天祝县生态经济系统的能值分析

能值理论为生态经济系统结构和功能的研究提供了一种新的理论和分析方法。本文对甘肃省天祝县生态经济系统进行了能值分析,通过计算天祝县总的能值用量、能值货币比率、能值自给率、人均能值用量、能值密度等指标,定量描述了天祝县生态经济格局和发展状况的总体特征,并与其他国家和地区进行了比较。结果表明:天祝县2008年总的能值用量为2.38×1021sej,人均能值用量只有1.03×1015sej,远远低于其他国家或地区;能值自给率达88.87%,而能值货币比率为3.41×1013sej.$-1,二者均高于国内沿海经济发达的省份。说明天祝县的经济发展是建立在本地资源过度依赖和高强度的利用基础之上,生态经济系统是一封闭的、不具活力的、不可持续的系统。据此提出了一系列促进区域可持续发展措施和建议。     

毛乌素沙地县域典型农、牧户单元生态经济系统能值分析

农、牧户单元生态经济系统作为最基层的生产单位,关系着国家大政方针政策的落实和实施.运用能值理论及其分析方法,选择毛乌素沙地偏牧区的内蒙古自治区乌审旗苏力德苏木典型牧户生态经济系统和偏农区的陕西省榆阳区牛家梁镇典型农户生态经济系统作为研究对象,对两种不同产业偏重区产业模式的能值投入、产出结构状况进行对比分析,结合净能值产出率、能值投资率、环境负荷力、能值功率密度、单位面积生产力、人均能值用量、人均能值占有量、系统生产优势度、系统稳定性指数和系统可持续性指数共10项能值分析综合指标体系,全面系统地对农、牧户单元生态经济系统进行比较研究,定量描述典型农、牧户单元生态经济系统格局及其发展的总体特征.旨在为毛乌素沙地偏牧区和偏农区农、牧户经营层面的产业模式优化及发展提供策略选择.     

农业生态经济系统的能值分析

农业生态经济系统的能值分析蓝盛芳,陈飞鹏,刘新茂（华南农业大学生物系,广州５１０６４２）本文探讨能值（Ｅｍｅｒｇｙ）分析理论和方法在农业生态经济系统研究中的应用,同以往的农业能量分析加以比较,说明其特点和重大进步意义。能值是美国著名生态学家Ｈ．Ｔ．Ｏ...     

生态系统的能值分析

论述了国际生态学最新发展的能值（Emergy）分析方法与原理,并与能量分析作比较研究,任何产品或劳务形成过程中所需投入的直接和间接的一种有效能之量称为其具有的能值;单位能量相当的能值称为该能量的能值转换率,能值和能值转移率揭示了能量的能质、等级及其真实价值;以能值尺度可衡量比较不同类别的能量,综合分析各种生态系统的生态流,定量研究生态与经济效率及其关联。     

江苏海涂两种水生利用模式的能值分析

自然资源的开发利用模式是多种多样的 ,要明确哪一种模式更优化 ,就必须对其生态经济效益作比较全面的分析评价。传统经济学的劳动价值论或市场价值论只表现了人对生态经济系统的贡献 ,没有体现自然对生态经济系统的贡献 ;传统的能量分析方法 ,把所有的可利用能量看成是等同的 ,没能体现能级和能质的差异[10 ]。能值分析方法克服了以上各方法的缺陷 ,从自然进化和系统演化的角度指出真正财富的共同价值基础能值 ,使得生态经济系统中各种能量、信息和物质能以同一标准进行比较和估算1) 。最大能值流原理提供了几条明确标准 ,反映系统自组织的…     

旅游生态系统能值研究进展

能值分析是以能值为基准,通过能值转换率,有效测度与评价生态系统及经济系统中不同类型的物质流、能量流、货币流及其相互关系的方法。旅游生态系统是特殊类型的人地关系地域系统,是以旅游活动为中心的"自然、经济、社会、旅游"复合系统,利用能值方法进行旅游能值研究可以为旅游可持续发展提供科学建议。通过对国内外相关研究重要文献的梳理,从旅游能值研究尺度与类型角度,分析了国内外相关研究进展,并通过与农业、工业系统的能值研究对比分析,目前研究在理论推进、要素选择、指标构建、方法集成等4个方面,旅游生态系统能值研究存在特殊性,并从理论、方法、内容等3个角度,提出了今后旅游能值研究的方向,以期推动旅游系统能值研究的深入。     

基于能值理论的生态资本价值——以阜康市天山北坡中段森林区生态系统为例

能值理论是美国生态学家H.T.Odum依据系统生态学的基本原理和方法提出的,它通过对生态系统能量-价值过程的分析,为生态经济学的研究提供了新的理论和方法。以能值理论为基础,以位于阜康市的天山中段北坡森林区生态系统为研究对象,对系统生态资本的能值流量、资本存量进行了初步的研究,同时,对生态系统服务价值和系统的生态安全也进行了延伸研究。研究结果表明,这里每年的能值流量达6.36×1020sej,相当于货币流2.61亿美元;其中输入能流2.01×1020sej,占系统总能流的31.58%;系统滞留能流1.85×1020sej,占29.01%;输出能流2.51×1020sej,占39.41%。这说明生态系统对能量具有放大作用,进入生态系统的能量虽然在量上没有变化,但却发生了质的变化,低质的能量变成了高质的能量,而且生态系统越复杂,这种转换效率越高。生态资本存量达9.97亿美元,主要存在于土壤中,占资本总量的90.69%,其次是淡水。这说明水、土是生态系统之本,植被之价值不在于其本身,而在于其保持水土的功能。在延伸研究中,生态系统服务价值为1.19亿美元,其中涵养水源4780万美元,占总价值量的40.25%,保持土壤5580万美元,占46.99%。研究还表明目前研究区生态系统处于较为安全的状态,但面临的挑战很大。     

生态系统的能值分析

论述了国际生态学最新发展的能值(Emergy)分析方法与原理,并与能量分析作比较研究.任何产品或劳务形成过程中所需投入的直接和间接的一种有效能之量称为其具有的能值;单位能量相当的能值称为该能量的能值转换率.能值和能值转换率揭示了能量的能质、等级及其真实价值;以能值尺度可衡量比较不同类别的能量,综合分析各种生态系统的生态流,定量研究生态与经济效率及其关联.     

基于能值分析的洞庭湖区退田还湖生态补偿标准

基于能值分析理论,对1999—2010年洞庭湖区退田还湖的各项主要生态服务价值的能值及其货币价值进行计算,确立了根据每年生态服务功能能值总量相对于退田还湖生态恢复起始年份的增量来确定生态补偿标准的计算方法,分析了1999—2010年的生态补偿标准和补偿范围.结果表明:1999—2010年,洞庭湖区退田还湖年补偿标准在40.31~86.48元·m-2,均值为57.33元·m-2;生态补偿标准呈逐年增加趋势,这反映了退田还湖生态恢复工程的成效逐渐显现.研究区生态补偿标准2005年以后呈现出稳步快速增长的态势,这主要是湖南省集约型经济发展的结果,进一步说明随着经济社会的发展,自然生态资源价值将日益凸显.能值分析应用于生态补偿标准能反映补偿标准的动态变化,解决了物质流、能量流与经济流对接困难的问题,克服了以往环境经济学方法主观随意性较大的弊端,研究表明了能值分析的可行性与先进性.     

生态系统服务功能非货币量核算研究

区别于价值量核算方法,基于生态热力学的环境核算方法从物质计量角度开展环境核算,以期打破大多数以人类为中心框架下的经济学方法,而新的方法框架进一步关注对人类及生态有益的生态服务的价值,即不忽视自然界提供的无关人类的相关服务功能。综述了基于生态热力学的环境核算理论基础,从禀赋价值视角重新解读了社会经济系统,从更深层次明确了"当前的"自然资产和生态服务实际是生态系统对资源使用的一种努力和结果,其"过去的"生态过程经历了长时间"试错和优化"。以美国森林生态服务功能案例研究展现了基于生态热力学的生态服务功能核算方法与基于支付意愿的市场价值核算方法与异同,并提出了使用能值方法进行生态系统服务功能核算的六大步骤。最后,针对近期能值方法的改进,给出四点发展展望:1)能值基准的不断更新夯实了生态系统服务功能非价值量核算的基础;2)已有大量能值分析在生态资产和生态服务功能应用案例可为今后的研究提供方法参照和比较的可能;3)生态服务功能价值量和非价值量的差异的根源在于从人类中心论到生态中心论的环境伦理观的转移;4)从生态热力学的视角研究生态服务功能为从能量的角度提出环境税确立了可能性。本研究建议采用双重核算方法,即类似于金融会计中使用的方法一样,用能量来记录环境负债,并建立一个货币化的资产负债表说明经济情况及环境对经济生产的贡献。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.