干旱胁迫对不同耐旱性大麦品种叶片超微结构的影响

选用耐旱性不同的3个大麦（Hordeum sativum）品种作为研究对象,分析干旱胁迫对其叶肉细胞叶绿体、线粒体和细胞核超微结构的影响。结果表明,3个大麦品种在非胁迫条件下其超微结构无明显差异。遭受干旱胁迫后,不耐旱大麦品种Moroc9-75叶片细胞核中染色质的凝聚程度高,叶绿体变形,外被膜出现较大程度的波浪状和膨胀,同时基粒出现弯曲、膨胀、排列混乱的现象;线粒体外形及膜受到破坏、内部嵴部分消失等。耐旱大麦品种HS41-1叶片细胞中染色质虽出现凝聚,但凝聚程度低;其叶绿体及线粒体与非胁迫条件下基本相似,多数未见明显损伤。耐旱中等的大麦品种Martin叶片超微结构的变化则介于二者之间。因此,干旱胁迫下叶绿体外形、基粒和基质类囊体膜结构的完整性与基粒的排列次序、染色质的凝聚度和线粒体膜及嵴的完整性与大麦的耐旱性相关,这些特性可作为评价大麦耐旱性强弱的形态结构指标。     

干旱胁迫对不同耐旱性大麦品种叶片超微结构的影响

选用耐旱性不同的3个大麦(Hordeum sativum)品种作为研究对象, 分析干旱胁迫对其叶肉细胞叶绿体、线粒体和细胞核超微结构的影响。结果表明, 3个大麦品种在非胁迫条件下其超微结构无明显差异。遭受干旱胁迫后, 不耐旱大麦品种Moroc9-75叶片细胞核中染色质的凝聚程度高, 叶绿体变形, 外被膜出现较大程度的波浪状和膨胀, 同时基粒出现弯曲、膨胀、排列混乱的现象; 线粒体外形及膜受到破坏、内部嵴部分消失等。耐旱大麦品种HS41-1叶片细胞中染色质虽出现凝聚, 但凝聚程度低; 其叶绿体及线粒体与非胁迫条件下基本相似, 多数未见明显损伤。耐旱中等的大麦品种Martin叶片超微结构的变化则介于二者之间。因此, 干旱胁迫下叶绿体外形、基粒和基质类囊体膜结构的完整性与基粒的排列次序、染色质的凝聚度和线粒体膜及嵴的完整性与大麦的耐旱性相关, 这些特性可作为评价大麦耐旱性强弱的形态结构指标。     

玉米种子萌发过程幼叶细胞中淀粉粒的积累观察

研究玉米萌发初期幼叶的发育。在幼叶不同的发育时期 ,分别用 PAS反应 ,考马氏蓝处理不同叶片 ,结果发现 :叶片细胞内的叶绿体在叶片即将抽出时才形成 ;从浸种萌动到叶片进行光合作用前 ,植株的营养供给 ,主要靠叶片自身淀粉粒的积聚提供 ;在幼叶抽出以前 ,胚芽鞘的薄壁细胞中布满淀粉粒 ,随着叶片的发育 ,这些淀粉粒逐渐减少 ;而幼叶中的淀粉粒的变化情况正好相反 :在种子萌发初期 ,幼叶细胞内只有少量的淀粉粒 ,以后淀粉粒的积累逐渐增多 ;在这个阶段无蛋白质的积聚。幼叶中维管束的发生是先中间后两边 ,维管束中的韧皮部先形成 ,木质部后发生。     

墨兰试管苗植株的发育解剖学研究

用石蜡切片和扫描电镜对墨兰试管苗植株的生长发育进行了研究。发现幼叶中脉附近的叶肉细胞类似栅栏组织,随着叶片的不断成熟,叶片基部中脉附近的叶肉细胞逐渐变为近圆形或椭圆形,而叶尖部和叶中部中脉附近的叶肉细胞仍似栅栏组织。茎的发育经历了原球茎、根状茎和假鳞茎3个阶段。原球茎的大部分细胞都含有淀粉粒,根状茎的皮层细胞含淀粉粒,而假鳞茎几乎不含淀粉粒。幼根没有髓,皮层细胞含淀粉粒：成熟根具含淀粉粒的髓。出瓶苗上即带有4个芽,一般只有最外侧叶腋的1个花芽和最内侧叶腋的1个叶芽发育。     

低温对枇杷苗叶片与根尖的生理状况及超微结构的影响

为探讨枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)苗对低温伤害的响应,采用人工降温的方法,研究了‘解放钟’实生枇杷苗在低温胁迫下叶肉细胞与根细胞超微结构的变化,同时测定叶片褐变率、根系活力和细胞质膜相对透性(PMP)。结果表明,轻度低温(0℃)胁迫12h,根系活力下降26.09%,叶片褐变率仅升高17.15%,根系PMP值持续升高而叶片呈下降趋势。电镜下观察,根细胞和叶肉细胞均有明显线粒体增加现象。0℃胁迫36 h根细胞发生胞间结冰,液泡消失、线粒体膨大变形、双层膜消失、嵴消失、细胞壁结构损伤,而叶肉细胞仅表现叶绿体破坏、淀粉粒变小,线粒体完整。重度低温(–3℃、–5℃)胁迫下,根细胞和叶肉细胞均发生细胞内结冰,且低温对根细胞的破坏程度明显高于叶肉细胞,根细胞比叶细胞发生细胞结冰的时间更早,受害更严重。这表明根细胞比叶肉细胞对低温更敏感,因此,在低温来临前对枇杷地下部采取保温措施,对缓解地上部低温伤害具有积极作用。     

水分胁迫对春小麦苗期叶肉细胞和气孔数的影响

利用显微摄像系统与离析法对甘肃陇中６个品种春小麦不同水分状况下苗期的叶肉细胞和叶片气孔数目进行观测,发现不同环数叶肉细胞占总人细胞的百分比在不同水分胁迫下和不同品种间均未表现出显著差异。随胁迫强度的增大,各品种不同叶肉细胞的宽试和高度都由分散分布向某一值集中,且在同一水分状况下,不同环数叶肉细胞随品种的变化趋势几乎一致。叶片上、下表皮（即为近、远轴叶表皮,下同）气孔数在不同水分胁迫下的变化不同,但     

榉树叶片解剖构造和叶肉细胞超微结构的观察

对取自不同季节的榉树(Zelkova schneideriana hand.-Mazz.)叶的解剖构造和叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。榉树叶表面被密集锥状单细胞毛,幼叶则还有头状腺毛。气孔多分布在叶下表面,为不规则型。上表皮细胞外壁具有明显的角质层加厚,局部上表皮由2层细胞组成。叶肉细胞分化为栅栏组织和海绵组织;栅栏组织1—2层细胞;海绵组织发达,常与气孔相连。叶肉有含晶细胞存在。叶脉的维管束鞘明显,是厚壁细胞。成熟叶肉细胞细胞器丰富,有8-9个周壁叶绿体,为巨大的长椭圆形,基粒片层清晰,有淀粉粒,少量脂滴。叶片开始转变颜色时,叶绿体由长椭圆形变得趋于圆形;基粒片层逐渐变得杂乱至模糊不清;脂滴数目增多。秋季叶色不同的榉树叶片解剖构造存在一定差异。     

冠盘二胞Marssonina coronaria侵染不同抗性苹果叶片的组织病理学研究

利用光学和电子显微镜,从组织细胞学水平系统研究了冠盘二胞Marssonina coronaria在苹果抗、感病品种叶片上的侵染过程及侵染后寄主细胞的超微结构特征。结果表明：冠盘二胞的侵入和定殖过程可以分为6个阶段：孢子萌发与芽管形成、附着胞形成、侵入细胞角质层、在叶肉细胞内产生吸器、菌丝在叶肉细胞间和细胞内扩展、分生孢子盘形成。随着菌丝扩展,受侵寄主细胞出现细胞壁加厚,细胞壁降解,质壁分离,叶绿体内淀粉粒、嗜饿颗粒积累,叶绿体基粒片层瓦解,线粒体空泡化等现象。在不同抗性的苹果品种上,分生孢子萌发率差别不明     

用渗透剂胁迫鉴定谷子芽期耐旱性的方法研究

采用PEG-6000、甘露醇2种渗透剂7种渗透势模拟水分胁迫,以谷子芽期发芽率、芽长、根长的相对值作为鉴定评价指标,研究谷子芽期耐旱性鉴定的水分胁迫条件。结果表明：在胁迫强度较弱时,40％谷子品种萌发、80％谷子品种胚芽、胚根的生长表现促进作用;在胁迫强度较强时,表现出抑制作用。在PEG-6000、甘露醇胁迫下,萌发耐旱指数与种子千粒重呈负相关。与相对发芽势主要表现为中度正相关,与相对根／芽比主要表现为负相关（PEG-6000胁迫）,与相对芽长、相对根长相关系数很小;相对芽长与相对根长的相关关系主要表现为中度正相关。种子萌发耐旱指数与相对根长两个指标宜作为谷子芽期耐旱性鉴定指标,-0.75MPa PEG-6000、-1.00MPa甘露醇处理可以作为谷子芽期耐旱性鉴定的水分胁迫条件。     

盐胁迫下海马齿叶片结构变化

用石蜡切片法制片、光学显微镜观察了海马齿植物营养器官--叶片的盐适应结构变化,以明确盐生植物对盐渍生境适应的叶片结构变化特征,为盐生植物的耐盐机理研究提供依据.结果表明:(1)海马齿植物叶片表现出许多适应干旱和盐渍环境的特点,其基本特征为:叶片肉质化,为典型的等面叶;栅栏组织发达,且含有大量叶绿体;叶表皮气孔微下陷,叶表皮细胞外壁的角质层较薄,表皮细胞大小不等,外切向壁外凸,参差不齐,有些表皮细胞特化为泡状细胞,其数量与盐胁迫的浓度呈正相关.(2)叶的海绵组织中含有大量的薄壁细胞,幼叶海绵组织的薄壁细胞在0.5%～2.5% NaCl胁迫下均变大,且数量也增加;而老叶海绵组织的薄壁细胞只有在低浓度(0.5% NaCl)的盐胁迫下变大,而在高浓度下其薄壁细胞反而变小或成不规则形状.(3)盐晶广泛分布在海马齿的叶肉组织细胞内,且其数量随着盐胁迫浓度增加而增加.     

Starch depletion in germinating wheat,wrinkled-seeded peas and senescing tobacco leaves

The residual starches of germinating wheat and barley grains show similar structural changes. Germinating wheat grains produce malto-oligosaccharides and dextrins. The starch of wrinkled-seeded peas showed some structural changes during germination, but the starch from senescing tobacco leaves showed none. Neither peas nor tobacco produced malto-oligosaccharides or dextrins at any stage. Wrinkled-seeded peas showed some differences to smooth-seeded peas in enzyme content, and starch was probably degraded by phosphorylase initially with α-amylase acting after 3 days. In senescing tobacco leaves the only significant enzyme activities were α-amylase and maltase. Wheat closely resembled barley in showing amylolytic breakdown.     

菠萝蜜叶和花的解剖结构研究

运用石蜡切片和电镜扫描等方法对菠萝蜜叶和花进行解剖学的观察和研究,结果表明:菠萝蜜的叶是典型的异面叶;表皮细胞的角质层较厚,叶肉有2～4层栅栏组织,海绵组织细胞间隙发达,在叶肉和叶脉中还有较多含单宁的薄壁细胞,叶脉的木质部非常发达;说明了菠萝蜜的叶具有较强的耐旱和抗虫能力。花小,单性,花粉粒小而量多,风媒传粉;三孔花粉粒。     

Influence of PEG induced drought stress on molecular and biochemical constituents and seedling growth of Egyptian barley cultivars

In order to investigate the effects of drought stress on germination components of barley cultivars, a laboratory experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete design with four replications. The controlled experiment included ten of Egyptian barley cultivars namely; (Giza 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 134, 135 and 2000) as first factor. The second factor included 4 levels of drought stress inducer by applying 0, 5, 10 and 20% of polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) which is equivalent to four osmotic potential levels including ?0.001, ?0.27, ?0.54 and ?1.09 MPa, respectively. The results showed that, the highest reduction was related to the drought level of 20% PEG among the barley cultivars. The best cultivars in terms of germination traits were Giza 134, Giza 127, and Giza 126 this indicate their tolerance to drought stress and Giza 130, 135, 2000 cultivars was moderately tolerance and remaining is less tolerance. The protein band 27 kDa and 78 kDa showed high intensity after stress in almost all cultivars. Those two protein bands their exciting was very clear in treated barley leaf tissue. It could be related to dehydrine and oxygen evolving enhancer protein 2 (OEE2) which involved in drought stress tolerance response. Cultivars Giza 127, 130 and 134 showed highest tolerance response under drought stress. The antioxidant enzymes PAGE pattern of Peroxidase (POX), Sodium dismutase (SOD) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) for Barley cultivars under drought stress revealed a high activities for Giza 126, 127, 134, 136 and 2000 under ?0.5 MPa osmotic stress by PEG in most of their isoforms. Based on similarity coefficient values the highest values were 1.0 with 100% similarly between tolerant cultivars Giza 130 and Giza 127. Similarly between the susceptible cultivars 125 and Giza 129 was 60%.These data confirmed by the growth parameters which we ranked as tolerant to drought stress.     

大豆种质资源萌发期耐旱性评价

随着全球气候的变化,干旱已成为限制大豆产量的重要环境因素之一,大豆种质资源耐旱性鉴定对大豆耐旱品种的培育及大豆耐旱机理的研究具有重要的意义。本研究首先选择4份耐旱性不同的材料,以PEG-6000作为渗透胁迫剂,研究了大豆种质在0%、10%、15%、16%、18%、20%、30%的PEG-6000溶液的胁迫下,相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对胚根长度、萌发耐旱指数的变化。结果表明15%~18%PEG-6000溶液是大豆萌发期耐旱鉴定的适宜浓度范围。本研究采用16%PEG-6000溶液对568份大豆资源进行大豆种子萌发期耐旱鉴定,以相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对胚根长度、相对苗高、萌发耐旱指数、活力指数作为评价指标,应用平均隶属函数评价法对大豆种质萌发期耐旱性进行综合评价,筛选出耐旱种质4份,较耐旱种质18份,中间型种质110份,较敏感种质194份,敏感型种质242份。     

Plant dehydrins: shedding light on structure and expression patterns of dehydrin gene family in barley

Dehydrins, an important group of late embryogenesis abundant proteins, accumulate in response to dehydration stresses and play protective roles under stress conditions. Herein, phylogenetic analysis of the dehydrin family was performed using the protein sequences of 108 dehydrins obtained from 14 plant species based on plant taxonomy and protein subclasses. Sub-cellular localization and phosphorylation sites of these proteins were also predicted. The protein features distinguishing these dehydrins categories were identified using various attribute weighting and decision tree analyses. The results revealed that the presence of the S motif preceding the K motif (Y_nSK_n, SK_n, and S_nKS) was more evident and the Y_nSK_n subclass was more frequent in monocots. In barley, as one of the most drought-tolerant crops, there are ten members of Y_nSK_n out of 13 HvDhns. In promoter regions, six types of abiotic stress-responsive elements were identified. Regulatory elements in UTR sequences of HvDhns were infrequent while only four miRNA targets were found. Furthermore, physiological parameters and gene expression levels of HvDhns were studied in tolerant (HV1) and susceptible (HV2) cultivars, and in an Iranian tolerant wild barley genotype (Spontaneum; HS) subjected to gradual water stress and after recovery duration at the vegetative stage. The results showed the significant impact of dehydration on dry matter, relative leaf water, chlorophyll contents, and oxidative damages in HV2 compared with the other studied genotypes, suggesting a poor dehydration tolerance, and incapability of recovering after re-watering in HV2. Under severe drought stress, among the 13 HvDhns genes, 5 and 10 were exclusively induced in HV1 and HS, respectively. The gene and protein structures and the expression patterns of HvDhns as well as the physiological data consistently support the role of dehydrins in survival and recovery of barley plants from drought particularly in HS. Overall, this information would be helpful for functional characterization of the Dhn family in plants.