韭菜迟眼蕈蚊简便人工饲养技术

研究了以鲜净韭菜假茎为饲料,温度为20～25℃,相对湿度为50～70％条件下,可正常累代饲养韭菜迟眼簟蚊幼虫及繁殖后代的方法。用该方法经14代累代饲养的韭菜迟眼簟蚊,各代幼虫成活率、幼虫历期、平均蛹重、羽化率、单雌产卵量及孵化率均无明显差异,证明了方法的可靠性。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊规模化饲养技术

【目的】韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang是为害韭菜等蔬菜的重要害虫,规模化饲养提供大量虫源是其他研究工作得以开展的基础。本研究旨在解决目前韭菜迟眼蕈蚊饲养规模小、材料和劳动力成本高等问题。【方法】本实验室利用土豆、花生、大豆为食物进行了规模化饲养韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的研究,测定了取食上述饲料的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的成活率、繁殖力、羽化节律和性比。【结果】取食土豆、花生、大豆等食物的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的成活率和繁殖力与取食人工饲料和韭菜的无显著差异,卵到成虫的发育历期为20~23 d,雌雄性比为0.8︰1~1.2︰1。在规模化饲养过程中,土豆、花生、大豆等饲料有发霉长菌现象,经分子鉴定,主要种类为雅致放射毛霉、巴克斯毛霉、黄曲霉和赭曲霉,均为腐生菌,不影响韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的存活和繁殖。【结论】该技术省工省时,成本低,特别适合实验室种群的维持和大量试虫的饲养。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫行为活动昼夜节律

【目的】本研究旨在明确韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia cellarum成虫行为活动的昼夜节律,为其室内饲养、行为学研究和研发精准、高效的监测与防控新技术提供依据。【方法】室内系统观察记录了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫羽化盛期求偶、交配、产卵、移动与静息等行为的昼夜节律,分析了其特定行为的时间分配特征。【结果】韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫的运动行为和静息行为白天和黑夜均有发生,夜间的繁殖行为(求偶、交配和产卵)频次高于白天的,各时间点的移动、静息和繁殖行为频次占比间均具有显著性差异。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌雄成虫的求偶节律相同,一天中求偶有两次高峰,分别出现在3:00和7:00。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌雄成虫的交配节律与雌成虫的产卵节律相似,雄成虫移动行为频次占比的峰值时刻均出现在3:00时,雌成虫移动行为频次占比的峰值时刻则出现在19:00时。雌雄成虫静息行为的频次占比均无明显昼夜节律高峰。在日时间分配上,雌、雄成虫以静息行为的时间占比最多,分别为89.53%和89.90%;求偶行为的时间占比最少,分别为0.56%和0.89%。雌雄成虫各行为的日时间占比差异不显著。【结论】韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫的求偶、交配、产卵、移动和静息行为具有明显...     

防虫网对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊隔离效果和对韭菜生长的影响

【目的】为了指导田间正确使用防虫网控制韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga,本文明确了防虫网对成虫的隔离作用和对韭菜生长的影响。【方法】实验室内测定了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫在不同目数防虫网制成的笼内48 h的逃出率,并通过连续3年的田间小区试验明确防虫网对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的控制效果。同时,通过田间单墩韭菜笼罩和小区试验验证不同目数防虫网对韭菜生长的影响。【结果】随着防虫网目数的增大,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雌雄成虫逃出率的逐渐降低,20目网袋内雌雄成虫的逃出率接近100%,40~80目网袋内的逃出率在5%~60%之间,100目和120目网袋内逃出率接近0。田间试验证明80目对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的阻隔效果最好(P<0.05),60目阻隔效果效果优于40目,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。田间单墩韭菜笼罩试验发现防虫网目数大于70目不利于韭菜生长,40目、50目、60目防虫网在干燥季节促进韭菜生长,小区试验进一步验证了80目对韭菜生长不利,40目和60目对韭菜生长无影响或促进韭菜生长。【结论】40~60目对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的控制效果较好。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物学、生态学及其防治

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊是韭菜上的重要害虫 ,近年来随着设施园艺的发展 ,韭菜的栽培面积不断扩大 ,韭蛆的发生范围进一步增大 ,且危害逐年加重。该文对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物学特性、发生危害与环境的关系及防治对策等方面的研究进展进行了概述。     

苯并噻唑对不同虫态韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物活性

【目的】明确室内条件下挥发性化合物苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang的生物活性。【方法】采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测定了苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫、 卵、 幼虫和蛹的熏蒸活性; 利用Oxytherm氧电极研究了苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫呼吸速率的影响; 利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫对苯并噻唑的行为反应。【结果】苯并噻唑对雌雄成虫处理0.5~2.0 h的LC50分别为0.186~0.052和0.163~0.039 μL/L; 在0.01~0.13 μL/L剂量下对卵熏蒸处理24 h, 第6 天卵孵化率为4.83%~82.39%, 而对照组孵化率为96.97%; 苯并噻唑熏蒸4龄幼虫6~72 h的LC50变化范围为1.247~0.248 μL/L; 0.01~0.09 μL/L剂量熏蒸蛹24 h, 第5天的羽化率为8.17%~69.63%, 对照组羽化率为96.23%。用0.052和0.039 μL/L浓度分别处理雌雄成虫测定2.5 h内呼吸速率的变化, 表现为处理组初始呼吸速率明显高于对照组, 然后逐渐降低至与对照组持平, 最后明显低于相同处理时间对照组呼吸速率。“Y”型嗅觉仪测定结果表明, 苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫有较强的引诱作用。在0.5 L/min空气流速条件下, 0.5 μL的苯并噻唑对雌雄成虫的引诱率分别为88.33%和78.33%。【结论】苯并噻唑对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态有很好的毒杀效果, 并对成虫有强烈的引诱作用。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在不同温度-i下的实验种群生命表

组建了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga在15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃温度下的实验种群生命表.结果表明,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在15℃下卵-成虫的发育历期最长(72.4天),而30℃时仅为21.2天,20℃和25℃时分别为27.3天和23.9天;韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵、幼虫,蛹和卵-成虫的发育起点温度分别为5.9℃、8.7℃,3.3℃和7.8℃,有效积温分别为77.7、267.2、75.7和418.2日@度;韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,雌虫寿命在20℃时最长,为11.7天,在30℃下最短,仅存活4.1天,除30℃外在其它温度下雌蚊寿命均长于雄蚊;单雌产卵量在20℃时最高,平均为159.9粒,30℃时最低,为114.7粒.20℃～25℃是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的最适生长温度,成虫寿命长、繁殖力强、种群趋势指数大,温度过高或过低均不利于种群的繁衍.     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

组建了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga 在15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在15℃下卵-成虫的发育历期最长（72.4天）,而30℃时仅为21.2天,20℃和25℃时分别为27.3天和23.9天;韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵、幼虫,蛹和卵-成虫的发育起点温度分别为5.9℃、8.7℃,3.3℃和7.8℃,有效积温分别为77.7、267.2、75.7和418.2日·度;韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,雌虫寿命在20℃时最长,为11.7天,在30℃下最短,仅存活4.1天,除30℃外在其它温度下雌蚊寿命均长于雄蚊;单雌产卵量在20℃时最高,平均为159.9粒,30℃时最低,为114.7粒。20℃～25℃是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的最适生长温度,成虫寿命长、繁殖力强、种群趋势指数大,温度过高或过低均不利于种群的繁衍。     

江汉平原地区韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的发生特点

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang在湖北江汉平原韭菜集中产区危害严重。在湖北荆州地区于2013-2014年对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的田间种群动态进行了系统调查,发现该害虫一年发生春(3月中旬至5月上旬)、秋(9月中旬至翌年1月)2个危害高峰,但秋季危害高峰的危害期长且发生严重;夏季适温多雨导致韭蛆危害;幼虫最喜栖息和危害韭菜第一球茎,但秋季对白色茎的危害性增加;成虫可以在田间扩散,扩散时飞行高度主要在50 cm以上。因此,韭蛆在江汉平原地区韭菜的危害主要集中在秋季和冬初。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫消化系统的解剖学和组织学

本利用石蜡切片对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫其消化系统的组织学进行了研究。结果表明,幼虫的消化道无特殊变异,但中肠亚端部的一对胃盲囊长而发达,是消化道的突出特征。中肠和胃盲囊不同部位的细胞学特点有明显差异。根据中肠细胞形状及其分布将中肠分为4个区域,对中肠不同区域的细胞学特点进行了描述。     

营养物质和水分对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫繁殖和寿命的影响

【目的】研究韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga成虫对营养物质的选择补充习性,找出对其产卵繁殖起重要作用的关键因子,为其有效防控提供依据。【方法】通过室内成虫单独配对试验,研究不同营养物质(花粉、蜂蜜、维生素、糖、醋、酒)和水分对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫繁殖和寿命的影响。【结果】随着花粉、蜂蜜和维生素浓度的增加,成虫的繁殖力下降;糖醋酒液单一成分和混合液对成虫繁殖和寿命的影响与水分相近;补充供试营养物质和水分对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的繁殖力均明显高于干燥对照。补充水分的成虫繁殖力最高,产卵率超过70%,单雌平均产卵量达70粒,雌雄成虫寿命最长均超过3 d。土壤湿度对产卵有显著影响,土壤相对湿度为40%和50%时,成虫的落卵率超过25%,落卵量大于480粒,显著高于其它湿度(P<0.05)。【结论】水分是影响韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫繁殖和寿命的关键因子,供试的营养物质对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊繁殖没有促进作用,因此在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫盛发期可以通过控制田间土壤湿度来影响韭菜迟眼蕈蚊繁殖。     

噻虫嗪对昆虫病原线虫侵染韭菜迟眼蕈蚊能力的影响

【目的】为提高昆虫病原线虫对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang幼虫的防治效果,将昆虫病原线虫与环境友好型化学杀虫剂混用是一条有效途径。【方法】测定了噻虫嗪与6个昆虫病原线虫品系混用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的作用效果,以及温度和土壤含水量对作用效果的影响,并进行了田间验证。【结果】田间推荐浓度噻虫嗪(100 mg·L~(-1))对6种供试线虫存活无显著影响。处理后3 d,低浓度噻虫嗪(15 mg·L~(-1))分别与6品系线虫混合后处理韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫,其死亡率明显高于线虫和噻虫嗪单用处理。小卷蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN+噻虫嗪、印度异小杆线虫LN2+噻虫嗪和小卷蛾斯氏线虫All+噻虫嗪3种组合发挥杀虫作用的最适温度范围分别为20~25℃、25~30℃和25~30℃,显著高于其他温度;最适土壤含水量范围为10%~18%,也显著高于其他湿度。大田条件下,施用后7 d,单用噻虫嗪、线虫+噻虫嗪组合处理对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果显著高于单线虫,且以芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN+噻虫嗪的防治效果最高,达到93%以上。【结论】芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SF-SN品系与噻虫嗪组合联合防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊效果最好。     

危害西瓜幼苗的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生物学特性及防治

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yanget Zhang危害西瓜早春红玉幼苗的现象尚未见报道。观察记录韭菜迟眼蕈蚊以瓜类植物饲养的发育历期并进行田间药剂防治试验。结果表明:瓜类植物饲养条件下的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫发育历期与已报道的以韭菜饲养条件下的发育历期基本一致,50%灭蝇胺可湿性粉剂和10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂1500倍防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊效果较好,保苗率达97%。     

Male Remating Behavior and Its Effect on Female Reproductive Fitness in Cnephasia jactatana Walker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Male remating behavior and its effect on the female reproductive fitness of a New Zealand leafroller, Cnephasia jactatana, were investigated in the laboratory. With a recovery period of at least 24 h between matings, most males were able to mate four times and only about 25% could mate six times during their lifespan. Only 5% of males managed to mate twice within 1 day. Mated males transferred 31–51% smaller spermatophores than virgin males. When mating with a mated male, the female was subject to a 20–51% and 23–51% reduction in fecundity and fertility, respectively. With the increasing number of matings her partner had achieved before mating with her, the female's fertility declined significantly faster than fecundity. Courtship period and mating duration remained similar regardless of the male's mating history but males required increasingly longer latency to start courtship display with the increasing number of matings achieved.     

Courtship behavior of the mosquitoSabethes cyaneus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Unlike any other mosquito reported, Sabethes cyaneus(Fabricius) displays an elaborate courtship before and during copulation. A male approaches a female suspended from a horizontal stick, suspends himself in front of her as he grasps her folded wings, and proceeds with a series of discrete stereotyped behaviors that involve proboscis vibration and movement of iridescent blue paddles on his midlegs. The sequence of these behaviors is as follows: freeleg waving, swinging, copulation attempt, superficial coupling, waving, genital shift, waggling, and release. Insemination occurs after genital shift. The only overt reciprocation by the female is abdomen lowering during the male's swinging. Courtship is often unsuccessful, and males are usually rejected during freeleg waving. The relation between male performance and mating success remains obscure.     

NOR Sites Detected by Ag-DAPI Staining of an Unusual Autosome Chromosome of Bradysia Hygida (Diptera:Sciaridae) Colocalize with C-banded Heterochromatic Region

The study of chromosomes in insects is a good tool in mitotic process analysis, zoographic localization and evolution investigation. Among them, the Sciaridae offers a karyotype with a small number of chromosomes, where the heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer region, NOR, are easily analyzed in metaphase chromosomes obtained from cerebral ganglia squashes. In this work, the heterochromatic regions on Bradysia hygida mitotic chromosomes, revealed by C-banding, were identified as centromeric blocks on A and C chromosomes and as dark interstitial region in B and X chromosomes. By Ag-DAPI staining, active nucleolus organizer region, NOR, was revealed associated to the constitutive heterochromatin in the end of the C autosome chromosome. The C-band regions and the unusual ribosomal site localization are discussed.     

Lek Behavior as the Mating Strategy of Setellia sp. (Diptera: Richardiidae)

A field study revealed that the mating system of the richardiid Setellia sp. meets even the most stringent definition of lek behavior. Males remain on the upper surface of the leaves of Saranthe aff. klotzchiana (Maranthaceae), where they perform ritualized displays related to courtship and territorial behavior. Correlational data support the existence of reproductive dominance hierarchies, which are based on both male vs. male and female vs. female agonistic interactions. Curiously, the behavioral acts performed by Setellia sp. show remarkable similarities to other nonrelated dipteran lekkers. Aspects of evolution and convergence of these behaviors in the Acalyptratae are considered.     

Sociosexual behavior of a free-ranging Cebuella pygmaea (Callitrichidae,platyrrhini) troop during postpartum estrus of its reproductive female

The sociosexual behavior of a free-ranging Cebuella pygmaea troop containing two adult males was studied throughout a postpartum periestrous period of its reproductive female. A clear-cut male-initiated six-day behavioral estrous period occurred from the 13th through 18th day postpartum, with a two-day peak of mating activity on the 15th and 16th days. Both adult males attempted to mate with the female, but the dominant male maintained exclusive mating access to her by guarding behavior and aggression toward the subordinate male. Estrus-related changes in the daily activity pattern included constant following of the female by the male, increased huddling and grooming between the consorts, a decrease in infant carrying, and suppression of insect foraging in the consorting male. Behaviors seen only during the periestrous period included genital presenting by the female, intensive licking and sniffing of her genitalia by the males, female-guarding by the dominant male, anogenital scent-marking on the male's body by the female, tongue protrusion and “tongue vibrating” by the male, and copulations, play chasing, and “consort walking” by the couple. Within the Callitrichidae, genital presenting and tongue vibrating in sexual context have been observed only in Cebuella.     

Egg-laying preference of female fungus gnat Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae) on three different soilless substrates

Fungus gnats, Bradysia spp., are major insect pests in greenhouses. Adult female fungus gnats prefer to lay eggs in growing medium that is microbially active or that contains high amounts of peat moss or hardwood bark. However, egg-laying preference has not been demonstrated quantitatively. This study was designed to determine whether fungus gnat Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila females prefer any of the three soilless growing media provided. The three soilless growing media tested were Metro-Mix 560 with Scott's Coir, Sunshine LC1 Mix, and Universal SB 300 Mix. Initially, the egg-laying potential of the fungus gnat species used in this study was assessed by dissecting mated females after 24, 48, and 72 h. For the egg-laying preference experiment, adults that emerged from pupae were aspirated into a plastic vial, sexed, and then allowed to mate for 24 h. Individual mated females were released into an experimental chamber (15 by 15 by 5-cm plastic container) consisting of four 6-cm petri dishes, three of which contained soilless growing media and one with filter paper (control). In total, there were 50 experimental chambers, with each chamber representing a replication. Females remained in the experimental chambers for 48 h after which the growing media were processed using a flotation/extraction method. The number of eggs laid by female fungus gnats ranged from 21 to 217 with most eggs recovered after 48 h (141.0 +/- 9.3). There were no significant differences among the three soilless growing media in terms of number of eggs laid, although all three growing media were significantly different from the filter paper with higher numbers of eggs laid in the soilless growing media than the filter paper. Despite no significant difference among the growing media in the number of eggs laid, fungus gnat females tended to lay eggs more often, based on the number of petri dishes in which at least one egg was laid, in Metro-Mix 560 (86%) than Sunshine LC1 (66%), Universal SB 300 (52%), or filter paper (18%). Based on the results of this study, female fungus gnats may not prefer a specific growing medium for oviposition. However, fungus gnat females may rely on other factors not tested in this study such as moisture content and volatiles emitted from growing media in their decision where to lay eggs.