空间诱变高粱突变体的研究

1996年经返回式卫星搭载处理的纯系高粱品种晋粮5号（CK）的种子经次年播种后,获得少量矮秆早熟突变体（SP3）。此后连续二年播种,该突变体矮秆早熟性状稳定。该突变体与未经搭载的对照相比,有如下不同之处：（1）成熟期缩短15 d左右,株高降低40 cm。（2）穗长增加3.9 cm ,每穗籽粒数比对照多400粒。（3）SP3平均千粒重为34 g,对照为27 g。（4）SP3叶片变窄,变短,增厚,叶面积减少了43%～22%。（5）SP3穗轴长度比对照增加30%,各节间长度比对照缩短了67%～15%。（6）SP3种子中亮氨酸含量比对照增加15%,可溶性糖含量比对照增加25%,单宁含量降低了30%。     

高粱空间诱变选育后代的同工酶与RAPD分析

1996年,利用我国第17颗返回式卫星对高粱唐恢28号品系种子进行搭载处理后,从其SP1代获得一个特大穗型突变体（MTR28）。该突变体后代性状分离广泛,变异类型丰富,具有极高的选育价值,为了从生化与分子水平上评价上述空间诱变效应及其突变体后代不同选系的遗传变异性,本研究对从MTR28分离后代中获得的6个遗传稳定且具有不同特点的大穗,高产型优良变异选系SP10-11,SP11-11,SP13-5,SP14-9,SP14-21,SP20-2,以及未经卫星搭载处理的唐恢28号高粱品系为对照进行了酯酶同工酶和细胞色素氧化酶同工酶电泳和RAPD分析。两种同工酶的电泳分析结果表明：变异选系与对照之间以及不同变异选系之间在酶带种类及酶活性上均存在较大的遗传差异。其中,6个变异选系与对照之间在酯酶同工酶图谱中分别具有1-8条带的差异;在细胞色素氧化酶电泳图谱中具有1-5条带的差异。用22个引物在6个变异选系与对照之间进行RAPD扩增,其中有3个选系（SP11-11,SP13-5,SP14-21）在6个引物的扩增图谱中与对照存在DNA片段差异;另外3个选系分别在4、5、7个引物的扩增图谱中与对照存在扩增片段差异。以上RAPD分析结果进一步证实,6个空间诱变选系均在基因组水平上发生了明显的变化。     

空间搭载诱导水稻种子突变的分子标记多态性分析

以卫星空间搭载广东水稻品种特籼占13干种子,返地种植后经5代选择、培育,获得一批形态及育性变异的突变体及品系（种）,如株高变矮,稻穗变大,雄性不育等。为了探索空间诱变的本质,对选出的6个突变体及2个优良品系,选用了130个10－mer随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD经物和17对扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）引物组合,分别对其基因组DNA进行多态性位点扫描分析,两种方法的结果均显示：不同的突变体与原种DNA之间存在不同程度的多态性差异,且由两法得到的结果较接近,为6％－12％。此结果从分子水平上进一步证明了空间环境确实对植物种子存在诱变作用。     

洋葱种子含水量与贮藏温度对其寿命的影响

不同含水量（MC 7．1％－1．2）的洋葱种子贮藏在35℃、室温、15℃和5℃条件下1－3年,适度超于处理能延长种子的贮藏寿命;种子的贮藏寿命与种子含水量和贮藏温度密切相关。种子贮藏的最适含水量随温度的改变而发生相应的变化,35℃时MC为3．4％;室温时为3．4％－3．5％;15℃时为4．5％－5．1％。MC≤2．2％不利于延长种子寿命。在室温自然条件下贮藏1－3年,适度超干种子（MC3．4％）内MDA和H2O2含量、O2^-产生速率和LOX活性明显地低于未超干种子（MC7．1％）和高度超干种子（MC1．2％）,而抗氧化酶AsA-POD 、CAT和SOD的活性显著地高于未超干种子（MC7．1％）和高度超干种子（MC1．2％）。据此认为对脂质过氧化的抑制作用是适度超干种子耐贮藏的生理原因之一。     

S3307对大豆幼苗生长的影响

大豆（Glycinemax）品种浙春2号,以53307（浙江省农科院生化实验厂生产的5％乳剂）作如下处理：（1）l00mg·L－1浓度浸种（种子与药液量比为1：1．5）,Zh后播种;（2）土施（种子播后覆土以上述浓度均匀喷雾在土表）;（3）喷苗（大豆长至2片复叶展开时以上述浓度喷雾）。后两种处理的药液用量均为对skg·hm－2,以喷清水作对照。播种后10d调查出苗率,45d时每个处理取15株考查豆苗素质。试验重复3次,每次重复3盆,每盆定苗6株。另外还作了不同浓度S3307的比较试验（10、50、100mg·L-3种浓度,以清水作对照）,于大豆真叶展开时均匀喷…     

高空气球搭载实验对鸡冠花黄酮类化合物成分的影响

利用高空气球搭载了2个品种鸡冠花（Celosia cristataL.)的种子,进行空间诱变处理,飞行高度为40.112km,飞行时间近4h,回收后播种栽培,采收子一代（SP1）花序,将各组样品花序的乙醇提取物与Mg HCl,Zn HCl,1?Cl3-乙醇液,2%AlCl3-乙醇液,1%NaOH进行显色反应,呈现黄酮类化合物性质特征颜色,又以槲皮素,山柰酚,异鼠李素为对照品,采用HPLC法测定分析了各搭载组花序中黄酮醇的含是,并与地面对照组比较,结果表明,2个品种鸡冠花搭载组花序黄酮醇总量分别为0.859%,0.864%,比对照组分别提高90.04%,142.02%。高空环境诱变处理对鸡冠花花序中黄酮类化合物合成产生了显著效应。     

重离子辐射诱导玉米突变体I478的特性研究

通过田间试验,对玉米自交系掖478和经重离子辐射掖478干种子所获得的突变体1478的主要农艺性状和配合力进行了比较分析,结果表明：（1）1478植株形态发生明显改变,主要表现出株高、穗位高显著增加,气生根颜色发生改变;（2）1478的果穗性状总体变好,果穗长度、行粒数、穗粒数、穗粒重等性状极显著优于自交系掖478,但其果穗穗行数显著少于自交系掖478;（3）1478的主要生育时期如抽雄期、开花期、成熟期显著迟于自交系掖478;（4）自交系掖478配制组合的穗行数、穗粗、出籽率的平均值大于突变体1478配制组合的相应性状的平均值,突变体1478配制组合的单穗重、穗长、行粒数、百粒重、秃顶长度大于自交系掖478配制组合的相应性状的平均值。突变体1478一般配合力好,组合1478×N172单穗重量极显著高于临奥1号,单穗重量比临奥1号增加9．6％,可继续对该组合进行鉴定。     

扇贝兰的离体繁殖

1植物名称扇贝兰（Epidendrumcochleatum）。2材料类别成熟葫果中的种子。3培养条件（1）播种培养基为N6;（2）增殖培养基为VW“‘＋6－BA0．5mg／L;（3）壮苗和生根培养基为N。＋10％香蕉汁。培养基中含3％蔗糖、0．7％琼脂,PH5．4。培养温度为25士ZC,每日光照8h,光照度为1800IX。毛生长与分化情况取已停止生长的绿色葫果,先用75％的酒精浸泡30S后再放入10％次氯酸钠溶液中消毒20min,无菌水冲洗4～5次。切开果实,取果内白色粉末状种子接种于培养基（1）上。一个月左右,部分种子由黄变绿并逐渐形成原球体,再经20d左右的培养…     

Asp^126、Asp^130、Asp^134对人白介素18功能的影响

为研究人白细胞介素18(hIL-18)中一些氨基酸残基对IL－18功能的影响,用重叠延伸PCR定点诱变技术构建hIL-18突变体hIL-18D^126N、hIL-18D^130K、hIL-18D^134K。将突变体cDNA与原核表达载体pJW2重组并转化大肠杆菌DH5α。经热诱导表达,3个突变体占菌体总蛋白质的15％－31％以上。SDS－PAGE证实,表达的蛋白质以包含体形式存在。包含体经超声破坏,2mol/L尿素洗涤,8mol/L尿素溶解,Sephadex G-75柱纯化后,纯度均可达95％以上。Western印迹表明3个突变体与野生型hIL-8具有相同的免疫原性。纯化的突变体蛋白质经复性后,以诱导人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）产生于干扰素（IFN－γ）的能力为指标检测其活性,结果显示3个突变体的生物学活性分别为野生型IL－18的32％、8％、10％,表明hIL-18中126、130、134位的天冬氨酸（Asp)对其功能是必需的。     

空间条件对几种粮食作物的同工酶和细胞学特性的影响

搭载１９８７年发射的两颗返地卫星（８月５—１０日和９月９—１７日）的几种小麦、大麦种子,经回收后初步研究表明：（１）对发芽率的影响：空间处理的种子,其发芽率与对照无差别;（２）对茎及生育期的影响：空间处理的种子长成的幼苗比对照强壮,植株高度有些品种明显的矮于对照。生育期有不同程度延长;（３）对染色体结构的影响：花粉母细胞减数分裂观察表明搭载卫星的种子当代可诱导出比地面更多的染色体桥、落后染色体及染色体数目异于正常体细胞数目的现象。小麦品种Ｃｏｃｏｒｉｔ—７１经空间处理后花粉母细胞的染色体数目异常可高达２０．５１％,而地面对照组其花粉母细胞基本正常（２ｎ＝２８）;（４）对同工酶的影响：经空间处理的小麦种子酯酶、过氧化物酶的同工酶谱带空间处理的比地面对照减少。由此可见,空间处理可诱导纯合植物种子发生变异,为农作物育种创造一个新途径。     

黄瓜矮生突变体C1056的茎解剖结构及其生理特性分析

该研究以黄瓜矮生突变体C1056和野生型CCMC为材料,对其主要生理特性、叶绿体超微结构以及茎显微结构进行了观察、测定和比较分析,以探讨黄瓜株高调控机理并挖掘新的矮化种质,为黄瓜的矮化育种提供依据。结果显示:(1)突变体C1056的株高较野生型极显著变矮,且叶色加深、叶脉加粗、叶尖内卷、叶片皱缩,但茎粗、节间数与野生型无显著差异,而节间长度极显著低于野生型。(2)茎横切显微结构显示,突变体的维管束数量与野生型无显著差异,但导管直径缩小;纵切结果显示,突变体茎节间细胞长度变短,细胞变小,细胞数目略有补偿。(3)与野生型相比,突变体的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均有不同程度的下降,叶绿素/类胡萝卜素和叶绿素a/b的比值明显增高。(4)突变体叶绿素荧光各参数与野生型相比无明显变化;突变体的净光合速率较野生型降低8%,气孔导度、蒸腾速率较野生型分别提高15%和10%,但差异均不显著,而胞间CO2浓度显著高于野生型。(5)透射电镜观察结果发现,与野生型相比,突变体的叶肉细胞比较小,叶绿体所占细胞面积明增大,且叶绿体形状为半圆形和纺锤形,部分非正常结构的叶绿体的大部分基质、基粒片层未完全分化且不清晰,垛叠不整齐。研究表明,黄瓜矮生突变体C1056的矮化主要因其节间长度缩短以及细胞变小所致,且突变体的叶绿体结构受到一定程度的影响,但并未明显影响其光合能力。     

Gibberellic acid and dwarfism effects on the growth dynamics of B73 maize (Zea mays L.) leaf blades: a transient increase in apoplastic peroxidase activity precedes cessation of cell elongation

The relationship between apoplastic peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activity and cessation of growth in maize (Zea mays L.) leaf blades was investigated by altering elongation zone length. Apoplastic peroxidase activity in the elongation and secondary cell wall deposition zones of elongating leaf blades of the maize inbred line B73 was used as a control and compared to leaves of the dwarf mutant D8-81127, a near-isogenic line of B73 unresponsive to gibberellins, and to leaves of B73 plants to which gibberellic acid (GA(3)) had been applied via root uptake. Elongation zone length was increased by treatment with GA(3) through an increase in cell number as well as increased final cell length. The shorter elongation zone of dwarf leaves occurred primarily through reduced final cell length. Although elongation zone length differed among dwarf, control, and GA(3)-treated leaf blades, in all three treatments a transient increase in apoplastic peroxidase activity preceded a reduction in the segmental elongation rate in leaves. A peroxidase isoenzyme with pI 7.0 occurred in the leaf elongation zone during growth deceleration in all three treatments, and its activity decreased as growth displaced tissue into the region of secondary cell wall deposition. Growth cessation for all treatments coincided with the first appearance of peroxidase isozymes with pIs of 5.6 and 5.7. Based on the activity of particular isozymes relative to growth and differentiation, the pI 7.0 isoenzyme is most likely to be involved in cessation of cell elongation, while isozymes with pIs 5.6 and 5.7 are likely to be active in lignification.     

Incidence and relative effects of qualitative traits in west African dwarf goat

The incidence of important qualitative traits and their relationship with body measurement were examined in west African dwarf goats. The predominant coat type found in these goats was smooth hair. Among the 500 goats surveyed, 25% of the animals had no beard. The incidence of unilateral and bilateral wattle was 40 and 44%, respectively. Similarly, 13% of the goats were polled, while 87% were horned. The relative distribution of teats varied, 57% had two teats, 29% had three teats and 15% had four teats. The body length of goats with smooth hair was significantly longer compared to those with wool. Similarly, goats with no beard had larger abdomen (66 cm) and shorter legs (28 cm) relative to bearded goats (P<0.05). The tail was longer in goats that had neither horns nor wattles, and the number of teats was significantly associated with length of ear, tail and legs. Goats with two teats tended to have longer ears, tails and legs. This preliminary knowledge of the relationship between qualitative traits and body measurement need to be verified with a larger population of goats and could possibly help in selection of more productive goats.     

Physical restriction of pods causes seed size reduction of a brassinosteroid-deficient faba bean (Vicia faba)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A brassinosteroid-deficient mutant faba bean (Vicia faba 'Rinrei') shows dwarfism in many organs including pods and seeds. 'Rinrei' has normal-sized seeds together with dwarf seeds, suggesting that dwarfism in the seed may be indirectly caused by brassinosteroid deficiency. The mechanism of seed size reduction in this mutant was investigated. METHODS: The associations between seed orientation in the pod, seed numbers per pod and pod lengths with seed sizes were analysed in 'Rinrei' and the wild-type plant. KEY RESULTS: 'Rinrei' seeds are tightly arranged in pods containing two or three seeds. Seed size decreased as the number of seeds per pod increased or as the length of the pod decreased. Where no physical restriction occurred between seeds in a pod, the wild-type faba bean seeds had a nearly constant size regardless of seed number per pod or pod length. 'Rinrei' seeds in pods containing single seeds were the same size as wild-type seeds. Brassinolide treatment increased the seed size and the length of pods containing three seeds in 'Rinrei'. CONCLUSION: Seed size of 'Rinrei' is mainly regulated through a reduction of pod length due to brassinosteroid deficiency; physical restriction within pods causes a reduction in seed size. These results suggest a possible mechanism for increasing faba bean yields to optimal levels.     

Effectiveness of SC2053 as a chemical hybridizing agent for winter wheat

The use of chemical hybridizing agents (CHA) allows production of hybrid wheat seeds. We evaluated the effectiveness of a new CHA (SC2053) to induce male sterility on winter wheat in controlled growth conditions. CHA effectiveness was measured with the application of 4 doses (0–400–700–1000 g.ha^–1) at 7 stages. These stages were defined by the length of the main stem spike (1–4–7–11–15–20–40 mm). At heading, individual ears were isolated with a greaseproof paper bag. The seeds formed were counted on treated and control ears. The spikes' sterility was calculated three weeks after flowering. The sterility of the main stem's spike reached 95% to 100% for application of 700 g.ha^–1 and 1000 g.ha^–1 for main stem spike length of 7 mm to 20 mm. The effects of ear tillering (5 tillers per plant) on CHA effectiveness were also investigated. We observed a significant delay of ear development between the main stem and tillers so that complete sterilities were not reached for each dose. Since tillering in field conditions rarely exceeds 3 ears per plant, CHA effectiveness was studied on plants bearing 3 ears. The mean sterility of the first 3 ears was close to 100% for applications with 700 g.ha^–1 and 1000 g.ha^–1 at stages from 11 mm to 20 mm of main stem spike length.     

Gibberellin-responding and non-responding dwarf mutants in foxtail millet

The sensitivity of foxtail millet (Setaria italica Beauv.) dwarf mutants to GA was studied. Seedlings of dwarf mutants, Aininghuang (ANH) and CH84113 were treated with GAs (GA1, GA4, GA9, GA19 and GA20) using the micro-drop method, or by soaking in GA3 solution. Plants were also sprayed with GA3 solution at the jointing stage. It was found that ANH was a GA-responding dwarf mutant, whose leaf blade, leaf sheath and internode length increased significantly after GA application, whereas CH84113 was a non-GA-responding dwarf mutant. However, the mesocotyl in etiolated seedlings of both ANH and CH84113 responded to exogenous GA3 in a similar way. With the help of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, it was found that the endogenous GA1+3 level in leaves was lower in the GA-responding dwarf mutant ANH, but higher in the non-GA-responding dwarf mutant CH84113, compared with levels in normal cultivars.     

Inheritance and molecular mapping of a gibberellin-insensitive dwarf mutant in groundnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arachis hypogaea</Emphasis> L.)

A dark green dwarf mutant, TGM 167, was isolated from a gamma ray + sodium azide mutagenised population of cultivated groundnut breeding line, TFDRG 5. The mutant had a 45.8% reduction in height due to its shorter internodal length. Further, it was found to be insensitive towards exogenous GA₃ application, although it had nearly the same level of endogenous GA₃ as the parent. Genetic analysis revealed that the dwarfism is under the control of a single dominant gene. This dominant dwarfing gene was mapped with an SSR marker TC3H02 at a distance of 9.7 cM.     

TEMPERATURE-INDUCED CAVITIES AND SPECIALIZED PARENCHYMA CELLS IN THE VASCULAR CYLINDER OF PEA ROOTS

Pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) of six cultivars were planted in the field, in the greenhouse, or in growth chambers, in five different media, in light or dark, and at various temperatures (10–32 C). Under all conditions above 15 C the central portion of the vascular cylinder, in all cultivars except “Ageotropum,” tended to form cavities in almost every primary root examined. These cavities then became filled by the ingrowth of specialized parenchyma cells (SP cells). The formation of cavities and SP cells was temperature dependent since the roots grown below 15 C always formed central metaxylem tracheary elements (MTEs), without cavities and SP cells. Cavities and SP cells did not form over the entire root length. When the roots were longer than 3 cm, they started to form cavities and SP cells and continued for an additional 10–30 cm. After that, late MTEs formed in the central vascular cylinder, and no cavities and SP cells occurred regardless of temperature. Within an individual root grown above 15 C, cavities and SP cells tended to form during periods of fast growth, while during periods of slow growth large central MTEs formed instead.     

小麦矮秆突变体jm22d响应赤霉素处理的转录组学分析

为拓宽小麦矮秆遗传资源,利用γ射线辐照济麦22获得了一个赤霉素不敏感型矮秆突变体jm22d。株高相关性状调查结果及茎秆细胞学试验显示,jm22d株高为53±1.8 cm,比野生型（WT）低约20 cm。jm22d整株茎秆共有4节,比WT少一节且各节间长度显著小于WT。与WT相比,jm22d茎秆细胞长度缩短。赤霉素含量测定发现,jm22d叶片中赤霉素含量高于WT,而茎秆中赤霉素含量低于WT（P<0.01）,因此,jm22d株高降低与赤霉素转运途径出现异常有关。为了深入研究jm22d对赤霉素的响应机理,对jm22d和WT幼苗进行赤霉素处理,分别收取处理0（D0）、1（D1）和3 d（D3）的样品进行转录组学分析。结果表明,与WT相比,在jm22d中共筛选到696个上调和1 067个下调的表达基因,其中62个和349个基因在3个时间点分别表现为上调和下调表达。叶绿素含量测定表明,jm22d中叶绿素含量随赤霉素处理时间的延长而降低,聚类分析结果表明,差异表达基因主要富集在光合作用-天线蛋白（photosynthesis-antenna proteins,ko00196）、卟啉和叶绿素代谢（porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism,ko00860）、亚油酸新陈代谢（linoleic acid metabolism,ko00591）等通路,因此赤霉素处理对jm22d体内叶绿素含量的积累具有抑制作用。通过KEGG分析在植物激素信号转导途径中挖掘到5个差异表达基因（TraesCS2B01G582300、TraesCS2B01G600800、TraesCS2B01G556600、TraesCS2B01G630000和TraesCS6B01G439600）参与生长素、细胞分裂素等激素代谢途径,这些基因在jm22d中显著下调,这可能是jm22d矮化的重要原因。研究结果为矮秆突变体矮化机制的解析提供了重要参考。