绿豆象幼虫虫龄的划分及末龄幼虫头部形态和感器观察

【目的】明确绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis幼虫的龄期,了解其末龄幼虫头部感受器的种类、形态和分布。【方法】测量绿豆象幼虫体长、头壳宽和上颚宽,根据所得数据的频次分布图、关系拟合结果和戴氏法则确定绿豆象最佳分龄指标,明确幼虫虫龄数,并利用Crosby生长法则和线性回归的方法进行验证;采用扫描电镜对末龄幼虫头部形态及感受器进行观察。【结果】绿豆象体长、头壳宽和上颚宽的频次分布均呈显著的4个峰,因此推断绿豆象幼虫为4个虫龄。各龄的体长变幅分别为1.581～2.556, 2.406～3.381, 3.381～4.281和4.206～4.881 mm,头壳宽度变幅分别为0.444～0.689, 0.654～0.934, 0.934～1.179和1.144～1.389 mm,上颚宽变幅分别为0.080～0.256, 0.234～0.344, 0.322～0.542和0.542～0.652 mm。体长、头壳宽和上颚宽均符合戴氏法则和Crosby生长法则,并呈现明显的线性关系,因此体长、头壳宽和上颚宽可作为绿豆象幼虫龄期划分的重要指标。头壳宽的Crosby指数均小于体长和上颚宽的Crosby指数,且头壳宽与体长测量值的对数值与幼虫龄期的相关系数要优于上颚宽测量值的对数值与幼虫龄期的相关系数,因此可将头壳宽作为最佳分龄指标。绿豆象末龄幼虫头部感器共有锥形感器、毛形感器、瓶形感器、刺形感器、板形感器、栓锥形感器和坛形感器7种感器,主要分布于触角、下颚须、上唇和上颚。【结论】绿豆象幼虫分龄形态指标和头部形态观察为研究其行为活动及综合防治提供理论基础。     

栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫龄数的确定

【目的】为明确栎黄枯叶蛾Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang幼虫的发育状况,以便进行预测预报及采取防治措施。【方法】通过野外采样获取不同发育状态的栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫,对其头壳宽度,体长,体宽,额宽,上颚基部宽和单眼间距6项形态指标进行测量,利用Crosby生长法则和线性回归方法,推断栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫的龄数。【结果】栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫有7龄,头壳宽度为最佳分龄结构。单眼间距、额宽和上颚宽3项指标均可作为分龄的辅助手段,体长和体宽变异较大,不宜用作幼虫龄数划分。【结论】研究结果为生产上合理防治该害虫提供了参考依据。     

基于外部形态特征量化分析判别菱角水螟幼虫龄期

【目的】本实验拟为田间准确快速判别菱角水螟Parapoynx crisonalis(Walker)幼虫龄期提供一种新方法,以便监测其发生规律、预测其发生时间。【方法】本研究通过对幼虫头壳宽、复眼距、体宽和体长4项外部形态指标的测量,运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归分析方法,结合各项指标的频次分布进行分析。【结果】各龄幼虫头壳宽平均值的变异系数和Crosby指数最小,为判别幼虫龄期的最佳分龄指标,幼虫期共分为5龄,1~5龄的头壳宽分别为(0.2493±0.0053)、(0.3454±0.0018)、(0.5079±0.0031)、(0.7419±0.0190)和(1.1287±0.0369)mm,其与龄期数呈线性关系。通过实验室饲养观察菱角水螟幼虫蜕皮次数验证该虫幼虫期分为5个龄期。【结论】头壳宽为判定菱角水螟幼虫龄期的最佳指标,复眼距次之。     

油茶象幼虫虫龄的划分

【目的】油茶象 Curculio chinensis Chevrolat是我国特有木本油料树种--油茶 Camellia meiocarpa 的专性蛀果害虫,常导致大量落果。幼虫准确分龄是其生物学、生态学及防控研究的基础,但对钻蛀性昆虫来说,这非常困难。本研究旨在明确研究样地油茶象幼虫龄数及各龄形态指标极差,试图探讨确定钻蛀性昆虫龄数及合理划分虫龄的可靠方法。【方法】收集了1 253头不同发育阶段的幼虫,测量头壳宽、头壳长和上颚宽3个形态指标,用多峰拟合分析频次分布资料,结合戴氏法则判断幼虫龄数。以正态曲线交点作为相邻虫龄分界点,计算各龄幼虫测量指标的平均值、极差、增长率及误判率。【结果】头壳宽、头壳长和上颚宽频次分布多峰拟合均呈显著的5个正态峰（P＜0.01）,对应5个虫龄;头壳宽、头壳长和上颚宽3个形态指标均以对3龄幼虫的误判率最大,分别为6.04%,7.03%和6.51%,而对其他虫龄误判率均小于5%,提示3个形态指标均可作为油茶象虫龄划分的可靠依据,以头壳宽最佳。各龄幼虫头壳宽、头壳长及上颚宽增长率依次为1.41~1.54,1.43~1.61及1.44~1.64,基本恒定,其平均值的自然对数与虫龄均呈极显著线性正相关（P＜0.01）,油茶象幼虫头壳生长呈间断性几何级数增长,符合戴氏法则。【结论】油茶象幼虫具5个虫龄,不同于前人报道的仅4个虫龄;多峰拟合可用于确定钻蛀性昆虫或野外种群的龄数,特别是为相邻虫龄形态指标重叠区虫龄划分提供有效方法。     

异斑小字大蚕蛾幼虫形态、龄期与生活史研究

【目的】通过观察异斑小字大蚕蛾Cricula variabilis的各虫态发育特征,掌握其基本生活史、幼虫各龄形态特征及区分方法。【方法】在室内进行饲养观察,通过测量幼虫头壳宽、体长、体宽3个指标并计算Brooks指数和Crosby指数,结合线性回归方法对得到的数据进行拟合,确定最佳分龄指标。【结果】异斑小字大蚕蛾一个世代共(77.86±1.09)d,蛹期占29.44%,卵期占14.46%,成虫期占6.19%。幼虫共6龄,历期最长,占整个世代的49.91%,且每个龄期随虫龄的增长而增加。运用Dyar法则与Crosby生长法则验证了头壳宽是幼虫最合理的分龄指标。通过对头壳宽、体长、体宽3个分龄指标的进行线性回归方法分析,头壳宽的指数、二次、三次线性方程来划分幼虫龄期的效果较优,其回归方程分别为y=0.103 8x~2-0.026 2x+0.735 8(R~2=0.996 5)、y=0.572 6e~(0.340 4x)(R~2=0.995 6)、y=0.001 5x~3+0.087 9x~2+0.021 8x+0.697 6(R~2=0.996 5)。【结论】本研究描述了异斑小字大蚕蛾各龄期幼虫的形态特征,和明确幼虫共6龄,头壳宽是幼虫分龄最合适的指标。     

圆柏大痣小蜂幼虫龄期测定

明确圆柏大痣小蜂Megastigmus sabinae Xu et He（1989）幼虫的最佳分龄指标、幼虫龄数与各虫龄龄期,为探明圆柏大痣小蜂幼虫期的生长规律奠定基础。本研究通过测量圆柏大痣小蜂幼虫上颚关节宽、头宽、体宽和体长4个形态指标,利用频次分布推测幼虫龄数,运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归的方法判断圆柏大痣小蜂幼虫的最佳分龄指标并验证幼虫的龄数。将最佳分龄指标作为龄期判断依据,根据测量结果对其幼虫龄期进行划分。圆柏大痣小蜂幼虫共划分为5个龄期,上颚关节宽为圆柏大痣小蜂幼虫龄期划分的最佳形态指标,各龄幼虫的历期约为30 d、200 d、30 d、30 d、15 d,共305 d,主要以2龄越冬。     

法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫龄期的划分

【目的】法氏柴胡宽蛾Depressaria falkovitshi Lvovsky为三岛柴胡的一种优势害虫,主要以幼虫危害柴胡的叶片、茎尖、花序,幼虫龄期的确定可以为其生物学特性的研究和防治措施的制定与实施提供理论依据。【方法】本文通过测量法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫头壳宽度和体长,根据所测数据的频次分布及Dyar定律推测出法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫的虫龄数。运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归分析验证分龄的合理性。【结果】研究表明,法氏柴胡宽蛾的幼虫期共分为5龄,1~5龄幼虫的头壳宽度(mm)分别为0.163±0.006,0.262±0.012,0.437±0.025,0.690±0.038,1.116±0.051。幼虫头壳宽度(y)与虫龄(x)的回归方程为y=0.101e~(0.4815x),R~2=0.9998。【结论】头壳宽度适宜于法氏柴胡宽蛾幼虫期的分龄,而体长由于变异大不宜用作幼虫龄期的划分。     

沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫龄期的初步研究

通过测量沙棘木蠹蛾Holcocerus hippophaecolusHua,Chou,FangetChen幼虫的头壳宽、体长、体宽、上颚长和宽等指标,确定其幼虫共有16龄,不同龄幼虫的头壳宽值符合Dyar氏发现的幼虫头壳宽增长规律。同时,探讨了不同龄幼虫的臀足趾钩数、前胸侧毛L1、L2和L3以及腹足大小等指标之间的关系,结果表明:除臀足趾钩数在不同龄幼虫间的数量变化无明显规律,无法用于幼虫的龄期划分外,其它指标均呈现较明显的线性回归关系,初步判断,这些指标可以用于沙棘木蠹蛾不同龄期幼虫的划分。     

黄羽摇蚊Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunaga幼虫龄期的研究

[目的]探寻黄羽摇蚊Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunaga幼虫最佳分龄形态指标并判断其龄数,准确区分其幼虫龄期。[方法]本文采用实验室内人工养殖定期取样观察的方法,分别测量了不同发育阶段摇蚊幼虫的头壳长、颏中齿顶端至冠突前缘间距离、头壳宽、颏宽、颏中齿宽、触角长、触角基节长、触角除基节以外2~5节长、上颚长、腹颏板长、腹颏板宽11项形态指标,运用Crosby生长法则、频次分析、回归方法分析对11项形态指标测量数据进行统计分析,选择判定幼虫龄数的最佳形态指标,推断其幼虫的龄数及龄期。[结果]黄羽摇蚊幼虫可分为4个龄期,颏宽为最佳的分龄形态指标,1~4龄幼虫的颏宽(μm)分别为(30.9008±0.3253),(52.2114±0.7172),(98.6165±0.6146),(171.2985±0.5582)。幼虫颏宽(y)与龄期(x)的回归方程为y=0.1971x~3+11.365x~2-14.163x+33.502,R~2=0.9827。另外,Y2(颏中齿顶端至冠突前缘间距离)、Y5(颏中齿宽)和Y9(上颚长)也可以作为分龄的辅助指标。选取颏宽对各龄期持续时间进行推测,得出1~4龄幼虫的龄期分别为2~3、2~4、5~6、7d,幼虫期共为16~20d。[结论]黄羽摇蚊幼虫具有4个龄期,颏宽为最佳分龄形态指标,幼虫期共为16~20d。     

二点委夜蛾幼虫虫龄的测定

【目的】二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(M?schler),属鳞翅目夜蛾科。我国于2005年7月在河北省夏玉米田首次发现。近年来,该虫发生范围不断扩大,为害日益加重,因此应制定科学有效的防治策略。幼虫的虫龄和龄期测定是害虫预测预报以及制定科学防治策略的重要依据。【方法】本文通过测量二点委夜蛾幼虫头壳宽度、体长、体重,对幼虫虫龄的划分进行了研究。根据所测数据的频次分布图及Dyar定律推测幼虫虫龄数,并运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归的方法进行验证。【结果】经测量,幼虫头壳宽度值呈现出5个明显的集中区,1~5龄幼虫头壳宽度分别为0.50~0.62、0.64~0.76、0.82~0.94、1.00~1.12、1.24~1.40 mm。幼虫体长呈现出4个较明显的集中区,分别为2.00~6.50、7.50~12.50、14.50~17.50、18.50~23.00 mm。而实际观察测得1~5龄幼虫体长范围分别为1.96~3.60、2.78~4.10、3.98~6.20、5.38~12.48、14.06~22.96 mm。1~5龄幼虫体重范围分别为<0.0001、0.0003~0.0009、0.0005~0.0036、0.0027~0.0240、0.0337~0.1332 g。【结论】研究结果表明,幼虫头壳宽度可用于分龄,二点委夜蛾幼虫期共分为5龄。头壳宽度y与幼虫虫龄x的回归方程为y=0.4579e0.2121x。幼虫体长和体重在各龄间重叠度较大,不宜用于幼虫虫龄的划分。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation