十字花科植物SAMDC基因同源序列的克隆与进化分析

腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)是参与植物多胺合成的一个关键酶。根据GenBank中已报道的SAMDC基因编码序列保守区域设计特异引物, 运用PCR技术分别从十字花科6属14个物种中新克隆分离了SAMDC基因的同源序列。比较分析结果表明: 这些同源序列的相似性达87%以上, 所推导的氨基酸序列相似性达90%以上, 且两者种间差异分别为0.2%~10.1%和0.3%~6.6%, 属间差异除“圆白”萝卜外分别是4.9%~13.6%和3.1%~10.3%; SAMDC基因的核苷酸及其可能编码的氨基酸序列差异属间较种间大, 可用于属间的分类等级研究; 且氨基酸序列间的差异比核苷酸序列间的差异小的多, 因而根据核苷酸序列构建了NJ与ME分子系统树。进化树直观地表明在亲缘进化关系上芸薹属与萝卜属较近, 其他依次为山芥属、蔊菜属、拟南芥属, 与荠菜属最远。研究结果有助于从分子水平阐明十字花科植物间的亲缘进化关系, 可为其种质资源利用提供理论依据。     

十字花科植物CYP86MF基因同源序列的克隆与进化分析

为了从分子水平阐明十字花科植物间的亲缘进化关系,给植物种质资源的创建提供理论依据,试验根据课题组已报道的CYP86MF基因编码的氨基酸保守区域设计特异引物,运用PCR技术分别从十字花科6个属11个物种中分离克隆到了CYP86MF基因的同源序列,经比较分析,结果表明：这些同源序列的相似性达80%以上,所推导的氨基酸序列相似性达70%以上,且两者种间差异分别为1.0% ~ 5.7%和2.6% ~ 7.3%,属间差异分别是5.6% ~ 22.5%和7.3% ~ 31.2%;由氨基酸序列构建的分子系统树可知,在亲缘进化关系上芸薹属与萝卜属较近,其他依次为蔊菜属、拟南芥属、荠菜属,而与诸葛菜属最远。因此,CYP86MF基因的核苷酸及其可能编码的氨基酸序列差异属间较种间大,它可用于属间的分类等级研究,而难用于属以下的分类等级研究。     

芸薹属植物基因组学研究进展

芸薹属是十字花科植物300多个属中最为重要的一个属,是我国栽培面积最大的蔬菜作物。拟南芥和芸薹属在十字花科中两者的亲缘关系最近,通过它们之间的比较作图,两者之间的共线性被大量发现。模式植物拟南芥全基因组测序已经完成,这为芸薹属作物的基因组研究提供了便利条件。芸薹属作物的功能基因组学能够进一步明确不同发育时期基因的功能,为解释芸薹属的进化提供基因证据。就芸薹属植物在比较基因组学、功能基因组学最新进展,特别是芸薹属与模式植物拟南芥在基因组之间的相互关系进行了综述。     

转基因抗除草剂油菜对近缘作物的基因漂移

以转基因抗除草剂油菜 Q3和 HCN- 19为花粉供体材料 ,油菜近缘作物为花粉受体材料 ,在自然授粉条件下研究甘蓝型油菜与芸薹属近缘作物间的基因漂移频率。结果表明 ,油菜对芸薹属 6个种甘蓝、黑芥、埃芥、芥菜型油菜、白菜型油菜和甘蓝型油菜的基因漂移率分别为 0、0 .0 2 4 %～ 0 .2 4 3%、 0 .0 2 8%～ 0 .0 92 %、 0 .10 9%～ 0 .95 1%、 0 .4 79%～ 0 .879%、 1.2 5 2 %～2 .191%。且基因漂移频率受多种因素影响 ,其中与杂交亲和性、花期同步率、种植面积等高度相关。通过花粉将抗除草剂基因漂移给近缘作物 ,油菜是需要特别关注的作物     

辣根属和豆瓣菜属(十字花科)系统位置的分子证据

对十字花科葶苈族的辣根属、南芥族的豆瓣菜属及相关属种植物的叶绿体DNA的trnL内含子和trnL-F基因间隔区序列进行了测定分析。结果表明,辣根属植物与南芥族的山芥属、蔊菜属、豆瓣菜属、碎米荠属在系统发育树中聚成一支,与葶苈族的模式属葶苈属植物相隔较远,结合形态特征,本研究认为辣根属应从葶苈族移出,其系统位置应靠近山芥属、蔊菜属、豆瓣菜属、碎米荠属植物;此外,系统发育树中,豆瓣菜属植物并入碎米荠属中,表明二者具有更近的亲缘关系,本研究结果不支持《中国植物志》第33卷对辣根属和豆瓣菜属的系统位置的处理。     

抗虫基因研究及在芸薹属作物上的应用

芸薹属作物属十字花科,包括多种重要的蔬菜和油料作物。该类作物易受病虫害侵袭,造成品质和产量严重受损。化学方法防治害虫不仅破坏环境而且费用昂贵,所以培育抗虫品种成为既经济又环保的措施之一。但由于目前抗虫资源匮乏,难以通过常规育种培育出抗虫的品种,植物基因工程技术的应用,能加快育种进程,提高育种效率。简要介绍近年来抗虫基因的发掘及其在芸薹属中的应用进展。     

芸薹属中几个物种碳酸酐酶活性的比较

检测芸薹属中几种植物的碳酸酐酶在根、茎、叶中的分布和活性以及叶片净光合速率和锌元素含量的结果表明：碳酸酐酶在甘蓝型油菜的根、茎、叶中均有分布,叶中的碳酸酐酶活性最大,茎中的次之,根中的最小。不同芸薹属植物中碳酸酐酶活性的大小依序为：甘蓝型油菜〉白菜型油菜〉芜菁〉埃塞俄比亚芥。以甘蓝型油菜为例,碳酸酐酶活性的日变化呈双峰曲线,在整个生育期的变化趋势是先上升后下降,抽薹期间的碳酸酐酶活性最高。碳酸酐酶活性与净光合速率以及与锌元素含量之间均呈现显著的正相关。     

植物多肽信号分子RALF的研究进展

多肽信号分子调控生物体的生长发育过程,在动物、细菌、真菌中广泛存在,而植物多肽成分的信号分子直到1991年才首次报道,但随后即从植物中陆续分离出多种多肽类生长调节因子.快速碱化因子(rapid alkalinization factor,RALF)就是其中的一种,它广泛存在于植物中.被证明在植物多个器官的不同发育时期都表达,具有使植物组织生长的培养基碱化、抑制根生长等多种作用.现对RALF同源基因的特征以及表达情况、RALF多肽的结构及生理功能等进行介绍,为RALF的进一步研究提供参考.     

甘蓝型油菜BnTCP7基因的克隆和表达分析

该研究克隆获得了甘蓝型油菜预测转录因子TCP7-like同源编码基因,命名为BnTCP7,与甘蓝型油菜TCP7-like NC_027757基因的核苷酸序列相似性为95.68%。BnTCP7基因开放阅读框全长为648bp,编码215个氨基酸。BnTCP7氨基酸序列与十字花科(Brassicaceae)中其他19条TCP7或者TCP7-like氨基酸序列比对发现,BnTCP7与芸薹属和萝卜属等TCP7同源蛋白具有很强的相似性和保守性,尤其在靠近N端的TCP保守结构域,具有典型的螺旋-环-螺旋结构,且BnTCP7属于TCP家族Ⅰ类,为亲水性不稳定蛋白。通过BnTCP7和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtTCP7(NC_003076)蛋白的二级和三级结构在线预测比对分析,进一步证实BnTCP7具有TCP家族典型结构。进化树分析表明,BnTCP7蛋白与甘蓝型油菜TCP7-like NC_027757蛋白聚在同一分支,两者亲缘关系最近。利用转录组数据对不同时期不同器官BnTCP7基因表达模式分析发现,其表达量呈现一定差异性,其中营养器官中的表达量高于生殖器官。非生物胁迫及激素处理对甘蓝型油菜幼苗植株中BnTCP7基因的表达影响分析发现,BnTCP7基因不仅响应了冷、热、损伤等非生物胁迫,而且参与了ABA和GA3激素的信号转导,表明BnTCP7基因在植物维持正常生长发育和逆境胁迫中可能发挥重要作用。     

芸薹属蔬菜Chs基因序列多态性

为探讨我国芸薹属蔬菜的起源及遗传多样性,克隆、测序芸薹属不同种的Chs基因序列。A基因组二倍体、A基因组多倍体、B基因组多倍体和C基因组二倍体的Chs基因突变位点数分别为120、172、194和25个,Chs基因多态性表现为:B基因组多倍体A基因组二倍体A基因组多倍体C基因组多倍体。Tajima'D、Fu and Li'D和Fu and Li'F检验表明A基因组二倍体、C基因组二倍体Chs基因是中性进化基因。HKA平衡检验及误配分析表明A基因组多倍体和B基因组多倍体Chs基因进化中存在选择作用。A基因组和B基因组间存在较低的共有差异和较高的共有多态性,C基因组与A、B基因组存在较高的共有差异和较低的共有多态性。系统发育树将芸薹属Chs基因序列分成4个亚支、10个支系。网状分析表明,白菜可能是四倍体A基因组的供体,黑芥可能是四倍体B基因组的供体,甘蓝可能是四倍体C基因组的供体。中国芸薹属蔬菜在Chs基因位点有较高的遗传多态性,不同基因组间分化程度不一样,B基因组分化较大,A和C基因组分化较小。A和B基因组的亲缘关系较A和C基因组以及B和C基因组更为接近。建议根据基因组的不同将中国芸薹蔬菜分成白菜组、芥菜组和甘蓝组,研究结果支持芸薹属进化的禹式三角模型。     

与甘蓝型油菜重要经济性状有关的DNA克隆在拟南芥遗传图谱中的整合

拟南芥与油菜同属十字花科植物芸寡族,亲缘关系很近,基因组间的同源性很高,在用拟南芥EST克隆和油菜DNA克隆作探针定位了甘蓝型油菜一系列重要性状的基础上,对25个与油菜雄性不育恢复基因,硼高效利用基因,抗菌核病QTL及油菜种间杂种营养优势相关联的克隆进行了测序,在拟南芥基因组数据库中寻找到与这25个克隆高度同源的序列,根据这些高度同源序列在拟南芥染色体上的相位位置,将油菜DNA克隆整合到了拟南芥遗传图谱上,其中油菜硼高效基因BE1两侧的标记克隆整合在拟南芥第一染色体长臂一个较小的区段内,以该目标区段内的拟南芥EST克隆PA24为探针对甘蓝型油菜基因组比较作图,将该克隆定位在油菜连锁图BE1两侧标记之间,表明了利用基因组间的相互比较作图来精细定位芸薹属作物重要基因的可能性。     

Temporal and host-related variation in frequencies of genes that enable Phyllotreta nemorum to utilize a novel host plant, Barbarea vulgaris

The flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an intermediate specialist feeding on a small number of plants within the family Brassicaceae. The most commonly used host plant is Sinapis arvensis L., whereas the species is found more rarely on Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., Barbarea vulgaris R.Br., and cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The interaction between flea beetles and Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata (Opiz.) Simkovics seems to offer a good opportunity for experimental studies of coevolution. The plant is polymorphic, as it contains one type (the P‐type) that is susceptible to all flea beetle genotypes, and another type (the G‐type) that is resistant to some genotypes. At the same time, the flea beetle is also polymorphic, as some genotypes can utilize the G‐type whereas others cannot. The ability to utilize the G‐type of B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata is controlled by major dominant genes (R‐genes). The present investigation measured the frequencies of flea beetles with R‐genes in populations living on different host plants in 2 years (1999 and 2003). Frequencies of beetles with R‐genes were high in populations living on the G‐type of B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata in both years. Frequencies of beetles with R‐genes were lower in populations living on other host plants, and declining frequencies were observed in five out of six populations living on S. arvensis. Selection in favour of R‐genes in populations living on B. vulgaris is the most likely mechanism to account for the observed differences in the relative abundance of R‐genes in flea beetle populations utilizing different host plants. A geographic mosaic with differential levels of interactions between flea beetles and their host plants was demonstrated.     

Molecular phylogenetic studies of Brassica, rorippa, arabidopsis and allied genera based on the internal transcribed spacer region of 18S-25S rDNA

The phylogenetic relationships of nine genera in four tribes of the family Brassicaceae were estimated from the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the 18S-25S nuclear ribosomal DNA. The entire ITS region of 16 accessions belonging to 10 species of seven genera was sequenced. Eight published sequences of Brassicaceae were also used. A total of 27 sequences were included in this study; four of them were found to be pseudogenes. Both the neighbor-joining and the parsimony trees suggest that the nine genera can be divided into three groups: (1) Arabidopsis, Cardaminopsis, Capsella, and Lepidium; (2) Rorippa and Cardamine; and (3) Brassica, Sinapis, and Raphanus. In contradiction to the proposal that Cardaminopsis and Arabidopsis be put into an expanded tribe Arabideae, our data show that these two genera are more closely related to Capsella and Lepidium (tribe Lepidieae) than to Rorippa and Cardamine (tribe Arabideae). Further, our data show that within the tribe Brassiceae, Raphanus is more closely related to B. nigra than to the B. oleracea/B. rapa clade. This result is in agreement with the nuclear data obtained in several studies, but is in conflict with the RFLP data of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA. As pointed out by previous authors, it is possible that Raphanus is a hybrid between the B. nigra and B. oleracea/B. rapa lineages with the latter as the maternal parent.     

甘蓝型油菜BnCYP79B1基因的克隆与表达

硫苷是十字花科植物的一种次生代谢产物,其合成途径受细胞色素P450的CYP79家族蛋白的调控,该实验采用同源克隆技术在甘蓝型油菜中克隆到了CYP79B1基因,命名为BnCYP79B1(GenBank登录号为JX535391.1)。BnCYP79B1基因cDNA全长1 625bp,编码一个含有541个氨基酸、理论等电点为8.88。序列对比结果显示,BnCYP79B1与花椰菜CYP79B1在DNA序列上的相似性为98.83%,推测蛋白氨基酸序列的相似性为99.26%。通过不同时期不同部位BnCYP79B1基因表达量的分析,发现BnCYP79B1基因在高秆高硫苷品系的根中表达量较高,而对矮秆高硫苷品系则是叶中表达量较高。在BnCYP79B1表达总量上,高秆品系较矮秆品系高,高硫苷品系较低硫苷品系高。     

萝卜TALE转录因子家族的鉴定与分析

TALE (three-amino acid loop extension)转录因子在植物生长发育及细胞分化过程中起重要作用。在多种植物中均已鉴定出TALE转录因子的家族成员,但是萝卜TALE转录因子家族的研究鲜有报道。文中通过生物信息学手段在象牙白萝卜全基因组中鉴定出了分布于9条染色体上的33个TALE家族基因。研究结果显示,该家族中除与拟南芥KNATM同源的基因Rsa10037940外,其余基因均含有编码HOX保守结构域的序列。这些基因含有4–6个外显子。萝卜的33个TALE基因与拟南芥中的17个同源基因存在共线性关系。33个TALE基因启动子区的顺式元件中包含大量逆境响应元件。表达特性分析显示,该基因家族BELL亚家族内有4个基因在根内表达量较高,KNOX亚家族内有2个基因在薹和愈伤中表达量较高。该家族不同亚型成员之间的蛋白3D结构高度相似。编码蛋白均为弱酸、有亲水性。萝卜TALE基因家族在进化上较为保守,分化上与拟南芥存在一致性,与水稻差异较大。本研究为开展萝卜中TALE转录因子的生物学功能研究提供了重要参考。     

小菜蛾幼虫对不同寄主的取食嗜好性及其适宜性

对不同寄主种类、不同寄主形态和不同寄主饲喂的小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫之间的取食嗜好性比较试验表明,小菜蛾幼虫优先取食大白菜、萝卜或菜心幼苗,其次为油菜和甘蓝幼苗,在大白菜与油菜幼苗之间的取食选择比例是93.33%和6.67％;在甘蓝与菜心幼苗之间的取食选择比例是16.67%和83.33%.小菜蛾幼虫的取食嗜好性受饲喂寄主种类的影响,偏食大白菜或菜心幼苗.小菜蛾幼虫选择寄主取食的次序与寄主体内可溶性糖或淀粉含量没有明显关系,但与两者的相对量呈一定的负相关.取食大白菜或菜心幼苗的小菜蛾生长良好,单头取食达0.583～0.637 cm², 单头体重达2.07～2.18 mg, 与取食甘蓝或油菜幼苗的幼虫在取食量、个体发育方面有明显差异.小菜蛾幼虫也喜好取食已经被虫危害过的幼苗.     

Chemosystematic studies on certain species of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) in Egypt

The flavonoids of nine selected species belonging to different tribes of family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) native to Egypt were surveyed, viz. Rorippa palustris, Coronopus squamatus, Eremobium aegyptiacum, Moricandia nitens, Brassica tournefortii, Farsetia aegyptia, Matthiola livida, Anastatica hierochuntica and Sisymbrium irio. Thirty-eight compounds were isolated and identified, which included six flavonol aglycones, 24 flavonol glycosides including 14 flavonol 3,7-diglycosides, one flavone aglycone, three flavone O–glycosides, two glycoflavones and two dihydroflavonoids. A numerical analysis based on a combination of 97 morphological, anatomical and chemical characters revealed two series, two subseries, two clusters and two groups. The interrelationships between the studied species are discussed.     

Host plant use of Phyllotreta nemorum: do coadapted gene complexes play a role?

The view of (insect) populations as assemblages of local subpopulations connected by gene flow is gaining ground. In such structured populations, local adaptation may occur. In phytophagous insects, one way in which local adaptation has been demonstrated is by performing reciprocal transplant experiments where performance of insects on native and novel host plants are compared. Trade-offs are assumed to be responsible for a negative correlation in performance on alternative host plants. Due to mixed results of these experiments, the importance of trade-offs in host plant use of phytophagous insects has been under discussion. Here we propose that another genetic mechanism, the evolution of coadapted gene complexes, might also be associated with local adaptation. In this case, however, transplant experiments might not reveal any local adaptation until hybridization takes place. We review the results we have obtained in our work on the host plant use of the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), and propose a hypothesis involving coadapted genes to explain the distribution of genes that render P. nemorum resistant to defences of one of its host plants, Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (Cruciferae).