNF—α,IL—2及NeoR基因多顺反子逆转录病毒载？…

利用脑炎心肌炎病毒和脊髓灰质灰病毒的内核糖体进行位点,连接人ＴＮＦ－α及ＩＬ－２ｃＤＮＡ和选择基因新霉素磷酸转移酶基因（ＮｅｏＲ）,使ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－２及ＮｅｏＲ基因均受控于病毒毒ＬＴＲ启动子,将这３个基因转录至用一ｍＲＮＡ,从而构建成含人ＴＮＦ－α、ＩＬ－２及ＮｅｏＲ基因多顺反子逆转录病毒载体ｐＧＣＥＮ／ＴＲＩ。在ＬｉｐｏｆｅｃｔＡＭＩＮＥ介导下将其导入包装细胞ＰＡ３１７,Ｇ４１８筛选得单克隆     

激光对花生诱变效果的研究

Ｈｅ－ＮｅＹＡＧ和ＣＯ２激光对花生Ｌ１代幼苗期有刺激生长的作用,ＣＯ２激光对花生Ｌ１代的株高有较明显的抑制作用,ＣＯ２,Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ和ＹＡＧ激光对花生Ｌ１代植株的总果数,饱果数有一定的增多作用,且前者最明显,但Ｎ２激光对花生Ｌ１代植株的总果数,饱果数均有明显的减少作用;Ｈｅ－ＮｅＹＡＧ,Ｎ２和ＣＯ２激光均能诱发药生根尖细胞染色体畸变,且畸变率随辐照剂量的增大而上升,以上四种激光所诱发发生的变异性状是     

Cross-resistance to antibiotics of Escherichia coli adapted to benzalkonium chloride or exposed to stress-inducers

AIMS: To study the effects of adaptation and stress on the resistance to benzalkonium chloride (BC) and cross-resistance to antibiotics in Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS: Precultivation of E. coli ATCC 11775 and E. coli DSM 682 in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of BC or stress inducers (salicylate, chenodeoxycholate and methyl viologen) resulted in higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BC and chloramphenicol (CHL). Adaptation to growth in sixfold of the initial MIC of BC resulted in stable BC resistance and enhanced tolerance to several antibiotics and ethidium bromide (EtBr). The MIC of CHL increased more than 10-fold for both strains. Enhanced efflux of EtBr in adapted E. coli ATCC 11775 indicated that the observed resistance was due to efflux. Changes in outer membrane protein profiles were detected in the BC-adapted cells. There were no indications of lower membrane permeability to BC. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of stress response or gradual adaptation to BC or CHL results in acquired cross-tolerance between BC and antibiotics in E. coli. Enhanced efflux was one of the observed differences in adapted cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Provided not taking due precautions, extensive use of disinfectants could lead to emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates.     

Capacity of Old Trees to Respond to Environmental Change

Atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] has increased dramatically within the current life spans of long-lived trees and old forests. Consider that a 500-year-old tree in the early twenty-first century has spent 70% of its life growing under preIndustrial levels of [CO2], which were 30% lower than current levels. Here we address the question of whether old trees have already responded to the rapid rise in [CO2] occurring over the past 150 years. In spite of limited data, aging trees have been shown to possess a substantial capacity for increased net growth after a period of post-maturity growth decline.Observations of renewed growth and physiological function in old trees have, in some instances, coincided with Industrial Age increases in key environmental resources, including [CO2], suggesting the potential for continued growth in old trees as a function of continued global climate change.     

Ability of human T lymphocytes to adhere to vascular endothelial cells and to augment endothelial permeability to macromolecules is linked to their state of post-thymic maturation

The accumulation of mononuclear cells at sites of chronic inflammation is dependent on a number of factors including localized adherence of lymphocytes to vascular endothelial cells (EC), cytokine-mediated increased adhesiveness of endothelium, chemotactic factors and endothelial permeability. The present study investigates two of the above attributes of lymphocyte-EC interaction: namely, the ability of maturationally distinct subpopulations of human T lymphocytes to adhere to vascular EC and to increase vascular endothelial permeability to macromolecules in an in vitro model. Thus, human T lymphocytes were separated into CD4+ CD8-helper/inducer, CD4- CD8+ cytotoxic/suppressor, CD29+ CD45RA- CD45RO+ memory, and CD29- CD45RA+ CD45RO- naive/virgin T subpopulations, were activated with PHA and PMA, and then examined for their adherence to EC and also for their effect on endothelial permeability. Upon activation, cells within each of the above four subpopulations exhibited increased adherence to EC. In contrast, resting CD29+ CD45RA- CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes exhibited two to three times greater ability to adhere to EC than their CD29- CD45RA+ CD45RO- naive/virgin counterparts. Consistent with their increased adherence to EC, CD29+ CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes, when activated, significantly increased endothelial permeability to albumin. Although activated CD45RA+ naive T lymphocytes exhibited increased adherence to EC, these cells failed to increase significantly endothelial permeability. Similar to their polyclonal counterparts, Ag-specific CD4+ CD29+ CD45RO+ T cell clones, but not their actively released mediators, also increased endothelial permeability via a noncytolytic mechanism(s). This ability of CD29+ CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes to augment endothelial permeability may facilitate their transendothelial migration into extravascular space. These observations may provide additional insights into molecular mechanism(s) underlying pathophysiology of localized chronic inflammatory responses in general and more specifically selective accumulation of CD29+/CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes at sites of chronic inflammation such as rheumatoid synovium.     

Failure of CD4 T-cells to respond to liver-derived antigen and to provide help to CD8 T-cells

CD4 T-cell help is required for the induction of efficient CD8 T-cells responses and the generation of memory cells. Lack of CD4 T-cell help may contribute to an exhausted CD8 phenotype and viral persistence. Little is known about priming of CD4 T-cells by liver-derived antigen. We used TF-OVA mice expressing ovalbumin in hepatocytes to investigate CD4 T-cell priming by liver-derived antigen and the impact of CD4 T-cell help on CD8 T-cell function. Naïve and effector CD4 T-cells specific for ovalbumin were transferred into TF-OVA mice alone or together with naïve ovalbumin-specific CD8 T-cells. T-cell activation and function were analyzed. CD4 T-cells ignored antigen presented by liver antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vitro and in vivo but were primed in the liver-draining lymph node and the spleen. No priming occurred in the absence of bone-marrow derived APCs capable of presenting ovalbumin in vivo. CD4 T-cells primed in TF-OVA mice displayed defective Th1-effector function and caused no liver damage. CD4 T-cells were not required for the induction of hepatitis by CD8 T-cells. Th1-effector but not naïve CD4 T-cells augmented the severity of liver injury caused by CD8 T-cells. Our data demonstrate that CD4 T-cells fail to respond to liver-derived antigen presented by liver APCs and develop defective effector function after priming in lymph nodes and spleen. The lack of CD4 T-cell help may be responsible for insufficient CD8 T-cell function against hepatic antigens.     

Adhesion of cellulose to cell walls to Trichoderma reesei

Carbohydrate-binding components were shown to be present at the surface of Listeria monocytogenes by means of a panel of neoglycoproteins using direct agglutination. These lectin-like components bind on neoglycoproteins bearing D-glucosamine, L-fucosylamine, or para-amino-phenyl-alpha-D-mannopyrannoside residues. The interactions were inhibited by the carbohydrate moieties specific to the neoglycoproteins. The protein nature of the lectin-like components of L. monocytogenes was ascertained by the loss of carbohydrate-binding capacity following protease treatment.