短时高温对绿豆象各虫态生长发育的影响

【目的】为明确短时高温对绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)各虫态及其后虫态生长发育与繁殖能力的影响。【方法】以27℃饲养的绿豆象为对照,在30、33、36、39、42和45℃条件下分别对绿豆象卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫进行3 h的短时高温处理。【结果】短时高温对绿豆象卵的孵化率、幼虫的化蛹率和蛹的羽化率均有显著影响,但对卵和幼虫的后续发育影响不显著;幼虫耐高温的能力最强,经短时高温处理后化蛹率均在90%以上;蛹经45℃短时高温处理后虽表现出较高的羽化率,但羽化后成虫的寿命和产卵量均显著降低。卵期、幼虫期和成虫期绿豆象对短时高温的耐受性均有性别差异,其中,卵期和蛹期雄虫耐热性强于雌虫,成虫期雌虫强于雄虫。短时高温处理对绿豆象成虫的繁殖能力影响显著,经45℃处理后成虫的产卵量为32.30粒/头,显著低于对照。【结论】39℃以上的短时高温对绿豆象处理虫态及雌雄性别比有明显的影响,对其后虫态发育的影响仅见高温处理蛹后导致成虫繁殖能力下降。     

湿度对梨小食心虫存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确湿度变化对梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)在果实外各阶段存活率和蛀果率的影响及湿度对害虫最终存活率产生影响的关键阶段。【方法】在室内相对湿度25%,40%,55%,70%和85%条件下,记录和分析梨小食心虫的产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫蛀果率、老熟幼虫化蛹率、蛹羽化率以及产卵、化蛹和羽化时间。【结果】湿度高低对化蛹率没有影响,供试的5种相对湿度下,化蛹率均为100%;但湿度对产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫蛀果率、蛹羽化率和世代存活率均有显著影响,湿度越高,各阶段存活率、幼虫蛀果率和世代存活率也越高。不同虫态存活对湿度要求从高到低依次为:幼虫蛀果期成虫期卵期蛹期老熟幼虫期。湿度对害虫世代存活率产生显著影响主要发生在幼虫蛀果期、成虫期和卵孵化期。同时,湿度提高利于成虫产卵、化蛹和羽化,反之发育延缓。【结论】湿度会显著影响梨小食心虫各阶段的存活率、幼虫蛀果率和繁殖,成虫盛发期、卵期和蛀果期的湿度影响害虫种群数量和蛀果率的关键阶段。     

低剂量~(60)Co-γ射线辐照对梨小食心虫羽化、繁殖和成虫寿命的影响

【目的】本研究采用低剂量的⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线辐照梨小食心虫Grapholitamolesta雄蛹,分析辐照对梨小食心虫繁殖的影响,为利用(60)Co-γ射线辐照梨小食心虫Grapholitamolesta雄蛹,分析辐照对梨小食心虫繁殖的影响,为利用⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线防治梨小食心虫提供理论依据。【方法】设置辐照剂量为0、25、50和75 Gy的(60)Co-γ射线防治梨小食心虫提供理论依据。【方法】设置辐照剂量为0、25、50和75 Gy的⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线对梨小食心虫羽化前1 d的雄蛹进行辐照处理,分析辐照对其羽化率、繁殖能力及寿命的影响。【结果】不同辐照剂量处理的梨小食心虫羽化率均有下降,但与对照组相比无显著性差异,说明辐照对其羽化率影响较小。辐照组雄蛾与正常雌蛾的交配率与对照组无显著性差异。与对照组相比,经25、50和75 Gy辐照处理羽化的雄蛾与正常雌蛾交配后,其单雌产卵量无显著性差异。随着辐照剂量的升高,梨小食心虫的孵化率逐渐下降。与对照组孵化率74.38%±6.15%相比,75Gy处理组的孵化率明显降低,仅为22.68%±7.20%。与对照组相比,随着辐照剂量的升高,辐照组雄虫的平均寿命均有不同程度的下降。【结论】利用低剂量的(60)Co-γ射线对梨小食心虫羽化前1 d的雄蛹进行辐照处理,分析辐照对其羽化率、繁殖能力及寿命的影响。【结果】不同辐照剂量处理的梨小食心虫羽化率均有下降,但与对照组相比无显著性差异,说明辐照对其羽化率影响较小。辐照组雄蛾与正常雌蛾的交配率与对照组无显著性差异。与对照组相比,经25、50和75 Gy辐照处理羽化的雄蛾与正常雌蛾交配后,其单雌产卵量无显著性差异。随着辐照剂量的升高,梨小食心虫的孵化率逐渐下降。与对照组孵化率74.38%±6.15%相比,75Gy处理组的孵化率明显降低,仅为22.68%±7.20%。与对照组相比,随着辐照剂量的升高,辐照组雄虫的平均寿命均有不同程度的下降。【结论】利用低剂量的⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线辐照可影响梨小食心虫繁殖,为进一步优化辐照条件和利用(60)Co-γ射线辐照可影响梨小食心虫繁殖,为进一步优化辐照条件和利用⁽⁶⁰⁾Co-γ射线防治梨小食心虫提供理论指导。     

绿缘扁角叶甲生活史、交配及繁殖的观察

【目的】探明绿缘扁角叶甲Platycorynus parryi Baly年生活史、交配及繁殖情况。【方法】越冬代成虫在室内自然条件下连续繁殖,及在不同温度下,详细观察记录了成虫的交配、繁殖力和寿命。【结果】绿缘扁角叶甲是络石Trachelospermum jasminoides的重要害虫,以老熟幼虫在3~5 cm深的土层中越冬,在江西南昌一年发生1代。越冬幼虫于次年4月中旬开始陆续化蛹,4月下旬成虫开始羽化。自然条件下各虫态发育历期:卵期(11.81±0.17)d,幼虫期300~330 d,蛹期(13.62±0.13)d,成虫寿命(47.99±0.65)d。成虫羽化3~4 d后开始交配,日平均交配(3.55±0.11)次,交配持续时间最短5 min,最长可达140 min,平均交配持续时间(28.11±0.89)min,日龄大的成虫交配持续时间显著短于日龄小的成虫;相邻两次交配之间的间隔时间最短3 min,最长426 min,平均交配间隔时间(74.75±3.19)min,日龄大的成虫交配间隔时间显著短于日龄小的成虫。交配后2~3 d开始产卵,平均每雌产卵量为169粒。在22、25和28℃条件下,温度对雌虫寿命具有显著影响,随着温度升高,雌虫寿命显著缩短,而雄虫寿命和每雌产卵量却差异不显著。【结论】绿缘扁角叶甲在江西南昌一年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在土中越冬,成虫可进行多次交配,成虫日龄对其交配行为有显著影响,温度对该虫的繁殖力无显著影响。     

幼虫期短时高温暴露对二点委夜蛾存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】随着全球气候变暖,夏季短时极端高温发生的频率逐渐增加。本研究旨在探明二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone幼虫期对高温的适应性。【方法】将二点委夜蛾不同日龄(1,6,12和18日龄)幼虫在不同高温(35,38和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(0.5,1,2,4和6 h)后转移至适温(26℃)继续饲养,观察短时高温对其存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量及次代卵孵化率的影响。【结果】幼虫期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对二点委夜蛾幼虫的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,而对化蛹率、成虫羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量以及次代卵孵化率影响不显著。随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长,幼虫存活率逐渐降低,发育历期逐渐延长。其中,18日龄的幼虫最为敏感,38℃和41℃暴露6 h后存活率分别为58.3%和17.7%,显著低于对照,发育历期分别为25.5 d和29.2 d,较对照显著延长。【结论】幼虫期经历短时高温暴露仅对幼虫的存活和发育历期有影响,而对后续蛹和成虫的生长发育及成虫繁殖力没有影响。     

短时高温对桃小食心虫生长发育与繁殖的影响

【目的】桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii是我国北方落叶果树的重要害虫。本研究旨在探索短时高温对桃小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内23±1℃、 相对湿度80%±7%和15L∶9D条件下, 测定了桃小食心虫卵、 幼虫、 蛹、 成虫在经历35, 38和41℃高温处理1～4 h后各阶段的发育历期、 存活率和产卵量。【结果】 短时高温对卵的孵化率无明显影响; 经41℃处理后, 初蛀果幼虫(1日龄)的发育历期明显延长, 且存活率显著降低, 3日龄以上的幼虫受到的影响不明显; 11日龄蛹的羽化率在38℃和41℃处理中明显降低, 畸形率也显著升高; 经38℃和41℃处理的成虫存活率降低, 寿命缩短, 产卵量也减少。【结论】短时高温处理对桃小食心虫卵的影响较小, 而对成虫的影响较大。这些结果有助于深入了解该虫在高温季节种群数量变动机制。     

落叶松尺蠖Erannis ankeraria Staudinger的生物学特性

【目的】明确落叶松尺蠖Erannis ankeraria Staudinger的发生规律及生物学特性。【方法】野外调查和室内饲养。【结果】在集宁市落叶松尺蠖1年1代,以卵越冬,越冬卵在翌年4月下旬、5月上旬孵化,6月中下旬开始入土化蛹,成虫于9月初羽化、产卵。在温度为20℃,RH=70%的条件下,落叶松尺蠖幼虫期(19.96±0.86)d,预蛹期(3.93±0.95)d,蛹期(108.4±13.17)d。蛹分布于树干基部30~90cm范围内,深度4~8 cm。雄虫在6:00—8:00及12:00—16:00羽化,早于雌性,雌虫在20:00—24:00羽化,羽化若干小时后可交尾,交配持续时间20~260 min,可多次交尾。20℃下交尾雌虫寿命为(5.56±1.47)d,雄虫为(3.95±0.95)d,产卵量为(162.2±69.9)粒;不交尾雌性为(8.03±2.90)d,雄性为(4.38±1.59)d,产卵量为(164.1±81.3)粒,但卵不能孵化;15℃条件下不交尾雌雄寿命分别为(14.48±6.67)d,(6.64±1.76)d,产卵量为(145.7±76.8)粒。【结论】落叶松尺蠖危害期短,蛹期较长,雌雄成虫羽化时间有差异;温度和交尾对寿命和产卵量都有显著影响。     

大猿叶虫龙南种群的生物学特性

系统研究大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly江西龙南(24°9′N,114°8′E)种群生物学特性。结果显示,该虫仅在春季和秋季发生为害,以成虫在土中越冬和越夏。由于成虫滞育期的差异,该虫显示出生活史多样性,有些个体隔年繁殖;有些个体是一化性,仅在春季或秋季繁殖1代;有些个体是二化性,在春季和秋季各繁殖1代;有些个体是多化性的,春季1代,秋季2~3代,因此,在田间1年可发生1~4代。春季,滞育成虫于2月中旬至4月初陆续出土繁殖,羽化的成虫于4月上旬至5月中旬陆续入土越夏;秋季,滞育成虫于8月中旬至10月中旬陆续出土,羽化的成虫于9月中旬至12月中旬陆续入土越冬。成虫一生能多次交配,在25℃下,春季世代雌虫产卵期为8~29d,平均产卵量为776粒;秋季世代雌虫产卵期为9~39d,平均产卵量为1003粒。各虫态的发育历期:在18~28℃间,卵为8.66~3.85d,幼虫为19.37~7.92d,蛹为8.57~3.41d。卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为10.5、11.5和11.9℃。滞育成虫的寿命为5~28个月。     

光照时间和冷藏对桃小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

研究了光照时间和冷藏对桃小食心虫各虫态生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明,随着光照时数的延长,各虫态历期基本呈缩短趋势,光照时间对幼虫滞育率影响最为明显,15 h滞育率最低,无论是光照延长还是缩短,幼虫滞育率都会明显增加.其它重要生命参数如单雌产卵量、幼虫体重、孵化率、脱出率和羽化率等最高点多集中在光照13～17 h,所以,桃小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的最佳光照时间为15 h左右.冷藏时间对蛹历期、成虫寿命和卵历期影响均不明显,但冷藏7 d后羽化率、单雌产卵量及孵化率均呈下降趋势,蛹和卵不易长时间低温存放.     

不同光周期处理蛹对梨小食心虫羽化及交配繁殖的影响

【目的】梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta (Busck)是世界性的蛀果类害虫,发生期和危害范围的分布较广。在不同分布区和发生期内接受的光周期均不同。实验室前期研究结果显示,梨小食心虫具有明显的节律性,具体表现在其羽化和交配行为的发生时间随接受光照时长而波动。为了探究不同光周期刺激蛹对梨小食心虫羽化以及对随后交配繁殖的影响。【方法】本实验分别设置L:D为0:24、2:22、4:20、8:16、12:12、15:9、16:8、20:4、22:2、24:0共10种比例的光周期,对梨小食心虫的蛹进行处理,并将成功羽化的成虫置于自然环境下配对,观察并记录蛹历期、交尾日龄、交配持续时间、交配率、繁殖量和成虫寿命。【结果】试验结果表明:对梨小食心虫蛹进行处理,除繁殖量无显著差异外,其他指标均有显著差异。在8L:16D时蛹期最短,交配率和繁殖量在全暗时最低,交尾日龄在全光时最高。雌虫寿命在12L:12D时最长,雄虫寿命在2L:22D时最长。【结论】蛹接受不同光周期刺激后,不仅对羽化产生显著影响,而且对其交配繁殖也产生显著影响。这种影响方式会带来不同分布区世代数、世代周期和发生量上的差异,并且与纬度关系密切。在自然环境中,光周期除带来温度变化间接影响梨小食心虫的发生外,同样可以对其发生进行直接调节,并且梨小食心虫对这种变化具有一定的预判性。     

短期高温对梨小食心虫成虫存活率和适应性的影响（英文）

【目的】梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta （Busck）（鳞翅目：卷蛾科）是一种世界性的害虫,能使蔷薇科的果树严重减产。本研究旨在评估此害虫的耐热性及适应性。【方法】将梨小食心虫成虫暴露在不同温度（36, 38, 40, 42, 44 和46℃）和不同暴露时间（0.5, 1, 2, 4和8 h）下,测定其存活率以及短期高温（38或40℃热驯化1 h）对其热耐受力、寿命、生殖力及卵孵化率的影响。【结果】随着高温暴露时间的延长,梨小食心虫成虫存活率下降。在38或40℃热驯化1 h后,能显著提高梨小食心虫成虫在42℃下2 h的存活率（P<0.05）。在41℃处理1 h,梨小食心虫出现热休克现象,其寿命显著延长,但产卵量显著下降。进一步的试验证明雄虫受高温影响较大,导致与其配对后的雌虫产卵量降低。然而,不论亲代受到怎样的热刺激,其后代的孵化率均不受影响。【结论】结果说明,超过41℃,1 h的高温能对梨小食心虫带来负面影响,但梨小食心虫成虫有适应高温的潜力。     

果实种类及发育阶段对梨小食心虫幼虫钻蛀率和蛹重的影响

【目的】明确梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta在寄主果实上的钻蛀率和蛹重与寄主种类和果实发育阶段的关系,为其田间预测预报和综合防控提供技术依据。【方法】在室内条件下测定了接卵后72 h梨小食心虫初孵幼虫在不同发育阶段的3个种共6个品种水果［苹果Malus pumila (嘎啦苹果), 桃Amygdalus persica (大久保毛桃、丰白毛桃和霞光油桃), 梨Pyrus bretschneideri (砀山酥梨和玉露香梨)］果实上的钻蛀率以及在不同果实状态的4个水果品种(大久保毛桃、丰白毛桃、砀山酥梨和玉露香梨)果实上72 h的钻蛀率;比较了接卵后24 h和72 h初孵幼虫在不同发育阶段的3个苹果品种(嘎啦苹果、富士苹果和金冠苹果)果实上的钻蛀率;并测定了不同发育阶段的金冠苹果、富士苹果、嘎啦苹果、砀山酥梨和丰白毛桃上的梨小食心虫蛹重。【结果】接卵后72 h梨小食心虫初孵幼虫在6个不同水果品种果实上的钻蛀率从高到低依次为：霞光油桃＞嘎啦苹果＞砀山酥梨＞玉露香梨＞大久保毛桃＞丰白毛桃;除霞光油桃外,其他5个水果品种果实的发育阶段显著影响初孵幼虫钻蛀率。对于嘎啦苹果,接卵后72 h初孵幼虫在其幼果上的钻蛀率最高(73.69%),在其着色期果实上钻蛀率最低(32.51%);在大久保毛桃、丰白毛桃、砀山酥梨和玉露香梨上,接卵后72 h初孵幼虫的钻蛀率均随果实生长发育而增加。初孵幼虫在3 个苹果品种着色期和成熟期果实上的钻蛀率随处理时间的增加而显著下降,而在其幼果上变化不显著。寄主种类及其发育阶段也显著影响梨小食心虫蛹重,成熟毛桃和梨饲养的雌、雄蛹重显著高于未成熟果实饲养的蛹重,着色期苹果不利于蛹重的增加。【结论】果实种类及发育阶段显著影响梨小食心虫初孵幼虫钻蛀率和蛹重,取食成熟期梨和桃的梨小食心虫初孵幼虫钻蛀率和蛹重显著高于取食未成熟果实的个体。     

Effects of dietary sterols on development and reproduction of southwestern corn borer Diatraea grandiosella Dyar

Southwestern corn borer larvae, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, were reared on artificial diets containing individual sterols (cholesterol, sitosterol, or stigmasterol) in concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2%. Female larvae developed to pupae more rapidly as sitosterol and stigmasterol were increased in the diets. Increased cholesterol concentrations did not affect the larval period significantly, and development was not as rapid as with the phytosterols. Female larvae developed at significantly slower rates in all diets than did males, except at the highest concentrations of sitosterol and stigmasterol. Female pupae and adults were significantly heavier than the males, and pupal and adult weight increased as sterol concentrations increased. Number of eggs laid per fertilized female and egg hatchability were significantly increased as concentrations of the three sterols were increased in the larval diets. Sitosterol-reared females produced more eggs than did females reared on other sterols but egg hatchability was not significantly different among sterols.     

The consequences of egg cannibalism inAdalia bipunctata [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae]

When eggs ofAdalia bipunctata L. are offered to larvae of their own species, these larvae are able to develop to adults. Reducing the daily egg supply results in decreased larval survival and pupal weight and especially fecundity of the adult females. The duration of larval development is significantly increased, the longevity of adults is shortened.     

六种昆虫生长调节剂对葱蝇生长发育和繁殖力的影响

用灭蝇胺、氟铃脲等6种昆虫生长调节剂和对比药剂辛硫磷LC_40-50浓度处理葱蝇1龄和3龄幼虫,观察对其生长发育和繁殖的影响;并且研究了葱蝇成虫取食药剂对其繁殖力的控制效应。结果表明：6种药剂中除虫酰肼外,其余都对葱蝇幼虫发育历期、化蛹率、成虫产卵前期、成虫寿命、产卵量有很大影响,对其生长发育和繁殖表现出显著不利性。其中灭蝇胺和氟铃脲处理1龄幼虫后,存活幼虫的历期和成虫产卵前期各延长3天,化蛹率降低26.7%～30.0％,成虫寿命缩短22.3～24.3天,产卵量降低35.5％～49.9％;处理3龄幼虫主要导致产生畸形蛹,且正常羽化的成虫寿命降低18.0～20.67天,产卵量降低45.7%～57.8％。成虫连续取食用牛奶稀释的２ 000倍的药液,能导致产卵前期延长、产卵量减少、卵孵化率降低,幼虫死亡率极高,达95%以上。结果提示,利用成虫补充营养的特性,将灭蝇胺和氟铃脲等混入牛奶或糖水中诱集成虫取食,可有效降低成虫的繁殖力,有助于实现对葱蝇的无公害治理。     

紫茎泽兰粗提物对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

为明确紫茎泽兰粗提物对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响,在实验室条件下分别利用4个不同稀释浓度（20、15、10、5倍）的紫茎泽兰粗提物处理玉米叶片后喂养草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫,记录各虫态的发育历期、存活率、重量、成虫寿命以及后代性比、F2代卵孵化率、F2代卵的发育历期。结果表明,随着紫茎泽兰粗提物浓度的升高,草地贪夜蛾各虫态的发育历期延长,5倍稀释液处理下蛹的发育历期最长,达20.27 d,10倍稀释液处理下幼虫的发育历期最长,为21.46 d;随着处理浓度的增加,各虫态的重量逐渐降低,且存活率呈下降趋势,其中粗提物对蛹存活率的影响最大,对1~3龄幼虫存活率的影响较小;随着处理浓度的升高成虫的寿命均缩短,且雌成虫寿命长于雄成虫;随着处理浓度的升高,草地贪夜蛾的产卵前期和F2代卵发育历期延长,产卵期缩短;单雌产卵量、后代性比和卵的孵化率降低。总的来说,紫茎泽兰粗提物对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育及繁殖均造成消极影响。5倍稀释液对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育及繁殖的影响最显著,可作为草地贪夜蛾防治研究中的重要植物源杀虫剂材料。     

Aseptic rearing of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on a meridic diet

The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), was reared aseptically from newly hatched larvae to adults for three generations on a meridic diet. Growth and development on this diet were comparable with that on oligidic diets and on host‐plants. At 25 ± 1°C, 50–60% R.H., and 12‐h photophase, the average larval period was approx. 28 days, pre‐pupal and pupal 11–12 days, and pre‐oviposition approx. 2 days; the incuva‐tion period of eggs was approx. 7 days. The average developmental period from egg to adult was thus about 49 days; 89 % of larvae reached the adult stage. The average fecundity was 598 eggs per female, and the sex ratio was nearly 1:1. There were no differences in the rate of development or in fecundity of insects reared on media with and without a mould inhibitor.     

Dietary glycerol and adult access to water: effects on fecundity and longevity in the almond moth

The quality of food eaten by larval insects will affect traits such as gamete production, fat reserves, muscle bulk and body size in the adult. Moreover, larvae also depend on high moisture content in the diet for survival. The almond moth (Ephestia cautella) (W.) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) does not feed as an adult although it continues to drink water. We tested the idea that an almond moth could compensate for a low-water diet as a larva by increasing its water intake as an adult. We reared larvae on two different food sources with different moisture regimes; standard laboratory diet with glycerol (relatively wet) and standard diet without glycerol (relatively dry). Half the adult moths from each treatment were given water to drink before their first and only mating. Our results show that wet larval diets (i.e. containing glycerol) significantly decreased fecundity (total number of eggs laid and the proportion of hatched larvae), whilst it significantly increased male and female longevity. The interaction effect of water access for adult males and females was significant, independent of the glycerol in the larval diet. Longevity in females that were not presented with water as adults was slightly higher if mated with a male that had had access to water, suggesting a mating donation of water. However, females that received water as adults showed a decreased longevity if mated with a male who had also had access to water as an adult, indicating a negative effect of water if received by both males and females. In addition, when the larval diet included glycerol, increased number of eggs laid decreased female longevity, whilst an absence of glycerol in the larval diet resulted in low female longevity that was unlinked with fecundity. Glycerol is used in many artificial insect diets and the fact that it shows a strong effect on key life-history traits (reproductive output and longevity in this species), merits careful re-examination of its effects on these important traits in other laboratory models. We also discuss the possibility that larval diet can affect female reproductive decisions.     

Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in citrus in the State of Paraná, Brazil

Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick) is associated with various fruit species in South America. This tortricid was first detected in citrus, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, in Brazil, in commercial groves in northern Paraná, during the 1994/95-crop season. The aim of this work was to study the biology of this lepidopteran under laboratory conditions (28 +/- 2 degrees C, 70 +/-10% UR, 14h photofase) using the citrus cultivar Pêra. Larvae obtained from egg masses collected in a commercial citrus grove in Rolandia, PR, were individually placed on citrus terminal leaves inside glass shell vials (8.5 x 2.5 cm) until adulthood. A male and a female moth were then transferred to acrylic cages (13 x 10 cm) containing inside a bouquet made with new citrus flush to serve as oviposition substrate. Adults were fed daily with a 10% honey solution. The biological parameters evaluated were duration of development of egg, larval and pupal stages; pupae weight; duration of pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, fecundity and longevity. The length of the egg to adult stage was around 36 days. The pre-oviposition period was almost two days, the oviposition period approximately ten days and the embryonary period around six days. Adult longevity was almost 15 days for females and nine days for males, and the lifetime fecundity was slightly over 180 eggs.     

Biology and life table studies of the oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), influenced by different larval diets

Development, survivorship, pupal weight, oviposition, and life table parameters of the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta Guenée, were evaluated in the laboratory on an artificial diet, pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.). We found that the average developmental time of immature stages was longest on tobacco (36.2 d), intermediate on pepper (34.4 d), and shortest on artificial diet (33.5 d). Immature survival from egg to pupa varied from 31% on tobacco, 43% on pepper, and 74% on artificial diet. Pupal weight ranged from 197.4 mg/pupa on tobacco, 233.1 mg/pupa on pepper and 253.4 mg/pupa on artificial diet. The average numbers of eggs laid by adults reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 614, 421 and 334 eggs/female, respectively. Numbers of remaining eggs in ovaries of the adult females reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 16, 26, and 42 eggs/female, respectively. The longevity of adult females developed from larvae reared on the three diets was not significantly different, whereas the longevity of male adults from the larvae reared on artificial diet was longer (16.8 d) than that for males reared on tobacco (13.8 d) and pepper (13.3 d). The intrinsic, finite, gross, and net rates of increase were highest for females reared as larvae on artificial diet, lowest for females emerging from larvae reared on tobacco, and intermediate for females emerging from larvae reared on pepper. Generation times and doubling time of H. assulta were shortest for larvae fed artificial diet, intermediate from larvae reared on pepper, and longest from larvae reared on tobacco. We concluded that the artificial diet was the most suitable larval diet of H. assulta followed by pepper, and tobacco.