重组杆状病毒杀虫剂的生物安全性

分别就重组杆状病毒杀虫剂对捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌的影响、与其它生物间的基因重组和生态效应等问题进行了综述。研究成果表明,重组病毒的生态适应性降低,因而对生态环境以及捕食性和寄生性天敌等非靶标生物种类的危险性也大大降低。但重组病毒也不是绝对安全的,对其生物安全性还要进行长期、深入全面地分析和研究。     

功能植物金盏菊对七星瓢虫温室定殖 控害的增效作用研究

利用蜜源植物为天敌提供栖境和营养的生物防治增效技术已广泛应用。金盏菊Calendula officinalis(Asterales:Asteraceae)由于生长快、花期长而具备作为蜜源性功能植物为天敌昆虫定殖、迁移和控害能力增效的潜力。本试验从室内种群定殖、诱集助迁和控害增效作用评价3个方面研究了金盏菊对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)温室定殖控害的增效作用。试验表明,在金盏菊的伴存下七星瓢虫种群个体数在15 d和30 d时分别增长170%和320%,显著高于对照组。金盏菊伴存时番茄植株对七星瓢虫的诱集助迁作用随时间的延长而显著上升。控害增效作用评价试验表明,引入瓢虫15 d后,试验处理内各个区域间七星瓢虫个体数量和蚜虫密度均有显著差异,种植有金盏菊的小区内七星瓢虫个体数量显著大于对照组,蚜虫密度均显著小于对照组;引入瓢虫30 d时,不同区域间的七星瓢虫个体数量和蚜虫密度未见显著差异。本研究证明了金盏菊对七星瓢虫诱集助迁、温室内定殖及控害效果均有增效作用,为其作为功能性蜜源植物增加天敌释放效率和控害效果奠定了理论基础。     

苹果园主要害虫生态调控体系的研究

通过在果园地面种植牧草或花生、油菜等覆盖作物,改善了生态环境,为天敌种群提供了良好的栖息条件和充足猎物,促进天敌群落的早期发展,在4－6月份使树上天敌总量增加60％,地面捕食性天敌增加20倍以上,不仅使苹果蚜、螨高峰期推迟,并使高峰值分别降低39％和1倍以上,使前中期害虫得很好控制。良好的果园生态环境也可促 使周围农田生态系中的天敌因季节性变动向果园迁移,并通过不同生态系之间的运动,扩大天敌种群,达到控制中后期害虫的效果,对优势天敌因季节性变动向果园迁移,并通过不同生态之间的运动,扩大天敌种群,达到控制中后期害虫的效果,对优势天敌在果园生态系中的作用亦做了研究和评价,认为在天敌－害虫相互作用系统中,天敌群落的综合功能是最重要的,针对不同害虫,小花蝽、草蛉、六点蓟马、赤眼蜂等也具有各自的重要作用。通过天敌的人工操纵和补充释放技术以及选择性药剂的筛选运用,在地面覆草,增强天敌功能的基础上,建立起果园主要害虫的生态调控体系,每年可使苹果园比通常减少用农药40％－50％,使果园生态逐步形成良性循环。     

多寄主型寄生性天敌昆虫的寄主适应性及其影响因素

寄生性天敌昆虫对不同寄主资源的适应能力是其存活和繁殖的必要条件,它们的寄主选择行为则是其重要的适应结果。多寄主型寄生性天敌昆虫虽然对某种特定寄主资源的利用效率可能不如单寄主型寄生蜂,但却有利于拓展更宽的寄主范围,因此对环境的适应能力更强,更容易在自然界维持其种群的生存。统计结果也表明多寄主型天敌的生物防治效果往往比专食性天敌更高。有时生物防治成功的关键可能并不在于所利用的天敌种类的不同,而在于天敌的不同生物型或地理宗。总结了多寄主型寄生性天敌昆虫的寄主适应能力及其影响因素。寄生性天敌昆虫不仅因地理隔离产生种群分化,也可能因寄生不同的寄主产生种群内的分化,从而更加适应寄主的生活特性和栖境条件。寄主种类、寄主发育阶段、寄主大小、寄主营养、寄主免疫反应、寄主逃避反应、其它天敌的竞争、寄主共生或共栖生物的存在、寄主植物、天敌自身的学习能力及其共生微生物等多种因素对寄生性天敌昆虫的寄主适应性可产生影响。展望了多寄主型寄生性天敌昆虫对新寄主资源的拓展利用能力和适应性在生产上的可能应用前景和途径,以期为明确天敌与寄主间的互作关系,人工驯化寄生性天敌昆虫增强对靶标害虫的控制作用,合理利用天敌提高生物防治效率提供新的思路和理论支持。     

我国烟粉虱主要捕食和寄生性天敌控制能力研究进展

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius是一种广泛分布于世界各地的多食性害虫,对我国多个省市区的农作物和观赏植物造成了严重的危害。化学杀虫剂的大量使用在杀伤天敌的同时使烟粉虱产生了不同程度的抗性,防治越来越困难;相较于化学防治,在不同地区筛选有效的天敌对烟粉虱进行生物防治是对烟粉虱进行有效控制的重要方法。我国报道的捕食性天敌共计26科109种,寄生性天敌共计2科59种。烟粉虱防治过程中由于单一的防治效果不理想,联合多个天敌资源的利用是增加对烟粉虱的生物防治效果的重要手段。本文通过对我国烟粉虱捕食性和寄生性天敌种类系统全面的整理,同时对烟粉虱优势种天敌中的单种或者多种组合利用后对烟粉虱的的控害潜能进行综述,以期为烟粉虱天敌昆虫种类的筛选和实现高效的生物防治提供科学依据。     

天敌昆虫抗药性研究进展

天敌昆虫抗药性研究在协调害虫化学防治和生物防治中有着重要的理论和现实意义,其研究的最终目的在于更好地推进抗性天敌在害虫综合治理(IPM)中的应用。抗药性天敌昆虫具有潜在的巨大价值。鉴于此,本文系统地综述了天敌昆虫抗药性最新研究进展,包括杀虫剂对天敌昆虫的影响、天敌昆虫抗药性现状、抗药性机理和限制天敌昆虫抗药性发展因素等。文章最后还对抗药性天敌昆虫的应用前景进行了展望。     

湘桂走廊单双季稻混栽稻田稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱及其天敌的种群动态

2017年和2018年在处于湘桂走廊的广西兴安县设置田间小区试验,研究了单、双季稻混栽稻田中水稻"两迁"害虫及其天敌的种群动态。结果表明,早稻上稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée基本为迁入型,中稻上为迁入+本地繁殖型或迁出型,晚稻上为迁出型。稻纵卷叶螟的落卵量在5月底至6月下旬为全年高峰,集中在早稻拔节期至孕穗期;这导致早稻田6月下旬至7月初卷叶发生严重。鉴定到稻纵卷叶螟寄生性天敌11种,其中幼虫寄生主要发生在早稻和中稻前期。稻飞虱种群数量在早稻和中稻田较高,早中稻上以白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horváth为主,晚稻上以褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St?l为主。捕食性天敌种群数量在水稻生育期的中后期较高,前期较低;晚稻田的蛛虱比高达1.4-6.3。这些结果表明,单、双季稻混栽时,早稻和中稻上"两迁"害虫发生为害较重,晚稻上较轻;这与水稻生产季节前期迁入的"两迁"害虫数量高有关,也与生产季节中后期天敌的控害作用增强有关。     

不同生态措施苹果园主要害虫及天敌发生特征

【目的】昆虫多样性作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,在农业生态系统中发挥重要的生物控害与传粉功能。【方法】对山东烟台3种不同防控措施的苹果园,即普通生物防治区、功能植物调控区和化学防控区进行了为期2年(2018-2019)的害虫和天敌种群调查,比较了3种不同生态措施苹果园主要害虫、天敌发生特征。【结果】发现生防区、功能植物区的绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola Vander Goot、金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats.、苹果全爪螨Panonychus ulmi(Koch)发生数量比化防区都高,而其内的异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica(Tjeder)、食蚜蝇Syrphidae发生数量明显比化防区高。【结论】功能植物区和生防区的天敌数量均高于化防区,在一定程度上可抑制害虫发生的种群密度;而化防区内进行化学防治控制主要害虫的同时,也对天敌数量产生一定的负影响,其害虫种群数量波动较大,容易暴发成灾。     

中国茧蜂系列专著书评

茧蜂科(包括蚜茧蜂)是农林和卫生害虫的天敌昆虫,在生物多样性研究、害虫生物防治、种群数量控制和生态环境保护方面具有重要的意义。随着贯彻科学发展观和可持续发展战略的实施,加强环境生态保护而应用天敌昆虫进行生物防治和推进综合治理已日益得到重视。茧蜂科是天敌昆虫类群尤为引人瞩目的研究领域之一。对其进行系统分类鉴定、查明我国资源情况,开展生物多样性和生物防治研究,皆是重要的基础理论研究和应用基础的需要。     

一种天敌控制多种害虫作用的模糊数学评价方法

从生物防治的基本思想出发,利用模糊数学和生态经济的原理,探讨天敌的作用,建立了一种天敌控制多种害虫的模糊数学评判方法,文中给出了一种天敌对害虫的影响率和影响强度、一种天敌对害虫影响的大小以及天敌对害虫的控制能力,并进行了控制分析。     

Natural enemy diversity and pest control: patterns of pest emergence with agricultural intensification

Concern over declining biodiversity and the implications for continued provision of ecosystem services has led, recently, to intense research effort to describe relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Here we extend this effort to the relationship between natural enemy species diversity and natural pest control. From simple modelled food‐webs and simulations of natural enemy species loss we derive specific predictions concerning the effect of herbivore life‐history traits, such as life‐cycle type and concealment, on the shape (reflecting diversity effects) and variance (reflecting species composition effects) of the relationship between natural enemy diversity and pest‐control. We show that these predictions are consistent with the emergence of different pest types following intensification of rice production in Asia. We suggest that basic biological insights can help define the structure of ecological processes and allow more accurate predictions of the effect of species loss on the delivery of ecosystem services.     

半自然农田边界与相邻农田步甲和蜘蛛的时空分布

分别于小麦、玉米收获前后,采用陷阱法调查了华北地区典型农业景观中具有不同植被结构的农田边界及其相邻农田中两类重要天敌类群步甲和蜘蛛的多样性.通过比较农田生境及相邻农田边界间两类天敌群落的时空分布格局及其与相邻半自然生境植被群落的相关关系,探讨半自然农田边界对两类天敌类群的保护作用.结果表明: 整个取样季节农田边界处蜘蛛的多度显著高于农田内部;而步甲多样性在农田与边界间无显著性差异,仅呈现不同的群落结构;作物收获后蜘蛛分科数在边界处的增加以及在农田的减少,显示了蜘蛛在农田和边界之间的迁移活动.边界植被结构对蜘蛛和步甲多样性有不同影响:边界较高的草本层盖度和较低的乔木层盖度有利于增加农田中某些步甲优势种的多样性;而较高的草本层盖度有利于增加皿蛛科蜘蛛的多样性.因此,半自然生境的存在可以通过天敌在农田和边界之间的迁移运动促进农田天敌多样性的维持;但不同类型半自然生境植被群落结构可能影响其对不同天敌群落多样性的维持和保护作用.为促进农业景观对天敌的保护作用,提高其害虫控制功能,需要深入了解不同天敌的生境需求及食物需求,精心设计有利于天敌多样性维持的半自然生境.     

Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control

Agricultural intensification has resulted in a simplification of agricultural landscapes by the expansion of agricultural land, enlargement of field size and removal of non-crop habitat. These changes are considered to be an important cause of the rapid decline in farmland biodiversity, with the remaining biodiversity concentrated in field edges and non-crop habitats. The simplification of landscape composition and the decline of biodiversity may affect the functioning of natural pest control because non-crop habitats provide requisites for a broad spectrum of natural enemies, and the exchange of natural enemies between crop and non-crop habitats is likely to be diminished in landscapes dominated by arable cropland. In this review, we test the hypothesis that natural pest control is enhanced in complex patchy landscapes with a high proportion of non-crop habitats as compared to simple large-scale landscapes with little associated non-crop habitat. In 74% and 45% of the studies reviewed, respectively, natural enemy populations were higher and pest pressure lower in complex landscapes versus simple landscapes. Landscape-driven pest suppression may result in lower crop injury, although this has rarely been documented. Enhanced natural enemy activity was associated with herbaceous habitats in 80% of the cases (e.g. fallows, field margins), and somewhat less often with wooded habitats (71%) and landscape patchiness (70%). The similar contributions of these landscape factors suggest that all are equally important in enhancing natural enemy populations. We conclude that diversified landscapes hold most potential for the conservation of biodiversity and sustaining the pest control function.     

Organic farming expansion drives natural enemy abundance but not diversity in vineyard‐dominated landscapes

Organic farming is seen as a prototype of ecological intensification potentially able to conciliate crop productivity and biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes. However, how natural enemies, an important functional group supporting pest control services, respond to organic farming at different scales and in different landscape contexts remain unclear. Using a hierarchical design within a vineyard‐dominated region located in southwestern France, we examine the independent effects of organic farming and semi‐natural habitats at the local and landscape scales on natural enemies. We show that the proportion of organic farming is a stronger driver of species abundance than the proportion of semi‐natural habitats and is an important facet of landscape heterogeneity shaping natural enemy assemblages. Although our study highlights a strong taxonomic group‐dependency about the effect of organic farming, organic farming benefits to dominant species while rare species occur at the same frequency in the two farming systems. Independently of farming systems, enhancing field age, reducing crop productivity, soil tillage intensity, and pesticide use are key management options to increase natural enemy biodiversity. Our study indicates that policies promoting the expansion of organic farming will benefit more to ecological intensification strategies seeking to enhance ecosystem services than to biodiversity conservation.     

生物防治利用生物多样性保护生物多样性

本文论述了生物防治与保护生物多样性的关系,提出生物多样性是生防作用物的必要来源,生物防治是保护生物多样性的重要措施。文中分析了自然界和农田生态系统中天敌的多样性和寄主专一性,并从外来种的治理、濒危物种和栖境的保护等几个方面探讨了生物防治对于保护生物多样性的作用。作者还强调应加强国际间天敌资源的交换,建立严格的天敌引种释放法规,以便开展更多的安全有效的生物防治项目。     

农田边界生物多样性与边界属性相互关系研究

农田边界 (田埂ｆｉｅｌｄｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙ)可定义为农田(作物田块 )间过渡带 (ｅｃｏｔｏｎｅ) [4 ] 。不同类型农田边界所包含的景观要素不同。农田边界包括的景观要素有树篱、防护林、草带、墙、篱笆、沟渠、道路、作物边界带等。半自然生境的农田边界是重要的动植物栖息地和扩散廊道[6] ,而农田边界的生物多样性和物种的扩散 ,又受边界结构属性、农作系统及农作措施和区域景观结构及动态的影响[1,7] 。随着人口的增加和农业集约化的发展 ,农业景观中非生产性(半自然生境 )用地面积逐渐减少 ,在一定程度上引起生物多样性下降及影响农田…     

Intercropping in high input agriculture supports arthropod diversity without risking significant yield losses

Arthropod diversity of different taxonomic groups and ecosystem services are declining, yet current measures to counteract losses are often restricted to small areas of land or field margins, particularly in agricultural systems. At the same time, large areas of land will be required to feed a growing global population. Intercropping has been proposed as a potential solution to maximize both biodiversity and yield at large scale, but experimental evidence is scarce.In a three-year field experiment, we manipulated crop diversity and management intensity in a cereal-legume intercropping experiment in Germany, where 50% of wheat was replaced by faba beans. We measured arthropod abundance and diversity of different functional groups (pollinators, natural enemies, herbivores) and crop yield.We found that increasing crop diversity increased abundance and diversity of arthropods. Notably, pollinator and natural enemy abundances increased in intercropped systems. Low management intensity generally had positive effects on arthropod abundance and especially on pollinator diversity, indicating benefits of reduced inputs of fertilizers and herbicides. While wheat yield was higher in monocultures and for high management intensity, total grain yield of the intercrop (indicated by land equivalent ratio) was higher in mixtures. We found that trade-offs were stronger between arthropod diversity and wheat yield than between arthropod abundance and wheat yield. Specialist wheat herbivores and generalist herbivores were more abundant at higher wheat yields. Conversely, pollinator and natural enemy diversity were negatively associated with wheat yield.Our results show that diversification can promote both higher yields and greater diversity of arthropods. Intercropping can thus be an opportunity to support biodiversity without risking significant yield losses.     

广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾对广西来宾豚草的联合控制作用

【背景】豚草已成功入侵广西来宾,对当地生物多样性、农业生产和居民健康造成了严重影响。广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾均为豚草的重要专一性天敌,在湖南等地已有效抑制了豚草的扩散蔓延。【方法】为考查2种天敌在广西对豚草的联合控制作用,于2009年5月24日在广西来宾豚草入侵地区同时释放广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾(2种天敌释放密度均为1170头.hm-2)。【结果】至2009年8月29日释放区内豚草植株死亡率达98%以上,且天敌迅速向邻近豚草发生区扩散,2种天敌对扩散区豚草的控制率可达50%～60%。【结论与意义】2种天敌对豚草具有显著的控制效果,建议在广西大面积推广应用。     

Urban greenspace composition and landscape context influence natural enemy community composition and function

Conservation research has historically been aimed at preserving high value natural habitats, but urbanization and its associated impacts have prompted broader mandates that include the preservation and promotion of biodiversity in cities. Current efforts within urban landscapes aim to support biodiversity and diverse ecosystem services such as storm water management, sustainable food production, and toxin remediation. Arthropod natural enemies provide biocontrol services important for the ecosystem management of urban greenspaces. Establishing habitat for these and other beneficial arthropods is a growing area of urban conservation. Habitat design, resource inputs, management, and abiotic conditions shape the value of greenspace habitats for arthropods. In general, larger patches with diverse plant communities support a greater abundance and diversity of natural enemies and biocontrol services, yet opposing patterns or no effects have also been documented. The surrounding landscape is likely a contributor to this variation in natural enemy response to patch-scale habitat design and management. Looking across rural–urban landscape gradients, natural enemy communities shift toward dominance by habitat generalists and disturbance tolerant species in urban areas compared to rural or natural communities. These changes have been linked to variation in habitat fragmentation, plant productivity and management intensity. In landscape-scale studies focusing solely within cities, variables such as impervious surface area and greenspace connectivity affect the community assembly of natural enemies within a patch. Given these findings, a greater mechanistic understanding of how both the composition and spatial context of urban greenspaces influence natural enemy biodiversity–biocontrol relationships is needed to advance conservation planning and implementation.     

稻田节肢动物群落营养层及优势功能集团的组成与多样性动态

该项研究通过系统调查,把稻田节肢动物群落按营养和取食关系划分为三个营养层(基位物种,中位物种,顶位物种)和不同的功能集团,在物种、功能集团和营养层三个组织层次水平上探讨了稻田节肢动物群落的结构和多样性,较全面地考察了整个群落中物种和功能集团在时间上的结构动态、功能关系和数量消长规律。结果表明：功能集团多样性与种多样性的变化趋势较一致,在群落研究中似乎可以用对功能集团的研究代替对种的研究,从而简化物种间复杂的网络关系,认为这是研究群落物种间功能关系的途径之一。营养层多样性在时间序列过程中波动性较小,所以可用于群落相似性和稳定性的分析。研究分析了中性昆虫对害虫调控的意义,认为对于天敌作用的评价应以整个群落为基础,全面考虑天敌、害虫、以及中性昆虫的数量、丰盛度、空间时间生态位等信息。