根际低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系呼吸代谢的影响

采用营养液栽培方法,研究了低氧胁迫对两个耐低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种根系呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明：低氧胁迫下,两个黄瓜品种根系三羧酸循环显著受阻,无氧呼吸代谢被促进.与耐低氧能力较弱的中农8号相比,耐低氧能力较强的绿霸春4号根系琥珀酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性的降低幅度较小,乳酸脱氢酶活性、乳酸和丙酮酸含量的增加幅度较小,而丙酮酸脱羧酶、乙醇脱氢酶活性及乙醇、丙氨酸含量的增加幅度较大;低氧胁迫8d时,与相应对照相比,绿霸春4号根系乙醇脱氢酶活性及乙醇和丙氨酸含量分别增加了409.30%、112.13%和30.64%,中农8号根系分别增加了110.42%、31.84%和4.78%,这是两个黄瓜品种耐低氧能力差异的主要生理原因.两品种幼苗根系丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性和乙醛含量没有显著差异.表明低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系乙醇发酵代谢途径的增强和丙氨酸的积累有利于防御低氧伤害.     

外源亚精胺对低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系多胺含量和呼吸代谢酶活性的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下外源亚精胺对2个抗低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种(‘中农八号’和‘绿霸春四号’)根系中多胺含量和呼吸代谢相关酶活性的影响.结果表明,单纯低氧处理下,黄瓜幼苗根系中腐胺、亚精胺和精胺含量显著提高,异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性显著降低,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC)活性显著提高.同时,与抗低氧能力弱的‘中农八号’相比,抗低氧能力强的‘绿霸春四号’根系LDH活性增加幅度较低,ADH活性增加幅度较高,IDH和SDH活性降幅也较小;外源亚精胺能显著提高低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系中亚精胺和精胺含量,降低腐胺含量;根系中LDH、ADH和PDC活性降低,IDH和SDH活性升高,说明黄瓜幼苗根系中较高的亚精胺、精胺含量可能有利于提高根系有氧呼吸能力,缓解低氧胁迫对植株的伤害.     

低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系无氧呼吸酶和抗氧化酶活性的影响

对两个抗低氧胁迫能力不同的黄瓜品种进行营养液水培,研究了低氧胁迫下植株根系中无氧呼吸酶和抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,低氧胁迫下,黄瓜植株生长受到抑制,鲜重和干重显著降低,根系中蛋白质含量降低,而根系中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、丙酮酸脱羧酶（PDC）、乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在低氧胁迫下显著提高,且提高的幅度与品种抗低氧胁迫能力的强弱有关,与“中农8号”相比,抗低氧性胁迫能力较强的“绿霸春四号”根系内LDH活性增幅较小,而ADH、PDC、SOD、POD和CAT活性增幅较大。说明较高的ADH、PDC、SOD、POD、CAT活性和较低的LDH活性有利于增强幼苗植株抗低氧胁迫的能力。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜根系呼吸代谢的影响

用容重分别为1.20和1.55 g· cm-3的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对‘津春4号'黄瓜根系呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明:土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜根系中丙酮酸脱羧酶、乙醇脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性显著提高;无氧呼吸主要产物(乙醇、乙醛和乳酸)含量显著升高;参与有氧呼吸的苹果酸脱氢酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性显著下降,丙酮酸和琥珀酸含量显著提高,苹果酸含量显著下降.说明在土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜根系的有氧呼吸受到显著抑制,无氧呼吸过程加强.     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜根系呼吸代谢的影响

用容重分别为1.20和1.55 g·cm^-3的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对‘津春4号’黄瓜根系呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明: 土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜根系中丙酮酸脱羧酶、乙醇脱氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性显著提高;无氧呼吸主要产物(乙醇、乙醛和乳酸)含量显著升高;参与有氧呼吸的苹果酸脱氢酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性显著下降,丙酮酸和琥珀酸含量显著提高,苹果酸含量显著下降.说明在土壤紧实胁迫条件下,黄瓜根系的有氧呼吸受到显著抑制,无氧呼吸过程加强.     

D-精氨酸对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系多胺含量和无氧呼吸代谢的影响

采用营养液水培法,研究了根际低氧胁迫下D-精氨酸（D-Arg）对两个抗低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种根系中多胺含量和无氧呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明,低氧处理下,黄瓜幼苗根系中多胺含量显著增加,无氧呼吸代谢能力提高;与抗低氧能力弱的‘中农八号’相比,抗低氧能力强的‘绿霸春四号’根系中乙醇发酵活性较高,乳酸发酵活性较低;低氧胁迫下,D-精氨酸能显著降低黄瓜幼苗根系中腐胺、亚精胺和精胺含量,根系中乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性增加,乙醇和乳酸含量升高,植株生长受到抑制,而外源腐胺能缓解D-精氨酸的这种作用.说明黄瓜幼苗根系中较高的多胺含量可能有利于缓解低氧胁迫对植株造成的伤害.     

外源亚精胺对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系多胺含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下外源亚精胺对两个抗低氧能力不同的黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)品种(‘中农8号’和‘绿霸春4号’)根系中多胺含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明,外源亚精胺能显著提高低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系中亚精胺和精胺含量,降低腐胺含量,同时,根系中SOD、POD、CAT活性也相应提高,使得幼苗鲜重和干重明显增加;单纯低氧处理及外源亚精胺的加入,抗低氧能力较强的品种‘绿霸春4号’较抗低氧能力较弱的品种‘中农8号’根系中抗氧化酶活性高。黄瓜幼苗根系中较高的亚精胺、精胺含量和较低的腐胺含量可能有利于提高抗氧化酶活性,增强幼苗的低氧逆境适应能力。     

Ca2+对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和根系无氧呼吸酶的影响

采用营养液水培,以抗低氧能力不同的2个黄瓜品种为试材,研究了Ca2+对黄瓜幼苗植株生长和根系无氧呼吸酶活性的影响.结果表明,在低氧胁迫下,LDH、PDC和ADH活性提高程度与幼苗的抗低氧性和Ca2+浓度密切相关.与抗低氧性较弱的"中农8号"相比,抗低氧性强的"绿霸春4号"幼苗根系LDH活性增加缓慢,而PDC和ADH活性增加幅度较大,因此增强了植株对低氧胁迫的抗性.低氧胁迫下,营养液中8 mmol·L-1 Ca2+处理能显著提高根系ADH活性,降低LDH和PDC活性,0 mmol·L-1 Ca2+处理表现出相反的规律.由此可以说明,低氧胁迫下,Ca2+能够提高ADH活性,降低LDH和PDC活性,可增强黄瓜植株对低氧胁迫的抗性.     

低氧胁迫对不同耐性黄瓜品种根系抗氧化系统的影响

低氧胁迫下,两品种黄瓜幼苗根中活性氧、丙二醛(MDA)和抗氧化剂含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性均显著提高,耐低氧性较强的‘绿霸春4号’根中活性氧和丙二醛含量上升幅度小于耐低氧性较弱的‘中农8号’,而保护酶活性和还原型抗氧化剂含量提高幅度大于‘中农8号’。     

根际低氧逆境对网纹甜瓜幼苗生长及根系呼吸代谢途径的影响

以耐低氧性具有明显差异的两个网纹甜瓜(Cucumis melo var. raticulalus)品种为试材,研究了根际低氧胁迫下幼苗生长、根系活力及根系呼吸关键酶活性的变化。结果表明,根际低氧胁迫下,两品种幼苗生长均受到明显抑制,而根系活力升高;根系PDC活性两品种均显著提高,品种间无显著差异; MDH活性两品种均显著降低,且耐低氧性弱的‘西域一号’下降幅度较大;根系ADH和LDH活性两品种均显著提高,耐低氧性强的‘东方星光’ADH活性增加的幅度显著高于耐低氧性弱的‘西域一号’,而‘西域一号’LDH活性增加幅度显著高于‘东方星光’。说明‘东方星光’在低氧胁迫下能保持较高的有氧呼吸水平,无氧呼吸的主要途径为乙醇发酵,而‘西域一号’在低氧胁迫下无氧呼吸的主要途径为乳酸发酵。     

24-表油菜素内酯对低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系抗氧化系统及无氧呼吸酶活性的影响

用营养液水培,研究了根际低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对2个抗低氧能力不同的黄瓜品种根系中抗氧化系统及无氧呼吸酶活性的影响。结果表明,在低氧胁迫下,EBR处理显著提高了低氧胁迫下2品种黄瓜幼苗根系SOD、POD及ADH活性,降低了O2-·、H2O2和MDA含量、LDH活性及‘中农八号’根系PDC活性,而对‘绿霸春四号’根系PDC及2个品种CAT活性无明显影响,表明外源EBR处理通过促进低氧胁迫下根系中抗氧化酶和ADH活性的提高,降低LDH活性及ROS含量,增强植株抗低氧胁迫的能力。     

外源多胺对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和膜脂过氧化的影响

以抗低氧能力不同的2个黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)品种为试材, 研究了外源多胺对黄瓜幼苗植株生长、光合特性和膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明, 外源多胺能显著提高低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片的净光合速率和水分利用率, 降低叶片中丙二醛含量和质膜透性, 使幼苗鲜重和干重明显增加。因此在低氧胁迫下, 外源喷施多胺能提高幼苗叶片的净光合速率, 促进植株生长, 缓解胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害。此外, 与抗低氧能力较强的品种绿霸春4号相比, 外源多胺对抗低氧能力较弱的品种中农8号的影响更明显。     

Effect of root-applied spermidine on growth and respiratory metabolism in roots of cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis>) seedlings under hypoxia

The effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) application to hypoxic nutrient solution on the contents of endogenous polyamines (PAs) and respiratory metabolism in the roots of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings were investigated. Cucumber seedlings were grown hydroponically in control and hypoxic nutrient solutions with and without addition of Spd at a concentration of 0.05 mM. The activities of key enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCAC), such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), were significantly inhibited under root-zone hypoxia with dissolved oxygen (DO) at 1 mg/l. In contrast, the activities of enzymes involved in the process of fermentation, such as pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT), were significantly increased. Thus, aerobic respiration was inhibited and fermentation was enhanced in the roots of cucumber seedlings as a result of decreasing ATP content to inhibit the dry weight of seedlings under hypoxic stress. Moreover, the contents of free, soluble conjugated, and insoluble bound putrescine (Put), Spd, and spermine (Spm) in the roots of cucumber seedlings were significantly increased under hypoxia stress. Interestingly, application of Spd to hypoxic roots markedly suppressed the accumulation of free Put and, in contrast, promoted an increase in free Spd and Spm, as well as soluble conjugated and insoluble bound Put, Spd, and Spm contents. From these data, we deduced that exogenous Spd promotes the conversion of free Put into free Spd and Spm, and soluble conjugated and insoluble bound PAs under hypoxia stress. Furthermore, the activities of LDH, PDC, and ADH were suppressed and, in contrast, the activities of SDH and IDH were enhanced by application of exogenous Spd to hypoxic roots. As a result, aerobic respiration was enhanced but fermentation metabolism was inhibited in the roots of cucumber seedlings, leading to an increase in ATP content to alleviate the inhibited dry weight of seedlings due to hypoxia stress. These results suggest that application of Spd to hypoxic nutrient solution promoted conversion of free Put into free Spd and Spm as well as soluble conjugated and insoluble bound PAs, further enhanced IDH and SDH activities, and inhibited ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation, resulting in increased ATP content and eventually enhanced tolerance of cucumber plants to root-zone hypoxia.     

低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯对黄瓜幼苗根系生长及其无氧呼吸同工酶表达的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了低氧胁迫下24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对黄瓜幼苗根系生长及其无氧呼吸同工酶表达的影响.结果表明:低氧胁迫增强了黄瓜幼苗根系丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶的表达,低氧胁迫下施用外源EBR的第3天PDC、ADH同工酶的表达量分别提高了18.8％、28.8％,而第6、第9天PDC、ADH、LDH同工酶的表达减弱,比单纯低氧处理分别降低19.5％、25.6％、53.4％及26.4％、26.0％、28.4％;低氧胁迫至第9天,黄瓜幼苗根系的生长受到了显著抑制(P＜0.05),而低氧胁迫下施用EBR,黄瓜幼苗根系的生长受抑制程度减轻,其根系总长、干重、根尖数较单纯低氧处理显著增加(P＜0.05),低氧抑制了黄瓜幼苗根系的生长,低氧胁迫下营养液添加EBR可调节黄瓜根系无氧呼吸同工酶的表达,缓解低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系的伤害.     

Effect of root applied 24-epibrassinolide on carbohydrate status and fermentative enzyme activities in cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis> L.) seedlings under hypoxia

The effects of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) added to nutrient solution on growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under root-zone hypoxia were investigated. Cucumber seedlings were hydroponically grown for 8 days in normoxic and hypoxic nutrient solutions with and without addition of EBR at 1 μg l⁻¹. EBR exerted little influence on plant performance in the normoxic nutrient solution, while the chemical alleviated root-zone hypoxia-induced inhibition of root and shoot growth and net photosynthetic rate (Pn). EBR added to hypoxic nutrient solution caused an increase in the concentration of fructose, sucrose, and total soluble sugars in the roots but not in the leaves. Root-zone hypoxia enhanced the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and pyruvate decarboxylase in the roots. Interestingly, EBR further enhanced ADH activity but lowered LDH activity in hypoxic roots. These results suggest that EBR added to hypoxic nutrient solution may stimulate the photosynthate allocation down to roots and the shift from lactate fermentation to alcohol fermentation in hypoxic roots, resulting in the increase in ATP production through glycolysis and the avoidance of cytosolic acidosis and eventually enhanced tolerance of cucumber plants to root-zone hypoxia.     

外源钙对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗ADH、LDH活性和同工酶的影响

以‘新泰密刺’黄瓜为材料,采用营养液栽培,外源使用Ca2+、钙离子通道抑制剂La3+与钙调素拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP),研究了钙对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系ADH、LDH活性和同工酶的影响。结果表明,低氧胁迫诱导产生了新的ADH和LDH同工酶条带。低氧胁迫下,ADH、LDH同工酶丰度和活性显著高于对照;外源增施Ca2+有利于Ca2+信号的形成和逆境信号的传递,营养液添加CaCl2缓解了低氧胁迫对黄瓜植株的伤害,ADH、LDH同工酶丰度和活性接近对照水平;La3+抑制Ca2+的吸收和体内运输,营养液添加LaCl3显著抑制了ADH和LDH同工酶丰度和酶活性,黄瓜幼苗植株生长受到抑制,生物量显著低于低氧处理,表明La3+加重了低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗植株的伤害;TFP抑制了低氧逆境胁迫信号的传递,营养液添加TFP抑制了ADH和LDH同工酶丰度和酶活性,ADH和LDH同工酶丰度和酶活性显著低于低氧处理,黄瓜幼苗植株生长受到抑制,黄瓜植株的低氧耐性降低。暗示外源Ca2+参与了低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系无氧呼吸代谢的调节,增强了Ca2+向植物体内的运输,缓解了低氧胁迫对黄瓜幼苗植株的伤害,增强了植物对低氧的耐性。     

Metabolic response of river birch and European birch and European birch roots to hypoxia

Flood tolerance of woody plants has been attributed to internal oxygen diffusion from shoot to root, metabolic adaptation within the root, or both. The purpose of this study was to compare several biochemical and physiological responses of birch roots to hypoxia in order to determine the nature of root metabolic adaptation to low oxygen tension. One-year-old seedlings of flood-tolerant river birch (Betula nigra L.) and flood-intolerant European birch (Betula pendula Roth) were transferred to solution culture, and the solutions were bubbled with air or nitrogen. After 18 days of hypoxia, total adenosine phosphate and ATP contents of river birch roots were 35% and 23% of controls, respectively, whereas those of European birch roots were 13% and 8%. Adenylate energy charge of river birch roots decreased between 6 and 12 days of hypoxia. In contrast, energy charge of European birch roots decreased after only 1 day of hypoxia. In vitro activity of cytochrome c oxidase and oxygen consumption capacity of excised roots from both birch species decreased under hypoxia. In vitro activity of alcohol dehydrogenase from roots of both species increased after 1 day of hypoxia. However, alcohol dehydrogenase activity from river birch roots increased 25-fold after 6 days of hypoxia, whereas that from European birch decreased back to control levels. Hypoxia decreased malate content of roots from both species. Metabolic adaptation within the root, rather than internal oxygen diffusion, appears to be responsible for the relative tolerance of river birch to hypoxia.     

Hypoxic induction of alcohol and lactate dehydrogenases in lupine seedlings

Seedlings of lupine (Lupinus luteus L. cv. Juno) were exposed for up to 96 hours to 1 to 2 kPa partial pressure oxygen (hypoxic treatment) and activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and their isoform profiles were determined. Roots of lupine seedlings were grown in a nitrogen flushed nutrient solution while their shoots were in air. Prolonged hypoxia led to a reduction of root elongation. This was accompanied by reduced increase in dry weight suggesting that insufficient carbohydrate supply was the cause of retarded growth of lupine roots. Hypoxically treated roots showed induction of ADH and LDH acivities. The maximum increase in LDH activity was low (2-fold) in contrast to ADH activity, which increased up to 7-fold. Hypoxic treatment of roots did not affect the activities of ADH and LDH in hypocotyls and cotyledons. Analysis of ADH and LDH activity gels indicated in roots 1 and 2 isoforms, respectively. The level of isozymes of both enzymes increased in roots upon exposure to hypoxic stress. Differences in isoenzymatic spectrum of ADH and LDH between roots, hypocotyls and cotyledons indicate organ specificity of isozymes of both enzymes. The importance of alcohol and lactate fermentation in roots to cope with hypoxic stress is discussed.