高原春油菜田小菜蛾种群动态和抗药性的监测

【目的】为了准确掌握典型春油菜种植区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)种群变化动态和抗药性现状。【方法】诱捕法调查了青海高原小菜蛾成虫发生动态、室内用浸渍法测定了小菜蛾田间种群的抗性倍数,并进行了田间药效试验。【结果】青海省小菜蛾一般一年发生3代,但2 500 m以上的地区第3代成虫数量较第1代、第2代明显下降。在我省高原春油菜区,每日20:00至次日晨4:00是小菜蛾成虫发生主要的时间段。小菜蛾在青海省不能越冬。湟中点小菜蛾对溴虫腈产生低水平抗性;对多杀菌素、丁醚脲产生中等抗性水平;对Bt、高效氯氰菊酯、茚虫威产生高水平的抗性;对阿维菌素、啶虫隆、氯虫苯甲酰胺产生极高水平抗性。互助点小菜蛾对溴虫腈、丁醚脲产生低水平抗性;对多杀菌素、啶虫隆产生中等抗性水平;对Bt、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威产生高水平抗性;对阿维菌素产生极高水平抗性。小菜蛾的抗性监测结果与田间药效结果基本一致,溴虫腈的抗性倍数最低,田间防治效果好于其他参试药剂。【结论】青海省小菜蛾年发生代数较少,且不能越冬。春油菜田小菜蛾已对大部分农药产生了抗药性。     

北京和河北地区小菜蛾的抗药性动态

【目的】了解北京和河北地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)对主要防治药剂的抗药性现状,为小菜蛾的有效防治提供参考。【方法】2011—2015年,采用浸叶法监测了小菜蛾对9种药剂的抗药性。【结果】小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺、多杀菌素和丁醚脲均为敏感水平,对Bt制剂、虫螨腈和茚虫威个别年份出现中等抗性水平,但总体上为敏感状态,对阿维菌素和氟啶脲保持中等抗性水平,对高效氯氰菊酯为中等至高水平抗性。【结论】在北京和河北地区高效氯氰菊酯不适用于小菜蛾的防治,少用或暂停使用阿维菌素,其它药剂可交替或轮换使用。     

湖北稻区白背飞虱田间种群抗药性监测

【目的】白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera是水稻上的主要害虫之一,目前白背飞虱主要以化学防治为主,为指导田间合理用药,本文报道了湖北白背飞虱田间种群对防治药剂的抗性变化情况。【方法】采用稻茎浸渍法监测了2011-2014年采自湖北鄂州蒲团、鄂州长港、枝江问安和石首南口稻田的白背飞虱4个田间种群对11种杀虫剂的抗性。【结果】白背飞虱田间种群已对噻嗪酮产生中等水平抗性(抗性倍数RR=13.0~38.6倍);对吡虫啉处于敏感至中等的抗性水平(RR=2.6~15.4倍);对噻虫嗪(RR=2.1~6.9倍)、噻虫胺(RR=3.0~7.0倍)、呋虫胺(RR=2.5~7.0倍)及啶虫脒(RR=3.3~8.2倍)处于敏感至低抗水平;所有白背飞虱田间种群均对烯啶虫胺(RR=2.2~4.9倍)、异丙威(RR=2.0~4.6倍)及醚菊酯(RR=1.8~4.0倍)敏感;除长港(2011-2012年)与蒲团(2012年)白背飞虱田间种群对吡蚜酮敏感外,其余白背飞虱田间种群均对吡蚜酮产生中等水平抗性(RR=15.2~91.0倍);白背飞虱长港田间种群(2013年与2014年种群)对毒死蜱产生中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为15.6和10.1,其余白背飞虱田间种群则对毒死蜱为敏感或低水平抗性(RR=1.7~8.5倍)。【结论】根据监测结果,建议加强对噻嗪酮、吡虫啉和吡蚜酮抗性监测,同时减少噻嗪酮、吡虫啉和吡蚜酮在水稻田使用次数,降低杀虫剂对白背飞虱田间种群选择压,延长其在田间的使用寿命。     

海南地区小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺和乙基多杀菌素的抗药性变化趋势

【目的】为了明确海南地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)对氯虫苯甲酰胺和乙基多杀菌素的抗性现状和抗性发展趋势,为制定有效的化学防治措施及抗性治理策略提供参考。【方法】本文采用叶片浸渍法,测定了海南海口、三亚两个地区小菜蛾田间种群2011—2014年度对2种药剂的抗药性水平。【结果】结果表明:自2011年以来,海口地区小菜蛾种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性倍数从2011年的0.95倍,突然发展为2012年的303.18倍,2013年下降为61.37倍,2014年又上升为92.41倍,年度间波动较大;三亚地区的抗性倍数由2011年的1.16倍,逐年上升为2012年的44.00倍,2013年的51.22倍和2014年度的120.62倍,年度间抗性持续上升,达到高抗性水平。海口地区小菜蛾对乙基多杀菌素的抗性倍数从2012年的1.19倍,发展为2013年的29.35倍和2014年的30.25倍,达到中等抗性水平;三亚地区的抗性倍数由2012年的4.43倍,逐年上升为2013年的30.48倍和2014年度的54.96倍,年度间抗性持续上升。【结论】海南地区小菜蛾对乙基多杀菌素和氯虫苯甲酰胺均已产生中等水平或高水平的抗药性,抗药性呈现持续上升的趋势。这可能与两个地区的用药环境和用药习惯有关。田间防治时,应减少两种药剂的使用次数,注意轮换其它药剂。     

小菜蛾对九种杀虫剂的抗药性

采用叶片药膜法测定了9种杀虫剂对海南、山东、广东、湖北武汉和襄樊等5个地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群的毒力,和室内相对敏感品系比较。结果显示,5个地区的小菜蛾种群都对氯氰菊酯产生了10倍以上的抗性,广东和山东种群达到30倍以上的抗性。对阿维菌素的抗性山东小菜蛾种群达到135倍,广东种群达到30倍,其他地区均在10倍以下。但是,作用机制与阿维菌素类似的药剂,氟虫腈的抗性5个地区均在5倍或5倍以下。对昆虫生长调节剂定虫隆和氟虫脲的抗性除广东种群分别在10倍和20倍以上外,其他地区均在5倍以下。广东种群对多杀菌素的抗性为7.8倍,其他地区的种群没有产生抗性,多杀菌素和杀虫双均为作用于乙酰胆碱受体的药剂,但是作用的位点不同。杀虫双对5个种群的LC50值均是比较大的(>800 mg/L),尽管没有明显的抗性,不适宜用于小菜蛾田间防治。对呼吸链电子转移抑制剂溴虫腈的抗性均在10倍以下。对辛硫磷的抗性在2~5倍。     

湖南不同地区小菜蛾对药剂敏感性比较

采用浸叶法在室内测定了湖南长沙和怀化地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群对10种药剂的敏感性。结果表明:湖南长沙和怀化地区田间小菜蛾除对丁醚脲和BT制剂仍处于敏感(抗性倍数<3)状态外,对其它8种药剂产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中以长沙地区小菜蛾田间种群对高效氯氰菊酯抗性倍数最高(抗性倍数为33.58)。长沙和怀化种群对药剂的相对毒力倍数以巴丹最低(1.20)而以多杀菌素最高(2.59)。     

海南烟粉虱田间种群隐种鉴定及对溴氰虫酰胺和氟吡呋喃酮的敏感性检测

【目的】明确海南烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci田间种群对2种新型杀虫剂溴氰虫酰胺和氟吡呋喃酮的敏感水平,为杀虫剂的合理施用与烟粉虱的田间抗性监测提供参考。【方法】以2017年1月采自海南省6个地点烟粉虱田间种群为材料,利用线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ基因(mtCOI)测序及mtCOI PCR-RFLP分子标记对采集种群隐种进行鉴定;采用浸叶法测定溴氰虫酰胺和氟吡呋喃酮2种药剂对各地区田间种群的致死中浓度(LC_(50))。【结果】在海南省6个烟粉虱田间种群中,三亚市吉阳区种群为MEAM1隐种,澄迈县永发镇种群和乐东黎族自治县冲坡镇种群以MED隐种为主的MEAM1(10%)与MED隐种(分别为94.6%和92.9%)混合种群,其他3个田间种群均为MED隐种。与溴氰虫酰胺敏感种群相比,除乐东黎族自治县十所种群已处于低水平抗性(RR:5~10倍),其他5个种群均处于敏感水平(RR5倍);所有6个田间种群对氟吡呋喃酮均处于敏感水平(RR3倍)。【结论】溴氰虫酰胺和氟吡呋喃酮可作为烟粉虱防控的新药剂,并可作为其抗性治理的替代药剂,但同时应密切关注烟粉虱对溴氰虫酰胺抗性水平变化情况。     

南京地区小菜蛾对常用杀虫剂抗药性的动态监测

分别于1997、1998、2001、2002年就南京地区,小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、敌敌畏、杀虫单、氟啶脲、氟虫腈、阿维菌素7种杀虫剂的抗药性,进行了动态监测。抗性测定结果表明,与敏感种群相比,南京地区小菜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性水平,1998年最高为283．81倍,表现为极高水平的抗性,2001～2002年抗药性呈下降趋势。小菜蛾对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性指数82．13～142．48倍,为高水平抗性。对敌敌畏的抗性指数10．10～14．81倍,为中等水平的抗性,并有逐年缓慢下降趋势。对杀虫单和阿维菌素的抗性指数小于5,1998年后敏感性开始下降。对氟啶脲和氟虫腈仍处于敏感至敏感性下降阶段,2001～2002年抗性指数呈下降趋势。除杀虫单外,小菜蛾对供试的其余6种药剂的抗性倍数与抗性个体频率具有明显的相关性。     

湖北稻区褐飞虱田间种群对常用杀虫剂抗药性监测

【目的】明确目前褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens田间种群对常用防治药剂的抗性现状,为制定褐飞虱的科学用药策略提供科学依据。【方法】于2009-2014年采用稻茎浸渍法监测了湖北褐飞虱武穴梅川、枣阳十里铺、孝感陈店、鄂州长港和武汉江夏稻田的褐飞虱田间种群对11种杀虫剂的敏感性。【结果】湖北稻区褐飞虱田间种群已对吡虫啉(抗性倍数RR=101.8~1 239.4)、噻嗪酮(RR=15.9~1 326.3)产生高水平抗性;对噻虫嗪(RR=24.9~146.5)产生中等水平至高水平抗性;对噻虫胺(RR=9.9~16.5)、呋虫胺(RR=13.5~15.9)、乙虫腈(RR=18.3~60.4)、毒死蜱(RR=17.4~29.8)、异丙威(RR=13.9~46.0)产生中等水平抗性;对啶虫脒(RR=5.1~9.9)产生低水平抗性;对噻虫啉(RR=3.9~7.1)处于敏感至低水平抗性水平;对醚菊酯(RR=1.3~4.9)处于敏感水平。此外,褐飞虱对噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮抗性上升明显,同时褐飞虱对吡虫啉抗性也有上升的趋势。【结论】仍需暂停吡虫啉、噻嗪酮在水稻上防治稻飞虱,严格限制吡蚜酮在水稻上的使用次数;醚菊酯可作为吡虫啉、噻嗪酮和吡蚜酮的替代药剂或轮换药剂。     

江西省柑橘木虱对五种常规药剂的抗药性

【目的】针对江西省柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri对常规杀虫剂抗药性水平的研究相对匮乏,研究不同地区柑橘木虱种群对常用杀虫剂的抗性水平,为生产实践合理化用药提供依据。【方法】采用浸叶法测定毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺和虫螨腈5种杀虫剂对上高县（SG）、宜黄（YH）、南丰（NF）、宁都（ND）、大余（DY）和寻乌县（XW）6个不同地区的田间柑橘木虱的毒力,结合毒力参考基线,得到抗性倍数。【结果】上高、宜黄和南丰县种群对毒死蜱的抗性倍数在中等水平（9.01-15.01）,而宁都、大余和寻乌县则是高水平抗性（128.36-308.82）。大余种群对联苯菊酯的抗性水平为133.71倍,其他5个地区均在中等水平（17.08-88.53）。不同地区柑橘木虱种群对噻虫嗪的抗性倍数在13.62-25.92,仅为中等偏低水平;而它们对烯啶虫胺的抗性倍数为77.37-257.71,已经达到极高水平。与联苯菊酯类似,除了大余种群对虫螨腈为高水平抗性外,其余5个地区种群均为中等水平。【结论】赣南脐橙产区的宁都县、大余县和寻乌县的柑橘木虱种群对5种常用杀虫剂均表现出高水平抗性,显著高于非赣南脐橙产区种群（上高县、宜黄县和南丰县）。推荐在高抗地区使用抗性水平较低的药剂,并注意轮换用药;在中等抗性地区应有限制地使用药剂,以延缓抗性增长。     

Pollen,ovules, and pollination in pea: Success,failure, and resilience in heat

Field pea (Pisum sativum), a major grain legume crop, is autogamous and adapted to temperate climates. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of high temperature stress on stamen chemical composition, anther dehiscence, pollen viability, pollen interactions with pistil and ovules, and ovule growth and viability. Two cultivars (“CDC Golden” and “CDC Sage”) were exposed to 24/18°C (day/night) continually or to 35/18°C for 4 or 7 days. Heat stress altered stamen chemical composition, with lipid composition of “CDC Sage” being more stable compared with “CDC Golden.” Heat stress reduced pollen viability and the proportion of ovules that received a pollen tube. After 4 days at 35°C, pollen viability in flower buds decreased in “CDC Golden,” but not in “CDC Sage.” After 7 days, partial to full failure of anthers to dehisce resulted in subnormal pollen loads on stigmas. Although growth (ovule size) of fertilized ovules was stimulated by 35°C, heat stress tended to decrease ovule viability. Pollen appears susceptible to stress, but not many grains are needed for successful fertilization. Ovule fertilization and embryos are less susceptible to heat, but further research is warranted to link the exact degree of resilience to stress intensity.     

Love, careers, and heights in France, 2001

Short men are less likely to be married or live in a permanent relationship than their taller counterparts. This pattern is not due to their social status. While blue-collar workers are shorter on average than managers, the effects of height on finding a mate are similar in the two social groups. Being tall is also economically advantageous for men. With identical educational attainment levels, tall men have better careers than short men as they are given greater supervisory responsibilities. In making a commitment, some women might take height into account as an anticipated indicator of future resources of the household. Choice of partner is also influenced by social norms--i.e., partners should be physically well-matched--which is more difficult for shorter men.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Magnesium,calcium, copper,and zinc in meals

Meals of 12 diets were prepared from conventional foods with precautions against contamination by metallic elements because of epidemiologic associations between ischemic heart disease and the metabolism of magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc. Magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The mean daily amount of copper in the diets was less than the apparent adult requirement. Mean amounts of magnesium and zinc were close to apparent requirements; however, adults consuming amounts less than one standard deviation below these means may be depleting body stores and be at risk of pathology. Magnesium and copper were highly correlated (r=0.849,P=0.0001) in meals. This and other significant correlations probably will prevent the relationships of these elements to ischemic heart disease from being elucidated by epidemiology. Metabolic experiments will be necessary to differentiate among several hypotheses.     

Diet,intestinal morphology,and nitrogen assimilation efficiency in the damselfish,Stegastes lividus,in Guam

Synopsis Analysis of stomach contents of Stegastes lividus revealed a shift from omnivory in juveniles to herbivory in adults. Red algae, primarily Polysiphonia spp., Gelidiopsis intricata and Ceramium spp., formed the bulk of the diet in all size classes. Foraminifera and small crustaceans were of particular importance in the diet of juveniles. Net nitrogen assimilation efficiency of field-fed S. lividus was approximately 61%, and did not vary with fish size. The net assimilation efficiencies of fish fed on Enteromorpha in the laboratory ranged from size-class means of 36–79% for nitrogen and from 29–72% for total organic material, and increased from juveniles to adults. Apparently, juveniles compensate for a lower efficiency in assimilating plant food by including a higher percentage of animal material in their natural diets. The ratios of intestine length to standard length (IL/SL) and to intestine diameter (IL/ID) increased rapidly in juveniles and leveled off in adults. The retention time for ingested food items may only be about one-half as long in juveniles as in adults. The combination of observed IL/ID ratios and estimated retention times proved most valuable in the interpretation of ontogenetic changes in feeding habits and assimilation efficiency.     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.