超高产杂交稻剑叶衰老过程中PSII功能的变化

对田间自然条件下培矮64S/E32和对照汕优63的剑叶衰老过程中PSII光化学效率、光能耗散和叶黄素循环组分的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,水稻剑叶衰老过程中PSⅡ光化学效率(F/Fm)、PSII量子产量(φPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和光合速率(Pn)均降低,但非辐射热耗散(NPQ)、叶黄素循环库和中午时的脱环氧化状态则升高.移栽后55-75 d两品种剑叶的φPSII和qP变化相近,此后培矮64S/E32比汕优63下降缓慢.在生育后期的衰老过程中培矮64S/E32剑叶的PSII功能比汕优63下降慢,并具有更高的光能利用效率.     

超高产杂交稻‘华安3号’冠层不同衰老程度叶片的光合功能

 较系统地研究了抽穗期超高产杂交稻‘华安3号’（`X075’×`紫恢100’）冠层顶部5片叶片的光合功能。结果表明,‘华安3号’剑叶的光系统Ⅱ（PSＩＩ）光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm)、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率（Fv′/Fm′）、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、表观电子传递效率（ETR）、光合色素尤其是叶绿素（Chl）和类胡萝卜素（Car）中的新黄素、黄体素和β-胡萝卜素（β-Car）的含量等均优于其下的各叶,而PSⅡ的激发压力（1-qP）低于其它叶片。经对叶片低温（77K）荧光发射光谱的Gaussian解析,与其它各叶片相比,剑叶PSⅡ核心天线复合物CP47和光系统Ⅰ（PSⅠ）的含量较高,而非活性的PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体（LHCⅡ）聚集态含量较少。研究证明：1）水稻在决定籽粒产量的生育后期,其干物质的积累主要是由冠层最上面的3片叶的光合作用所提供;2）在叶片衰老过程中,光合反应中心的衰老早于天线系统;3）杂交稻的光保护途径之一,可能在于光抑制条件下通过增加PSⅠ含量及其对光能的吸收并刺激环式电子传递高速运转,从而对光合器起保护作用;4）水稻叶片在衰老过程中,可能通过部分Chl b还原为Chl a,以降低LHCⅡ的含量,从而减少对光能的捕获,达到降低光抑制的伤害。     

水稻叶片衰老过程中氨肽酶活性的变化

水稻叶片中存在着氨肽酶,其最适反应pH和最适反应温度分别为8.2℃和40℃,酶促反应的产物量在最初30min内与时间呈直线相关。 水稻叶片衰老过程中叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降,而氨肽酶比活上升;用植物激素延缓或促进叶片衰老蛋白质降解的同时也抑制或促进了氨肽酶比活的上升,说明氨肽酶在水稻叶片衰老蛋白质降解过程中起一定的作用。根据水稻叶片衰老过程中大分子化合物和叶片外部形态的变化,可将叶片衰老过程划分为缓衰期、急衰期和竭衰期。     

超高产杂交稻剑叶中C4途径酶活性和稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化

以超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L．)“培矮64S／E32”和多年来大面积推广的杂交稻“汕优63”为材料,研究孕穗后剑叶中C4途径酶和对稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化。结果表明,籽粒灌浆期(移栽后68～75d)的两个品种剑叶中NADP—MDH活性最高,随后下降;超高产杂交水稻“培矮64S／E32”的NADP-MDH的活性明显高于“汕优63”;PEPcase和NADP—ME活性在黄熟期之前的叶片中持续上升。不同生育期的叶片与籽粒的△^13C值相近(19．49‰～19．82‰),在成熟期时较高。超高产水稻“培矮64S／E32”叶片的平均△^13C值比“汕优63”高0．43‰。     

水稻叶片的衰老与超氧物歧化酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的关系

研究了从抽穗开花到籽粒成熟过程中,水稻植株顶部三片叶子的超氧物歧化酶(SOD),脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量及二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶活性的变化。实验结果表明:叶片的衰老伴随着 SOD 活性、RuBP 羧化酶活性及叶绿素含量的降低、丙二醛含量显著增高。分离了三个 SOD 的同工酶,证明为 Cu—Zn SOD。观察了 SOD 同工酶在叶片老化及酶液存放不同时间中的变化。讨论了叶片衰老过程中氧自由基对酶及质膜的损伤影响。     

超高产杂交稻剑叶中C4途径酶活性和稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化

以超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L.)\"培矮64S/E32\"和多年来大面积推广的杂交稻\"汕优63\"为材料,研究孕穗后剑叶中C4途径酶和对稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化.结果表明,籽粒灌浆期(移栽后68～75 d)的两个品种剑叶中NADP-MDH活性最高,随后下降;超高产杂交水稻\"培矮64S/E32\"的NADP-MDH的活性明显高于\"汕优63\";PEPCase和NADP-ME活性在黄熟期之前的叶片中持续上升.不同生育期的叶片与籽粒的△1aC值相近(19.49‰～19.82‰),在成熟期时较高.超高产水稻\"培矮64S/E32\"叶片的平均△13C值比\"汕优63\"高0.43‰.     

离体稻苗叶片衰老过程中蛋白质组分的变化(简报)

离体稻苗叶片暗下衰老时,非水溶性蛋白质含量变化不大,而水溶性蛋白质含量下降迅速,其组分也同时改变。水溶性蛋白质中,Fraction Ⅰ蛋白质含量迅速下降,而Fraction Ⅱ蛋白质含量则显著增加。Fraction Ⅰ蛋白质中,RuBP羧化酶小亚基降解速率比大亚基快。叶片衰老时有两条新电泳蛋白质谱带出现。     

超高产水稻剑叶衰老过程中PSⅡ激发压与Rubisco大、小亚基含量的相关性

研究了大田生长条件下两系超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L.)“两优培九”和我国大面积推广的三系杂交水稻“汕优63”从灌浆期到收获期剑叶PSⅡ光化学特性和Rubisco大、小亚基含量的变化。结果表明：可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量随剑叶生长时间的延长先缓慢下降,后期有一个快速降解的过程,“汕优63”降解的速率高于“两优培九”;Fv/Fm和qP都呈下降的趋势,qN则是先降然后上升。激发压(1-qP)在前期的变化较为平稳,后期则急剧增加,“汕优63”较“两优培九”增加快。Rubisco大、小亚基的含量与叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量一样在前期下降比较慢,后期也有一个快速降解的过程,“汕优63”比“两优培九”降解快。激发压的增加与Rubisco大、小亚基的降解呈显著的线性相关性。我们推测PSⅡ激发压的急剧增加可能诱发了水稻剑叶的快速衰老过程。“两优培九”高产的重要生理原因之一,可能是它比“汕优63”有更强的光合能力并能维持更持久和较高的光合功能期。     

超高产水稻剑叶衰老过程中PSⅡ激发压与 Rubisco大、小亚基含量的相关性

研究了大田生长条件下两系超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sati va L.)"两优培九"和我国大面积推广的三系杂交水稻"汕优63"从灌浆期到收获期剑叶PSⅡ光化学特性和Rubjsco大、小亚基含量的变化.结果表明:可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量随剑叶生长时间的延长先缓慢下降,后期有一个快速降解的过程,"汕优63"降解的速率高于"两优培九";Fv/Fm和qP都呈下降的趋势,qN则是先降然后上升.激发压(1 qP)在前期的变化较为平稳,后期则急剧增加,"汕优63"较"两优培九"增加快.Rubi Sco大、小亚基的含量与叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量一样在前期下降比较慢,后期也有一个快速降解的过程,"汕优63"比"两优培九"降解快.激发压的增加与Rubisco大、小亚基的降解呈显著的线性相关性.我们推测PSⅡ激发压的急剧增加可能诱发了水稻剑叶的快速衰老过程."两优培九"高产的重要生理原因之,可能是它比"汕优63"有更强的光合能力并能维持更持久和较高的光合功能期.     

Hydrogen peroxide is necessary for abscisic acid-induced senescence of rice leaves

The role of H₂O₂ in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced rice leaf senescence is investigated. ABA treatment resulted in H₂O₂ production in rice leaves, which preceded the occurrence of leaf senescence. Dimethylthiourea, a chemical trap for H₂O₂, was observed to be effective in inhibiting ABA-induced senescence, ABA-increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, ABA-increased antioxidative enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase), and ABA-decreased antioxidant contents (ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione) in rice leaves. Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) and imidazole (IMD), inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, and KCN and NaN₃, inhibitors of peroxidase, prevented ABA-induced H₂O₂ production, suggesting NADPH oxidase and peroxidase are H₂O₂-generating enzymes in ABA-treated rice leaves. DPI, IMD, KCN, and NaN₃ also inhibited ABA-promoted senescence, ABA-increased MDA contents, ABA-increased antioxidative enzyme activities, and ABA-decreased antioxidants in rice leaves. These results suggest that H₂O₂ is involved in ABA-induced senescence of rice leaves.     

No evidence for oxidative stress as a mechanism of action of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans

Oxidative stress has been suggested as one of the physiopathologic conditions underlying the association of total plasma homocysteine (p-tHcy) with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but this hypothesis has not been validated in human epidemiological studies. We measured plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), along with serum lipid-soluble antioxidants alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, lycopene and retinol, in a sample of 123 healthy elderly subjects (54 men, 69 women). Plasma malondialdehyde (p-MDA) was determined as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and p-tHcy was quantified by HPLC. No significant differences were found for p-MDA, GPx or SOD activities or serum antioxidant concentrations, in subjects with elevated p-tHcy (≥15 μmol/l) as compared to those with lower plasma homocysteine. Hyperhomocysteinemia did not lead to increased risk of having the highest p-MDA values, in either sex. We found no evidence that p-tHcy was associated with lipid peroxidation in this elderly human sample. Our results do not support the view that hyperhomocysteinemia would induce an adaptive response of antioxidant systems, either. More epidemiologic and clinical research is needed to clarify whether homocysteine promotes atherosclerosis by means of an oxidative stress mechanism.     

Inhibition of copper-induced lipid peroxidation by sinapic acid and its derivatives in correlation to their effect on the membrane structural properties

The efficiencies of sinapic acid and its derivatives syringic acid, syringaldehyde, three sinapoyl esters (ethyl, propyl, butyl sinapates), 4-vinylsyringol and sinapine were investigated for prevention of lipid peroxidation in correlation with their interactions with model lipid membrane systems. Significant antioxidant activities of propyl and butyl sinapates were seen by fluorimetric assay in phosphatidylcholine liposomes as model membrane using C11-BODIPY^581/591 lipophilic fluorescent probe. The sinapic acid esters also had the highest impact on membrane structural properties, as observed by differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence polarisation measurements. The greatest protection of phospholipids from peroxidation by these esters correlated well with their polarity and insertion into the lipid bilayer.     

Antioxidant effect of caeruloplasmin on microsomal lipid peroxidation

Microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation catalyzed by ADP-Fe³⁺ was inhibited by the addition of caeruloplasmin. The antioxidant effect of caeruloplasmin was independent of the superoxide anion (O^?₂ scavenging activity. Since caeruloplasmin enhanced the function of ADP-Fe³⁺ acting as electron acceptor for microsomal electron transport system, the antioxidant effect of caeruloplasmin is considered to depend on the ferroxidase activity.     

The inhibitory effect of luteolin-7-O-glucoside on the formation of pentyl and 7-carboxyheptyl radicals from 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid in the presence of iron(II) ions

A flavone glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside (luteolin-7-G) inhibited the formation of pentyl and 7-carboxyheptyl radicals in the reaction of 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic (13-HPODE) acid with iron(II) ions. The inhibitory effect of luteolin-7-G was diminished in the presence of EDTA. These results indicated that the inhibitory effects of luteolin-7-G occur partly through the chelation of iron ions. Measurement of visible spectra also showed that luteolin-7-G chelates iron ions. On the other hand, luteolin-7-G did not inhibit the reaction under anaerobic conditions, suggesting that oxygen molecules participate in the inhibition. Oxygen consumption measurements showed that the luteolin-7-G/iron ion complexes react with oxygen molecules in competition with 13-HPODE acid, and free iron ions exclusively react with 13-HPODE acid. The reaction of luteolin-7-G/iron ion complexes with oxygen molecules possibly diminishes the formation of pentyl and 7-carboxyheptyl radicals.     

Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Magnetic Fields on Oxidative Parameters In vivo

Continuous and intermittent 50 Hz, 1.5 mT magnetic field with the exposure period of 4 h/day for 4 days was used to investigate its possible effect on adult guinea pigs. Tissues and plasma specimens were assessed by biochemical parameters. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) levels and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) were examined in plasma, liver and brain tissues. All parameters were determined by spectrophotometer. While intermittent magnetic field was effective on plasma lipid peroxidation, continuous magnetic field was found to be effective on plasma MPO activity and NO levels. Augmentation of lipid peroxidation was also observed in liver tissue both intermittent and continuous magnetic field exposures. These results indicate that both the intermittent and continuous magnetic field exposures affect various tissues in a distinct manner because of having different tissue antioxidant status and responses.