应用PCR法对小麦叶疫病菌的检测

【背景】小麦叶疫病菌于20世纪60年代入侵我国后,迅速传播扩散并在局部区域造成严重危害,对我国小麦的健康发展构成了巨大威胁。【方法】设计出检测小麦叶疫病菌的特异性引物,建立快速检测该病菌的PCR方法。用真菌通用引物ITS4/ITS5对小麦叶疫病菌进行PCR扩增,将扩增产物进行克隆和测序,使用DNAMAN软件设计出检测该病菌的特异性引物LJY1和LJY2,优化PCR反应体系。【结果】建立了该病菌的PCR检测方法,PCR反应体系:25 mmol·L-1Mg Cl22.5μL,10 mmol·L-1d NTP 1.0μL,10μmol·L-1引物各0.5μL,DNA模板8 ng,最佳退火温度57.6℃。【结论与意义】该方法可以准确地将小麦叶疫病菌与其他链格孢属的真菌区分开。本研究结果为小麦叶疫病的快速检测提供了依据,能够有效防止该病菌在小麦进出口贸易中传入我国。     

基于16S rDNA基因的谷斑皮蠹PCR检测技术

【目的】谷斑皮蠹是一种重要的检疫性害虫,在新疆周边多个国家分布,口岸检疫人员多次从进境货物中截获谷斑皮蠹,该虫对新疆的农业生产极具威胁。【方法】以谷斑皮蠹的16S rDNA基因为靶序列,用昆虫通用引物对4种供试皮蠹进行PCR扩增,将扩增产物进行克隆和测序,用生物软件设计检测谷斑皮蠹的特异性引物与探针。【结果】设计的特异性引物(TG-SNP-F/TG-SNP-R)及所建立的常规PCR方法能有效检测出谷斑皮蠹,其扩增产物的片段大小为250 bp,灵敏度为3 ng·μL~(-1)。设计的特异性引物(TG-F/TG-R)和探针(TG-probe),以及所建立的实时荧光PCR方法,对谷斑皮蠹的检测特异性强,灵敏度达0.8 fg·μL~(-1)。【结论】建立的常规PCR方法和实时荧光PCR检测方法能够对谷斑皮蠹进行准确鉴定,为口岸检疫人员检测进境货物中携带的谷斑皮蠹提供技术支持。     

短舌熊蜂耐热性研究

【目的】测定高温对短舌熊蜂Bombus terrestris L.个体存活率和体内总蛋白含量的影响,为熊蜂授粉应用提供理论依据。【方法】以高温暴露致死率为耐热性的评价指标,对短舌熊蜂的工蜂幼虫,成年工蜂,成年雄蜂进行检测并对成年工蜂进行亚致死高温驯化。同时考察不同处理温度下熊蜂体内蛋白质含量变化。【结果】结果显示,短舌熊蜂的耐热性能从高到低依次是成年工蜂、成年雄蜂、工蜂幼虫,亚致死高温驯化可显著提高成年工蜂的耐热性能。熊蜂体内蛋白质含量随着温度的升高,呈先增加后减少的趋势,熊蜂体重与体内蛋白质含量无显著相关性。【结论】熊蜂不同虫态对高温的耐受性不同,可通过亚致死高温驯化措施来提高熊蜂的耐热性能和授粉效率。     

四重PCR检测副溶血性弧菌及其毒力基因方法的建立

【目的】建立同时检测副溶血性弧菌tox R、tdh、trh、tlh基因的四重PCR快速检测方法。【方法】分别以副溶血性弧菌的tox R、tdh、trh、tlh 4个基因为靶基因,设计4对特异性引物,对4对引物浓度和退火温度进行优化,获得最佳引物比例和扩增条件,建立快速检测致病性副溶血性弧菌的四重PCR体系。通过特异性验证、灵敏度验证以及模拟样品检测进行方法确认。【结果】四重PCR体系扩增条带与预期相符,即115 bp(tox R)、244 bp(tdh)、418 bp(trh)、759 bp(tlh)4个目的条带;用74株副溶血性弧菌和37株非目标菌的测试结果表明,所建立的方法有良好的特异性。该方法对模板DNA的检测灵敏度为50μg/L,纯培养物的检测灵敏度为6.7×103 CFU/m L;副溶血性弧菌含量为1.36 CFU/g的人工模拟样品增菌6 h后,tox R、tlh、tdh、trh 4个基因可同时被检出。【结论】该方法可实现同时检测携带tox R、tdh、trh、tlh 4种基因的副溶血性弧菌,对开展致病性副溶血性弧菌的检测研究具有一定现实意义。     

进境熊蜂风险分析

【目的】对进境熊蜂所带来的病虫害、生物入侵等一系列风险进行分析,为制定相应的检疫措施提供科学依据。【方法】本文根据新西兰风险分析模型,从传入释放的可能性、定殖和扩散的可能性以及对经济和生态的潜在危害性3个方面对进境熊蜂进行风险分析。【结果】熊蜂孢子虫Apicystis bombi、熊蜂短膜虫Crithidia bombi、熊蜂微孢子虫Nosema bombi、布赫纳蝗螨Locustacurus buchneri、寄生蜂Melittobia acasta和蜂巢小甲虫Aethina tumida 6种病虫害能给国内熊蜂带来较高的风险,同时引进非本地种熊蜂也可能带来生物入侵问题。【结论】进境熊蜂能带来一定的风险,需要制定相应的风险管理措施。     

实时荧光定量TaqMan-MGB探针法检测杆菌样巴尔通体

【目的】应用Taq Man探针实时荧光定量PCR技术建立特异性强、敏感性高和稳定性好的快速杆菌样巴尔通体检测方法。【方法】应用生物信息学方法查找杆菌样巴尔通体特有基因,从中筛选出一段特有的基因序列为模板设计探针和引物。通过比较Ct值和荧光强度确定扩增反应的最佳退火温度、探针和引物浓度;将扩增产物连接到p EASY-T载体上制备标准品,绘制标准曲线,分析扩增效率和线性关系;评估方法的特异性、敏感性及重复性。【结果】优化后退火温度为60°C,探针和引物浓度均为200 nmol/L,反应体系20μL。特异性实验显示只有杆菌样巴尔通体扩增出荧光信号,其他种属细菌均未见荧光信号;标准曲线线性关系良好(R2=1),扩增效率E=98.18%;最低检出限为每个PCR反应3个拷贝;组内和组间的变异系数CV值分别为0.21%–0.42%和0.29%–0.59%,在允许范围内。【结论】研究建立的实时荧光定量Taq Man-MGB探针法特异性强、灵敏度高、稳定性好,可快速检测鉴定杆菌样巴尔通体,为这种巴尔通体所引起的一系列疾病的早期快速诊断、监测和流行病学调查等研究提供有效手段。     

特异性三重PCR快速检测副溶血性弧菌

【目的】建立同时检测副溶血性弧菌gyrase、tdh、trh基因的三重PCR快速检测方法。【方法】将已报道的这3种基因的引物加入一个PCR反应管中,对引物浓度和退火温度进行优化,找到最佳引物比例和扩增条件。通过特异性验证、灵敏度验证以及方法间对比进行方法确认,其PCR产物使用全自动毛细管电泳分析系统进行分析。【结果】仅在91、269、485 bp处分别出现预期DNA扩增条带;纯培养条件下,扩增gyrase、tdh、trh的菌浓度检测限分别为6.6×101、6.6×102和6.6×101 CFU/mL;本底干扰物存在时,扩增gyrase、tdh、trh的菌浓度检测限分别为6.6×103、6.6×104和6.6×103 CFU/mL;模板DNA浓度检测限为1.36μg/L。检测进境海产品时,检测结果和FDA 2004标准结果一致,且更易辨认和判断。【结论】此检测方法的成功建立,为副溶血性弧菌及携带tdh和/或trh基因的致病性副溶血性弧菌的检测提供了一种准确、高效、便捷的分子技术手段。     

近岸污染指示半知菌灰黄青霉(Penicillium griseo fulvum)的分子检测

【目的】通过分子方法检测近海污染环境优势种灰黄青霉,并为由此而推断污染程度做准备。【方法】根据GenBank中青霉属不同种和相近属种的ITS序列差异和灰黄青霉特有的IAO序列,设计了污染区优势种灰黄青霉的特异性引物AS1/RS4和IAO1/IAO2,建立相应的特异探针检测体系。通过PCR和套式PCR技术,分析比较两对特异序列检测灰黄青霉的差异。【结果】建立的分子检测体系可以排除其它近似或相关菌株干扰,从环境中扩增到目的基因片段。利用引物AS1/RS4作为核酸探针,通过套式PCR菌株DNA的检测灵敏度可达到10fg/μL,当仅有10个数量级分生孢子时即可检测出,从沉积物中检测灵敏度为102个数量级孢子/0.25g。特异酶基因IAO1/IAO2检测灵敏度较前者稍低。【结论】利用特异序列作为探针检测污染环境优势种灰黄青霉的方法可行,在一定范围内,灰黄青霉的出现频率及数量对污染程度有较好的指示作用。     

双歧杆菌属特异性定量引物的设计及验证

【目的】旨在设计一对双歧杆菌属特异性引物以检测不同样品中低丰度双歧杆菌的含量。【方法】在NCBI中下载57株双歧杆菌全基因组序列,以其共有单拷贝核心基因为目的片段设计双歧杆菌属特异性引物;并对引物进行PCR初筛和特异性复筛;之后借助ddPCR(Droplet Digital PCR,微滴式数字PCR)依次对筛选出的引物进行特异性、灵敏度和实用性验证。【结果】引物Bif-D-9特异性最好,可扩增出4株双歧杆菌而不能扩增20株非双歧杆菌中的任何一株菌;同时通过ddPCR仪定量稀释后的DNA,其扩增结果呈线性下降趋势,证明其灵敏度较好;另外,Bif-D-9结合ddPCR定量出婴儿粪便中双歧杆菌的拷贝数为71 copies/μL,母亲粪便中双歧杆菌的拷贝数为2.7 copies/μL,证明了该方法的实用性。【结论】引物Bif-D-9具有双歧杆菌属特异性,且灵敏度较高、实用性较好,适用于复杂样品中双歧杆菌属定量。     

快速鉴定B群链球菌及检测其耐药性方法的建立和初步应用

目的建立快速鉴定B群链球菌(group B Streptococcus,GBS)的同时检测其对克林霉素、红霉素耐药基因的多重PCR方法,并初步应用。方法建立多重PCR方法,同时扩增以下4个基因位点:GBS编码CAMP因子的基因cfb、大环类脂类耐药基因erm B和mef A/E、克林霉素耐药基因lin B。对该方法的引物质量浓度、Taq酶量和退火温度进行优化,确定多重PCR最适反应体系及最低检测限;将该方法用于91株GBS临床菌株的鉴定及其耐药性的检测,并评价其与常规PCR方法结果的一致性。结果多重PCR的最适反应体系,总量25μL:多重PCR mix212.5μL、多重PCR mix1Taq酶0.23μL、lin B-F和lin B-R引物0.4μmol/L、mef A/E-F和mef A/E-R引物0.2μmol/L、erm B-F和erm B-R引物0.12μmol/L、cfb-F和cfb-R引物0.08μmol/L、DNA 10~100 ng、不足量补入无菌去离子水。扩增程序为:94℃预变性60 s;94℃变性30 s、53℃退火90 s、72℃延伸30 s,共30个循环;72℃延伸10 min。最低检测限为20 pg/μL。多重PCR方法与常规PCR方法检测91株GBS临床菌株,cfb基因结果一致率为100%,erm B、mef A/E和lin B基因的Kappa值分别为0.938、0.956和0.935。结论建立的以GBS cfb、erm B、mef A/E和lin B基因为检测位点的多重PCR方法,可在鉴定GBS的同时检测其对克林霉素、红霉素的耐药性。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.