多枝柽柳春夏两季开花物候特征与生殖特性

为了研究多枝柽柳的两季开花物候特征与生殖特性,对分布于古尔班通古特沙漠南缘莫索湾荒漠区的多枝柽柳自然种群各水平的开花物候指数、开花过程中的花部特征变化和结实特性进行了观察和统计。结果表明:(1)多枝柽柳春花期为5月下旬至6月上旬,表现为"集中开花模式",夏花期为6月中旬至9月上旬,表现为"持续开花模式"。(2)多枝柽柳春、夏花期的群体、个体、花序和单花水平的花期持续时间分别为14d、10d、3d、1d和85d、77d、2d、1d。(3)花序水平上夏花期始花日期、开花持续时间、开花数和座果数两两之间均存在显著相关关系。(4)两季花期间单花水平的开花进程与形态结构没有明显差异。(5)春花期的结实率显著高于夏花期,但两季花期结籽率差异不显著。(6)春花期昆虫访花次数显著高于夏花期。(7)两季花期的花粉活力没有明显差异,春花期的柱头可授性持续时间比夏花期长。研究认为,古尔班通古特沙漠南缘莫索湾荒漠区的生境条件恶劣,多枝柽柳特殊的春、夏两季开花结实特性在一定程度上提高了其生殖成功的可能性,是对特殊生境的适应性表现。     

濒危植物长柄双花木自然种群生殖构件的时空动态

根据野外观测数据,研究了濒危植物长柄双花木(Disanthus cercidifolius var.longipes)在不同生境条件下自然种群开花物候变异以及生殖构件的时空动态.结果表明,不同群落类型中长柄双花木开花物候存在一定差异,在纯林中个体的平均花期最长,达75d,而个体间开花同步性最低,仅为0.717;竹林中的个体花期最短,只有47d,而同步指数最高,达0.968.生殖枝数量及花序数均随个体年龄增长而增加,在年龄为30～35年时达最高,此后又呈下降趋势;在海拔为810m左右处,个体生殖枝数及着生的花序数均达最大值,且冠层间差异明显.纯林中个体着生的生殖枝数及每生殖枝上着生的花序数均最高,分别为411.39和7.857;竹林中个体每生殖枝着生的花序数显著低于其它群落.年龄小的个体,各时期生殖构件败育率均高于年龄大的个体;另外,生殖构件的败育与海拔高度间无相关性,而与构件发育时间、分布的树冠层次以及所处的群落类型相关.影响生殖构件败育的主要因子是光照条件.     

中国特有植物血水草开花物候与生殖特性

于2008年3-5月对分布在井冈山的血水草(Eomecon chionantha Hance )5个自然种群的开花物候进行了观察,运用开花振幅、相对开花强度和开花同步性等指数研究了其开花物候特征及其对该种生殖成功的影响.结果表明:血水草开花时间为3月下旬-5月上旬,种群花期历时24 ～46 d,个体平均开花持续时间为11～21 d,单花花期一般为3～5d;井冈山血水草种群的开花物候进程呈单峰曲线模式具有一个开花高峰期,表现出一种“集中开花模式”;与大多数亚热带植物一样,血水草具有较低的相对开花强度,分布频率集中在10％ ～30％.开花物候指数与生殖间的相关分析结果表明:始花时间与花期持续时间呈显著负相关,而与开花数和坐果率呈显著正相关;花期持续时间与开花数和坐果率呈显著正相关;同步性指数与始花时间、开花数、花期持续时间呈负相关.血水草“集中开花模式”是其在长期的进化过程中适应周围气候条件及生境的一种生殖保障.     

双岛湾大叶藻的有性生殖特征

对威海双岛湾大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)种群的有性生殖特性进行了研究。结果表明:该水域中,大叶藻种群于3月下旬或4月上旬进入生殖枝始现期,5月上旬进入始花期,6月下旬进入种子散落高峰期,7月上旬进入生殖枝死亡始期,7月下旬生殖期结束,其有性生殖物候进程与水温密切相关,15℃是其开花适宜水温;生殖枝的侧枝数和扇状聚伞花序数在进入始花期时达到最大,分别为4.4和4.9个·株-1,佛焰苞数和生殖枝高度均在种子散落始期最大,分别为18.6个·株-1和96.2 cm,种子败育率较高,平均为40%,成熟种子产量为44.8粒·株-1;生殖枝密度在始花期时达到最大,为64株·m-2,生殖枝分化率平均仅有12.6%,有性生殖期间营养枝密度和种群总密度的下降幅度超过40%;生殖枝生物量在初果期达到最大(27.9 g·m-2),从始花期至种子散落高峰期平均种群生物量分配格局为地下部38.4%,营养枝52.4%,生殖枝9.2%,生殖分配较低,成熟种子产量为1859粒·m-2。     

金城山柔毛淫羊藿的开花物候与生殖特性

采用实地观测的方法,对南充市金城山三个不同生境中柔毛淫羊藿的开花物候特征及其生殖特性进行了研究。结果表明:柔毛淫羊藿花期为3月上旬至4月上旬,其种群、个体、花序和单花的花期分别历时30~41、22~34、9~18和4~8 d。三个生境中柔毛淫羊藿种群的开花物候进程基本相同,均呈单峰集中开花式样,因而能够吸引更多的传粉者访问而达到生殖成功。开花物候指数与坐果数之间的相关分析结果表明,坐果数与始花日期存在显著的负相关关系,与花期持续时间和开花数均呈极显著的正相关关系。揭示了药用植物柔毛淫羊藿的开花物候特征与生殖特性。     

大花百子莲的开花物候与生殖特性

连续2年对引种植物大花百子莲在中国上海市人工种群的开花物候、结实情况进行观测记录,从不同水平分析了大花百子莲的开花物候对其生殖的影响。结果显示:（1）大花百子莲在引种地的开花时间为6月初至7月末;种群花期历时40 d左右,单株花期在14～31 d波动,单花寿命主要为2～3 d;2年的开花振幅平均在6朵·株^-1·d^-1左右,花朵开放百分率值在3.69%~4.87%左右,平均开花式样为11~17朵。（2）大花百子莲种群内2007年比2008年的各项开花物候指标均提前6～9 d;种群开花进程为渐进式的双峰曲线;种群花期重叠时间较长,2年的平均开花同步指数分别为0.663、0.695;植株个体相对开花强度主要分布频度为50%～70%。（3）开花物候指数与座果率的相关分析表明,始花时间与开花数目、座果数、花期长度呈显著负相关关系,开花数目与座果数、花期长度以及花期长度与座果数均呈显著正相关关系,同一花序内单花所发育成果实的数量与单花开放时间呈极显著负相关关系。研究表明,大花百子莲始花时间早的植株比始花时间晚的植株花期更长,开花数目多的植株比开花数目少的植株花期更长,花期长的植株比花期短的植株座果率更高;而且在同一花序上,越早开放的单花其结实的可能性越大。作为引种植物,大花百子莲开花物候年度间具有相似性,说明其在引种地可以适应环境压力,形成稳定的开花时间与开花模式;较长的花期重叠和大量的开花数目可以吸引较多的传粉者访问,为其生殖成功奠定了良好基础。     

巫山淫羊藿开花物候与生殖特征

研究巫山淫羊藿(Epimedium wushanense)3个种群的开花物候进程和生殖特征,分析了不同种群中的花部特征、开花物候指数和结实率差异,以及开花物候指数对巫山淫羊藿生殖成功的影响。结果表明:巫山淫羊藿花期为3月初到4月中下旬,种群开花一般历时22～27d;单株花期(花序)约12～17d;单花花期一般为3～4d。3个种群的个体水平的开花振幅曲线呈单峰型曲线,均具有较高的开花同步指数,表现出一种集中开花式样。相关分析表明:坐果数与开花高峰期、终花期、花期持续时间和花蕾数均呈极显著正相关,但坐果数与始花期无相关关系。开花物候变异系数分析表明:3个种群中花期持续时间、单花持续时间、终花期、开花高峰期和坐果数差异极显著;总花数、开花振幅和结实率差异显著;开花同步指数和始花期无显著差异性。3个种群中除同步性指数外,其余指数的变异系数均有差异,此外,巫山淫羊藿中结实率受到距的长短的影响。表明巫山淫羊藿的开花物候和生殖特征受到微环境的影响,同时生殖特征还受到花部特征距的影响。     

大花百子莲的结实和结籽格局及种子产量影响因素分析

在2007和2008年对大花百子莲(Agapanthus praecox subsp.orientalis‘Big Blue’)在群体、果序和单果水平上的结实和结籽格局进行了观测,并依据每花序单花数、单花胚珠数和单粒种子质量推算其单株潜在种子产量;此外,采用人工补充授粉方法研究了不同授粉方式对大花百子莲结实和结籽的影响,并对其种子产量的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:从始花期、盛花期至末花期,随开花时间的延迟,大花百子莲植株的每花序单花数和座果率均逐渐降低,其中始花期开花的植株每花序单花数和座果率均最高。从果序基部、中部至顶端,座果率和结籽率均逐渐减小且差异显著。在果序基部和中部,果实内种子败育率沿果实基部至顶端依次降低,而单粒种子质量则依次增加;且果序基部的果实各部位的种子败育率均低于果序中部的果实,而单粒种子质量则差异不大。大花百子莲的单株潜在种子产量约为43.18 g,而其单株实际种子产量约为2.87 g,远低于其潜在种子产量。自然授粉的大花百子莲每柱头花粉数为27.5粒,而自花授粉、同株异花授粉和异株授粉的每柱头花粉数均超过100粒;与自然授粉、自花授粉和同株异花授粉植株相比,异株授粉植株的座果率和结籽率均显著增加。研究结果显示:大花百子莲的结实和结籽格局呈现非随机分布规律,在引种地存在有性繁殖障碍;养分和授粉状况是制约大花百子莲种子产量的重要因素。     

武夷山不同龄级香果树开花物候及其生殖特性

该研究采用固定样地观测研究了不同龄级香果树的开花物候和生殖特性,分析了物候指数与生殖构件之间的相关性。结果表明：香果树单花花期一般为5~9 d,平均为6.79 d,随着树龄增大,其单花花期呈幂函数增长趋势;不同树龄香果树的始花期不同,但终花期基本一致;随着树龄的增大,始花期逐渐提前,花期持续时间延长。20~50 a树龄的香果树始花期约为8月9日,花期持续时间最短,仅为36 d。110~140 a树龄的香果树始花期约为7月15日,花期持续时间为61 d;对于单株母树来讲,香果树的花枝数,花朵总数以及果实总数随着树龄的增大均显著增加;单花枝产花量随着树龄的增加呈上升趋势,单花枝产果实数量呈先上升后下降的趋势;香果树花枝和单花枝产花量在树冠方位上的分布由大到小依次为南>东/西>北、上>中>下,但单花枝果实数量则表现出不同规律,即东>南>西>北、中>下>上。香果树具有花多果少现象,开花物候指数与生殖构件数量间的相关性分析表明,其花期持续时间与花枝数、花数和果实数均存在极显著正相关关系,始花期与生殖构件数量呈极显著负相关关系,而物候指数与香果树树龄亦存在显著相关关系。     

濒危植物长柄双花木开花物候与生殖特性

研究了长柄双花木开花过程中花部表型的变化。连续4a对其野生种群、1a对人工种群的开花物候进行了观察,并运用相对开花强度和同步性等开花物候指数分析了开花物候对其生殖的影响。结果如下：长柄双花木开花时间为9月上、中旬至11月中、下旬;单花花期一般为6～7d,单花依其形态和散粉特征可以分为4个时期：散粉前期、散粉初期、散粉盛期和凋谢期。个体开花持续时间49～55d,种群花期历时63～71d。种群内不同年度间开花物候指数没有显著差异,而种群间则存在显著差异,野生种群开花进程为渐进式单峰曲线。人工种群则为“钟”形曲线,二者均属于“集中开花模式”。长柄双花木具有2个相对开花强度的分异趋势,这种分异趋势具有进化意义。开花物候指数与生殖间的相关分析表明,始花时间与开花数量、座果率及花期长度之间均具显著负相关关系,而开花数量与花期长度之间则呈显著正相关,但均为线性相关。长柄双花木开花物候在种群间的差异和种群内年度间的相似性说明,其开花时间可能是由与其相关的复杂的微生境特征和(或)由其遗传因子决定的,同时也反映了种群间的遗传分异和种群内个体间的遗传一致性。作为一种濒危物种,长柄双花木在这种环境的选择压力之下,形成了“大量、集中开放的花”的开花模式,吸引到更多的传粉者的访问,从而达到生殖成功。     

Effect of Flowering Stages on the Content of Active Ingredients and Antioxidant Capability of Bletilla striata Flowers

Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. is a perennial herb with abundant active ingredients. Previous research mainly focused on its tubers, however, the study on flowers, especially the variation of active ingredient contents at different flowering stages, was rarely seen. This study analyzed the total phenols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, anthocyanins, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside content of B. striata flowers which were in cultivated in Herb Garden of Zhejiang A&F University and collected in May, 2019, in order to investigate the changes in active ingredients and antioxidant capacity among different flowering stages (bud, initial, and full bloom). Changes in radical scavenging capability of DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), ABTS (2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)), and hydroxy were analyzed. Significant differences in active ingredient content of flowers were detected among different flowering stages. The total phenolic content increased continuously during the entire flowering stage. The contents of total flavonoid, total polysaccharide, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside reached peaks at the initial blooming stage and then fell as the flowering process continued. The antioxidant activity in initial stage was the highest than in any other flowering stages. Therefore, we conclude that the initial blooming stage is the best harvesting stage of B. striata flowers. This study provides a robust basis for the harvest and utilization of B. striata flowers in food, medical, and cosmetic industries.     

Reproduction in Polemonium: factors influencing outbreeding potential

Summary Three measures of potential outbreeding efficiency were quantified throughout two flowering seasons in a population of the mass-flowering Polemonium foliosissimum: 1) the distances flown between plants by bumblebee pollinators; 2) the proximity of visited plants; and 3) the diversity of individuals visited. Results were consistent between years. Individual plants did not function differentially with respect to female (i.e., pollen receipt) and male (i.e., pollen donation) function. Both female and male components of outbreeding, as estimated by all three measures, were positively correlated with the number of flowers per plant. Significantly more outbreeding could occur during the final phase of flowering when most individuals had relatively few blossoms. Although the potential for outbreeding was the same at any time through an individual's blooming regime, individuals for which the peak of blooming occurred after the peak for the population as a whole have significantly more outbreeding potential via both female and male function. These factors may combine such that any pressure to increase outbreeding in this self-incompatible species manifests itself in directional selection for delayed flowering time.     

珍稀濒危植物小花木兰传粉生物学研究

基于定株观测,对小花木兰（Magnolia sieboldii）野生种群和人工栽培种的开花物候进行了研究。结果表明,小花木兰花期为5月中下旬至6月中下旬,花期20d左右,单花花期一般为5～7d,盛花期为6月1～5日;开花过程中花部表型变化明显,花粉在花开时不成熟,但雌蕊已经成熟,花开后雌蕊柄伸长,约20h后下柱头依然湿润,上柱头已萎缩变褐色,再过约40h下柱头也萎缩失去活力．此时花粉成熟,花药裂开;花的柱头接受到的花粉量由下往上依次减少。检测花粉活力、萌发率发现,小花木兰花粉在散发6d后基本失去活力和萌发能力。重力玻片法观测表明,小花木兰为虫媒传粉;花柱的授粉率不高,为65％;柱头上平均花粉量为3．5个;自然状态下结实率低,为13．5％,人工栽培为20．1％;外轮花被片全部去掉,结果率下降至11．3％;去掉雄蕊,结实率下降至10．7％;再辅以人工授粉,结果率上升至25．0％。小花木兰的访花昆虫种类较少,访花频率低,其中蜜蜂和一种蚜科（Aphididae）小昆虫对其传粉影响较大。同花期灯台附（Cornus controversa）等植物对其传粉产生昆虫竞争作用。环境因素如光照、温度、阴雨、海拔等均对其传粉产生一定影响。     

The flowering pattern of the perennial herb Lobularia maritima: an unusual case in the Mediterranean basin

In plant communities of the Mediterranean Basin most plant species reach their blooming peak in spring and have characteristically short flowering periods of two-three months. The perennial herb Lobularia maritima represents an exception to these characteristics, because it flowers for almost 10 months, and has its flowering peak in autumn. In this five-year study, we describe the flowering pattern of L. maritima at the population and community levels. Despite the unusually extended flowering period of L. maritima, the species showed characteristic low among-year variability in the length of the flowering period but large interannual variation in the distribution of flowers throughout the flowering period. The flowering pattern (unimodal or bimodal) of L. maritima individuals differed among the five years, suggesting that L. maritima plants are plastic enough to tailor their flowering to variable environmental conditions. We conclude that flowering phenology of L. maritima represents a very particular case in the plant community studied, and the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the phenology of this species is discussed.     

Variation of flower opening and closing times in F1 and F2 hybrids of daylily (Hemerocallis fulva; Hemerocallidaceae) and nightlily (H. citrina)

In flowering plants, pollination success is strongly dependent on the timing of when flowers start to bloom and when they start to close. To elucidate the genetic mechanism influencing the timing of flower opening and closing, we obtained F1 and F2 hybrids of Hemerocallis fulva (a diurnally blooming species, pollinated by swallowtail butterflies) and H. citrina (a nocturnally blooming species, pollinated by nocturnal hawkmoths) and observed their flowering behavior from blooming to closing with the use of digital cameras. For flower opening times, F1 hybrids were highly variable, and F2 hybrids showed a bimodal distribution of flower opening times with peaks in both the morning and evening. The ratio of morning flowering and evening flowering among F2 hybrids did not deviate from 1:1. For the start to close time, both F1 and F2 hybrids were similar in showing the major peak in the evening. The ratio of evening closing and morning closing among F2 hybrids did not deviate from 3:1. These results suggest that the time of flower opening and the start of closing are regulated by different major genes.     

银桂初花物候期的气候条件

根据江苏省苏州市东山县1956~1984年和1999~2003年银桂(Osmanthus fragrans)物候资料和同期气象资料,应用数理统计方法分析了银桂初花的气候指标,发现银桂初花期与初花前最低气温和相对湿度关系密切。早银桂初花的气候指标为:日最低气温10 d滑动平均稳定≤23.0 ℃,同时日最低气温<22.0 ℃,满足这指标之后3~12 d早银桂初花;或当日最低气温10 d滑动平均稳定在23.0~25.5 ℃,同时日平均相对湿度≥88%连续在3 d(包括3 d)以上,在这日期之后的12 d内早银桂初花。晚银桂初花的气候指标为:当日最低气温9 d滑动平均稳定≤20 ℃,同时日最低气温<19.5 ℃,满足这指标后4~12 d晚银桂初花;或当日最低气温9 d滑动平均稳定在20.0~21.5 ℃,同时日平均相对湿度≥88%连续在3 d(包括3 d)以上,在这日期之后的6 d内晚银桂初花。日最低气温10 d滑动平均稳定>25.5 ℃时,早银桂不开花;日最低气温9 d滑动平均稳定>21.5 ℃时,晚银桂不开花。晚银桂和早银桂初花期存在显著的相关,相关系数为0.443 8(n=34),平均初花期晚银桂比早银桂迟15 d。由于受全球气候变暖的影响,1999~2003年苏州东山地区银桂类初花期比1956~1984年推迟了7~8 d。     

Species-specific flowering phenology responses to experimental warming and drought alter herbaceous plant species overlap in a temperate–boreal forest community

Background and AimsWarmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns are expected to continue to occur as the climate changes. How these changes will impact the flowering phenology of herbaceous perennials in northern forests is poorly understood but could have consequences for forest functioning and species interactions. Here, we examine the flowering phenology responses of five herbaceous perennials to experimental warming and reduced summer rainfall over 3 years.MethodsThis study is part of the B4WarmED experiment located at two sites in northern Minnesota, USA. Three levels of warming (ambient, +1.6 °C and +3.1 °C) were crossed with two rainfall manipulations (ambient and 27 % reduced growing season rainfall).Key ResultsWe observed species-specific responses to the experimental treatments. Warming alone advanced flowering for four species. Most notably, the two autumn blooming species showed the strongest advance of flowering to warming. Reduced rainfall alone advanced flowering for one autumn blooming species and delayed flowering for the other, with no significant impact on the three early blooming species. Only one species, Solidago spp., showed an interactive response to warming and rainfall manipulation by advancing in +1.6 °C warming (regardless of rainfall manipulation) but not advancing in the warmest, driest treatment. Species-specific responses led to changes in temporal overlap between species. Most notably, the two autumn blooming species diverged significantly in their flowering timing. In ambient conditions, these two species flowered within the same week. In the warmest, driest treatment, flowering occurred over a month apart.ConclusionsHerbaceous species may differ in how they respond to future climate conditions. Changes to phenology may lead to fewer resources for insects or a mismatch between plants and pollinators.     

珍稀濒危植物瑶山苣苔开花生物学及繁育系统研究

对仅分布于广西金秀老山自然保护区的国家Ⅰ级保护植物瑶山苣苔进行了开花生物学和繁育系统研究.结果显示:(1)瑶山苣苔花期从8月底至11月初,开花无固定时间.单花开放过程可分为萌动、露白、盛开、凋落4个阶段,且花朵具明显的增大再生长现象.(2)单花、花序、单株水平上的开花物候都表现出开花不同步性,单花花期约5~14 d,单花序花期约11~20 d,单株花期约8~20 d.花粉活力在散粉后6 d内相对较高,但花粉在野外通常于散粉3 d内被昆虫啃食完.(3)柱头在花药散粉时明显高于花药,便于接受异花花粉,柱头在散粉后第4天具可授性,可持续5~6 d.(4)瑶山苣苔杂交指数(OCI)为5,花粉-胚珠比(P/O)为379.64±145.61,繁育系统为兼性异交,自交亲和,传粉过程需要传粉媒介.研究表明,不稳定的传粉环境可能是该物种至濒的主要生殖生物学原因,自发自交"是其在开花期间对不稳定传粉环境的一种适应.     

How New Guinea rainforest flower resources vary in time and space: Implications for nectarivorous birds

Abstract Variability in spatial and temporal patterning of flowering by populations of rainforest trees fed upon by honeyeaters and flower-visiting parrots was studied for 2 years in lowland tropical hill forest in Papua New Guinea. All 2200 trees in a 3 ha plot were tagged, identified, mapped and monitored monthly. Of 274 tree species present, 86 flowered during the course of the study; during any given month, approximately 20% of the species flowering that month were visited by nectarivorous birds. Results showed that overall flower resources (total number of species, and number of bird-pollinated species, individuals and flowers) fluctuated during the year, decreased during the dry season and increased during the wet season. In addition, there was a wide range of temporal variation within and among tree species in length and timing of flowering period, percentage of each conspecific population flowering from year to year, and degree of synchrony among flowering conspecifics. Spatial dispersion of tree populations also varied, from clumps to scattered single individuals. Resident bird species were correlated with synchronously flowering trees, whereas nomadic bird species were correlated with asynchronously flowering trees. Resident birds were also associated with smaller blooming displays per tree, whereas nomadic birds were associated with trees that bloomed massively. There was no correlation between avian nomadism and spatial dispersion of tree populations. Thus nomadic birds seem to range in search of rich but unpredictable resources; resident birds may rely more on predictable, but smaller resources.     

濒危植物肉苁蓉（Cistanche deserticola）繁育系统研究

在自然居群中通过野外定位观测,运用杂交指数（OCI）;花粉—胚珠比（P/O）;去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法对濒危植物肉苁蓉（Cistanche deserticola Ma）的花序发育、开花特性、花粉活力、柱头可授性、传粉方式、繁育系统进行了研究,结果表明：肉苁蓉穗状无限花序的生长发育期可明显分为拱土期、出土期、开花期、结实与种子成熟期四个阶段。两性花,单花开放时间2~3d,花序有花期持续20~25d。种群开花历时36~38d。开花时柱头略高出花药,柱头较大,下垂。重力玻片法检测,风媒导致的异株异花传粉完全可以忽略。主要访花昆虫为蜂类。扫描电镜观察虫体,蜂类携带大量花粉,但传粉飞行距离大部分为0。杂交指数为3;花粉—胚珠比为35.45±8.56;结合去雄、套袋和人工授粉试验结果,认为肉苁蓉属于以自交为主的繁育系统。