主养“海蜇-缢蛏”生态养殖池塘细菌群落结构特征及其环境驱动因子

为了解海水生态养殖池塘细菌群落结构及其多样性变化,探讨环境因子对其影响,于2021年4月至8月应用16S rDNA高通量测序技术,分析比较了辽宁省东港市北井子镇主养“海蜇-缢蛏”生态养殖池塘水体和沉积物中细菌群落结构及其多样性差异,使用Spearman相关研究环境因子与门水平菌群间相互关系。结果显示,沉积物中细菌多样性指数明显大于水体中细菌多样性;水体与沉积物中细菌群落结构相似度低,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和未分类的（unidentified bacteria）菌门为二者共有优势菌门,水体中变形菌门主要以α-变形菌(α-Proteobacteria)为主,而沉积物中主要以γ-变形菌(γ-Proteobacteria)为主。Spearman相关性分析表明,OTUs丰富度前10的菌群门类中,变形菌门、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和放线杆菌门(Actinobacteriota)与总氮（TN）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,与总磷（TP）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;弯曲杆菌门(Campylobacterota)和未分类的菌门与TN呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与TP呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)与TN呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)与TP呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,其他门类与环境因子相关性不明显。可见,TN和TP是影响“海蜇-缢蛏”养殖池塘细菌群落结构特征的主要环境驱动因子。研究结果可为海水生态养殖模式微生态环境调控提供参考。     

北京市五大水系水体浮游细菌的数量特征研究

为掌握水域浮游细菌数量分布特征及其变化情况,采用荧光显微镜细菌计数法（AODC）于2016年6月至2018年9月研究了北京市五大水系浮游细菌的数量特征。结果表明,各水系浮游细菌密度分别为潮白河水系（0.24～28.46）×104 cell/mL,大清河水系（1.34～64.00）×10⁴ cell/mL,永定河水系（0.17～6.77）×10⁴ cell/mL,北运河水系（0.24～64.00）×10⁴ cell/mL,蓟运河水系（0.80～112.00）×10⁴ cell/mL。SPSS相关分析表明,各水系浮游细菌密度与水体理化因子间的相关性存在明显差异,大清河水系细菌密度与TN（P<0.05）呈显著正相关,与TP（P<0.01）和ADP(P<0.01)呈极显著正相关;永定河水系细菌密度与TAN（P<0.05）和TP(P<0.05)呈显著正相关,与ADP（P<0.01）呈极显著正相关;蓟运河水系细菌密度与Chl-a（P<0.05）呈显著正相关;潮白河水系及北运河水系细菌密度则与各理化因子均无显著相关性。从浮游细菌数量来看,各水系水质均较好,其中永定河水系水质最优。     

秋季降温期水温和饵料量对沙蜇无性繁殖的影响

20世纪末以来,沙蜇在东亚水域频繁暴发,不仅影响正常的渔业生产活动,也给海洋生态系统健康带来极大危害。在室内模拟秋季降温条件,研究了不同水温（4种降温条件）与饵料量（0.42、1.25、和4.2 μg C螅状体^-1d^-1）对沙蜇螅状体足囊繁殖与横裂生殖的影响。结果显示：1）秋季降温速度快慢导致的积温差异对沙蜇螅状体生成足囊数有显著影响（P < 0.001）,积温越大,螅状体生成的足囊数量越多,发现两者具有较好的线性关系（y=142.59x+208.39;R²=0.967）,低积温条件下的足囊萌发也较少;2）饵料量对螅状体无性繁殖的影响是有一定阈值范围的,在一定饵料量范围内,螅状体生成的足囊数量随饵料量的增加而增加,而超过一定阈值范围,过剩的饵料影响水质对沙蜇螅状体反而产生负面影响。3）秋季新繁育出来的当龄沙蜇螅状体可在越冬前发生横裂生殖,但横裂生殖的螅状体比例和放碟数量均较少。试验结果说明,全球变化背景下,积温升高、饵料量小幅增加均可能导致沙蜇秋季有性繁殖的当龄螅状体在越冬前生成更多的足囊,促进诱发翌年水母暴发。     

3种酰胺类稻田除草剂对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性

[目的] 研究稻虾共作模式条件下,稻田封闭除草剂对克氏原螯虾产生的急性毒性。[方法] 采用半静态试验方法,研究3种酰胺类除草剂（乙草胺、丙草胺和丁草胺）对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性,计算3种酰胺类除草剂对克氏原螯虾的安全浓度,并分析其LC₅₀衰减规律。[结果] 随着暴露时间和除草剂浓度的增加,虾体侧躺,步行足和游泳足活动频率降低,最终死亡。乙草胺对克氏原螯虾的96 h半致死浓度（LC₅₀）和安全浓度（SC）分别为0.0707和0.0146 mL·L^-1;丙草胺对克氏原螯虾的96 h LC₅₀和SC分别为0.0119和0.0021 mL·L^-1;丁草胺对克氏原螯虾的96h LC₅₀和SC分别为0.0073和0.0014 mL·L^-1。乙草胺、丙草胺及丁草胺除草剂LC₅₀随着暴露时间延长呈下降趋势,符合双曲线衰减模型,回归方程分别为：① y₁=2.0840x^-0.7380（R²=0.9973）;② y₂=0.1106x^-0.4930（R²=0.9872）;③ y₃=0.2236x^-0.7480（R²=0.9990）。克氏原螯虾对3种除草剂的敏感性由高到低依次为：丁草胺 > 丙草胺 > 乙草胺。[结论] 乙草胺和丙草胺可在稻田综合种养生产过程中按常规剂量使用,而丁草胺按常规剂量使用可能存在较大的风险。     

城市化地区典型水体的N2O排放通量特征——以南京市为例

内陆淡水水体是大气中N₂O的重要排放源,然而目前对于内陆典型城市水体N₂O排放通量的监测数据依然匮乏,典型城市水体的N₂O排放特征及驱动因素尚不清楚。本研究选取了南京市江北新区的典型水体,包括湖库、河流、养殖池塘和景观池塘,在2020年5月-2021年4月利用漂浮箱法连续监测了不同水体类型的水-气界面N₂O排放特征,并通过测定水环境特征,探究驱动水体N₂O排放通量的关键因素。研究结果表明,典型城市水体整体均表现为N₂O排放源,河流和养殖池塘的日平均排放通量最大,分别为（503±1236）μg m^-2 d^-1和（508±797）μg m^-2 d^-1,其次为景观池塘（（179±989）μg m^-2 d^-1）,而湖库的N₂O排放通量最小,仅表现为微弱的N₂O排放源（（54±212）μg m^-2 d^-1）。水体的N₂O排放呈现季节性差异,河流和养殖池塘夏季的N₂O排放通量显著高于其他季节（P<0.01）。水体全年N₂O排放数据与水体温度和溶解氧含量（DO）呈显著相关。而在温度较高的5月份-9月份（>20℃）,氮输入成为影响N₂O排放通量的关键因素（P<0.01）,因此控制城市水体的氮输入尤其是在水温较高的夏季是减少N₂O排放的有利措施。此外,由于水文化学条件差异等因素,小型封闭水体包括养殖池塘和景观池塘的N₂O排放通量差异较大,未来应加强监测不同水体的水文化学特征和N₂O的时空排放特征,探讨影响小型封闭水体水-气界面N₂O排放通量的具体驱动因素。此研究为城市区域N₂O排放的精准核算提供了数据支撑,为N₂O排放模型的修正提供了科学依据。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对云南石漠化土壤呼吸的影响

为探明"丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhiza，AM）真菌-植物-土壤"耦合作用对石漠化土壤呼吸季节动态的影响，采用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室和便携式光合作用测量系统，对圆柏（Sabina chinensis）接种摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae，FM）、根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus intraradices，RI）2种AM菌种处理下土壤呼吸季节动态进行野外连续定位观测，并探究AM真菌接种处理下石漠化土壤呼吸速率与植物生长、土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明：（1）相较于对照，接种AM真菌对石漠化生境土壤呼吸季节动态产生了显著影响（P<0.01）。AM真菌处理具有较高的土壤呼吸季节变化幅度，即根内根孢囊霉处理土壤呼吸速率（1.55-9.10 μmol m^-2 s^-1）显著高于摩西斗管囊霉（1.62-8.29 μmol m^-2 s^-1）和对照（1.23-4.46 μmol m^-2 s^-1）；（2） AM真菌接种处理下土壤温湿度变化对土壤呼吸的影响显著大于对照，即土壤温度与水分对土壤呼吸的平均解释量大小顺序为：RI （44.84%；52.35%）>FM （17.18%；41.65%）>CK （2.66%；16.55%）；（3）2种菌种处理下土壤呼吸速率均与土壤有机质、硝态氮、全氮、速效钾、树高、胸径及根系生物量呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.01或0.05），而与pH呈极显著负相关（P<0.01），但对照处理土壤呼吸速率除与pH呈显著负相关（P<0.05）外，与其它土壤理化指标相关性不显著；（4）土壤温度和水分、硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质、易氧化有机碳、速效钾、全氮及全磷对土壤呼吸变化的贡献最大，而胸径、树高、有效磷、微生物生物量、根系生物量及pH的影响次之。因此，"AM真菌-寄主植物-土壤"相互作用对石漠化生境土壤呼吸季节动态的影响，主要取决于不同AM真菌接种处理对土壤微气候（如含水量）、碳素（有机质、易氧化有机碳）、无机氮库（铵态氮、硝态氮）、根系生物量及磷钾养分可利用性的调控。     

高山嵩草气孔导度对环境因子的响应模拟

以青藏高原地区高寒草甸常见建群种高山嵩草（Kobresia pygmaea）为研究对象，利用光合测定仪于2018年7-9月测定高山嵩草气体交换参数与环境因子的日变化值，利用土壤水分测量仪及环刀法、透膜法测得0-10 cm土壤水分数据作为模型变量。首先，采用3种气孔导度模型对高山嵩草气孔导度进行拟合和检验，其次，用Jarvis模型、Leuning模型和Gao模型对高山嵩草气孔导度在不同月份（7，8，9月）日变化的模拟结果进行分析，最后，总结并讨论了气孔导度对3个主要环境因子（光合有效辐射（Photosynthetically active radiation，PAR）、气温（T_air）、饱和水汽压差（Vapor pressure deficit，VPD））的响应特征。主要研究结果：（1）3个气孔导度模型都可以较好地模拟高山嵩草的气孔导度变化，Leuning模型表现最好（R²=0.726），Jarvis模型次之（R²=0.659），Gao模型准确度最低（R²=0.624）。（2）高山嵩草叶片气孔导度对3个环境因子的响应敏感度为PAR > VPD > T_air。在5-35℃气温范围内气孔导度呈现"钟形"响应，在T_air为24.83℃时达到最高值；气孔导度随着光合有效辐射强度PAR的增加（300-2100 μmol m^-2 s^-1）而增加，在高PAR时G_s增速变慢，随后出现下降趋势；气孔导度随着VPD增加（0.12-3.48 kPa）而降低。（3）三个模型均可以较好地模拟高山嵩草气孔导度对环境因子的响应特征，其中最敏感的环境因子均是VPD。Leuning模型对T_air和VPD最敏感，而Gao模型对PAR最敏感，对T_air不敏感。以上结果以期为气候变化背景下青藏高原地区植物叶片气孔导度的响应变化以及更大尺度的陆面模式中气孔导度模型的应用提供参考。     

蒙古沙冬青根际土壤细菌群落组成及多样性与生态因子相关性研究

蒙古沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mongolicus）是中国西北荒漠唯一的常绿阔叶灌木,耐干旱、抗逆性强,在水土和荒漠化防治方面发挥着重要作用。为了探究蒙古沙冬青根际微生物多样性与生态因子互作机制,采用高通量测序技术测定了26个自然种群根际土壤细菌多样性;利用冗余分析（Redundancy analysis,RDA）探讨了根际细菌群落组成和多样性与生态因子之间的关系。结果表明：蒙古沙冬青根际土壤细菌隶属于15门、43纲、68目、123科、185属;主要优势细菌群为蓝菌门（Cyanobacteria）65.74%、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）21.72%、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）6.28%（相对丰度>2%）;优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）17.48%、放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）4.76%、γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）3.28%。RDA分析显示：生态因子能够解释蒙古沙冬青根际土壤细菌群落多样性52.69%的方差,其中年均降雨量（F=12.8,P=0.002）、纬度（F=5.1,P=0.016）、太阳辐射（F=5,P=0.02）是影响土壤细菌多样性的主要因素。研究结果可为深入认识荒漠生态系统中根际土壤细菌的群落结构和影响因素提供理论依据。     

莲虾共作池塘夏季浮游植物群落及其与环境因子关系

为研究莲虾共作生态系统夏季浮游植物的群落结构特征,于2018年6月至8月对洪湖莲虾共作池塘的浮游植物和水质进行了定量调查监测,并探讨了浮游植物群落结构变化与环境因子之间的关系。结果显示,共鉴定有浮游植物7门71种属,其中绿藻门种类最多,蓝藻门和硅藻门种类次之,三者共占浮游植物总种类数的83.1%。浮游植物优势种有8种,以蓝藻门和绿藻门为主。莲虾共作池塘夏季浮游植物密度和生物量分别变化在2.50×10⁶~6.20×10⁷ cells/L和0.93~24.36 mg/L之间,浮游植物密度总体表现为逐渐升高的趋势,而浮游植物生物量为先升高后降低的趋势,且浮游植物各门的密度、生物量月份间差异不显著(P>0.05)。浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数均以7月最高出现峰值,不具有明显的月份差异(P>0.05);夏季各月的浮游植物多样性指数均较好,表明莲虾共作池塘浮游植物群落结构处于较稳定的状态。冗余分析（RDA）显示养殖期间的浮游植物物种密度受水温（WT）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH₄ ⁺—N）、高锰酸钾指数（COD_Mn）等多种环境因子的影响,而影响莲虾共作池塘各月浮游植物分布的关键环境因子是WT、NH₄ ⁺—N、TN。     

1982-2020年安徽省净生态系统生产力时空格局变化及其成因

净生态系统生产力（NEP）是定量描述陆地生态系统与大气之间碳交换的重要指标。明确区域尺度NEP的时空格局及主导因子，有助于增强对区域碳循环变化机制的认知。基于BEPS （Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator）模型模拟结果，评估了安徽省1982-2020年NEP时空格局，分析了安徽省NEP对主要环境植被因子的敏感性，并借助通径分析和贡献率分析探究了影响安徽省NEP时空变化的驱动因子。结果表明：（1）1982-2020年，安徽省多年年均NEP为651.14 gC/m²，线性趋势变化率为1.10 gC m^-2 a^-1，总体呈显著增加趋势（P<0.01）。在空间上，NEP表现为"南北部较高、中部较低"的分布，显著增加（P<0.05）的区域占52.77%，主要分布在北部和南部，显著减小（P<0.05）的区域占7.11%，主要分布在西部和东南部。NEP重心有显著的北移趋势（P<0.01）。（2） NEP对大气CO₂浓度变化最为敏感，对降水变化最不敏感。时间上，NEP对叶面积指数（LAI）（P<0.01）、CO₂（P<0.01）和饱和水汽压差（VPD）（P<0.05）的敏感性变化显著增强，对总辐射的敏感性变化显著减弱（P<0.01），对气温和降水的敏感性变化不显著（P>0.05）。空间上，NEP对各因子的敏感性有地区差异性。（3）所选环境植被因子综合解释了NEP 79%的时空变化。LAI与CO₂是安徽省NEP时空变化的主导因子，为正贡献，气候因子为次主导因子，为负贡献。空间上，LAI为主导因子的地区主要分布在安徽省北部、中西部的大部分地区，占49.65%，CO₂为主导因子的地区主要分布在安徽省西北部与东南部的大部分地区，占44.54%。     

深圳近海表层浮游细菌分布特征及其环境影响因素

于2015年3月、5月、8月和10月在深圳市近岸海域(珠江口、深圳湾和大亚湾)采集表层水样,利用流式细胞仪测定总浮游细菌、高DNA含量亚群细菌(HNA)、低DNA含量亚群细菌(LNA)的丰度,分析它们的时空分布特点,阐释环境因子对浮游细菌时空分布格局的影响。结果表明,珠江口、深圳湾和大亚湾海域表层浮游细菌的平均丰度依次降低,分别为3.82×10~6个/mL、7.67×10~6个/mL和3.38×10~6个/mL。珠江口海域浮游细菌丰度由远岸到近岸递增,深圳湾海域湾内各站位浮游细菌丰度差异较小,大亚湾海域浮游细菌丰度空间差异不显著(P0.05)。浮游细菌丰度时间差异主要受温度影响,空间差异主要受营养盐和叶绿素a影响。HNA亚群丰度时空差异性比LNA亚群的大,HNA亚群受温度影响显著(P0.01),而LNA亚群与温度相关性不显著(P0.05)。环境对HNA和LNA亚群丰度的影响有许多相似之处,但两者对某些环境因子有着不同的响应,说明它们在近海表层生态系统中可能扮演着部分重叠但略有不同的角色。     

Bacterial Growth on Coral Mucus

Coral mucus-degrading bacteria were isolated by an enrichment culture procedure. The isolates were able to grow as pure cultures on 10% sterilized mucus in seawater, yielding 10⁸ CFU/ml. The isolates, mostly Vibrio strains, were classified by classical and molecular methods. When carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds were added separately to the mucus medium, there was no increase in CFUs; however, when they were added together, there was a large increase in cell yield. The indigenous bacterial population of coral mucus increased from 10³ to 10⁸ CFU/ml when incubated at 30°C for 11 h, changing from a heterogeneous community to a Vibrio-dominated population. Factors which regulate the abundance and diversity of coral mucus bacteria are discussed.     

Effects of Environmental Factors on Anammox Bacterial Community Structure in Sediments of a Freshwater Aquaculture Farm,Yangcheng Lake

Previous studies have reported wide distribution of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) bacteria in various ecosystems. However, little is known about the distribution of anammox bacteria under varying environmental conditions in intensive aquaculture systems. In Yangcheng Lake, a famous crab farm situated in the Yangtze River Delta, sediment samples were collected in October (feeding period) and January (nonfeeding period) to analyze the distribution and diversity of anammox bacteria and their relationships with environmental factors. Based on the functional biomarker of Anammox bacteria, hzo gene, anammox bacterial clone libraries were constructed and their abundances were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR). The Anammox bacteria were detected in the lake with the abundances ranging from 0.70 × 10⁵ to 6.05 × 10⁵ copies per gram of sediment. Sequences from eight clone libraries yielded seven unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs), distantly related to the Candidatus Jettenia genera with a similarity of about 91%. The Anammox bacterial community structures, diversities and abundances varied spatiotemporally with environmental conditions. In October, the level of the nitrogen compounds, the diversity, evenness and abundance of Anammox bacteria were higher than in January. The predominant OTU of samples changed from HZO-OTU-1 (34.25%) in January to HZO-OTU-2 (28.90%) in October. Moreover, the site (SW) nearing to sewage inlet was lack of HZO-OTU-7 in January. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the pore water NO₂^? concentration, ammonium to nitrogen oxides ratio (NH₄⁺/NO_x^?) and total organic carbon to total nitrogen ratio (TOC/TN) contributed most to Anammox bacterial community structures variances. Pearson correlations analysis revealed that the Anammox bacteria abundance had positive co-relationships with TN, NH₄⁺, NO₃^? concentrations, and negative correlation with TOC/TN in porewater.     

Heterotrophic bacterial and viral dynamics in Arctic freshwaters: results from a field study and nutrient-temperature manipulation experiments

Heterotrophic bacterial and viral concentrations (range, 0.7 × 10⁴ to 206.2 × 10⁴ ml⁻¹ and 0.05 × 10⁶ to 128.9 × 10⁶ ml⁻¹, respectively) were determined in several Arctic freshwater environments, including lakes and glacial ecosystems (78.55°N, 11.56°E). Our bacteria and virus results mirrored trends seen in temperate lakes, with an average virus-to-bacteria ratio (VBR) of 13 (range, 7.3–25.2) and viral concentrations and DOC positively correlated with bacterial concentrations (R = 0.964, P < 0.01 and R = 0.813, P < 0.05, respectively). Lysogenic bacteria, determined by induction with Mitomycin C, were not detected in any of the investigated Arctic freshwater environments. Nutrient-addition experiments at in situ and at elevated temperatures were performed to elucidate the factors which influenced the bacterial growth and the virus–bacteria interactions in Arctic freshwaters. Our results suggest that multiple limiting factors interacted and constrained bacterial growth. Bacterial concentrations and doubling times increased at elevated temperatures and appeared to be co-stimulated by phosphorus and carbon. However, viral concentrations showed a lack of response to nutrient addition thus indicating an uncoupling between bacteria and viruses in the experiment.     

再生水补水对河道底泥细菌群落结构的影响

以北京市永定河麻峪湿地再生水补水口附近河道底泥为研究对象,应用末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术探究再生水补水口附近底泥细菌群落结构的空间差异特征以及环境因子所产生的影响,并借助典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)方法分析麻峪湿地底泥细菌群落结构空间差异特征的形成原因。分析结果表明:河道底泥微生物群落对再生水的净化主要发生在距补水口1200m的范围内,随着再生水与上游来水径向混合净化渐变过程,在补水口2000m处河道底泥微生物群落结构与河道再生水补水口上游趋于相似。基于样点聚类结果的群落结构多样性分析表明随着再生水净化过程的实现微生物综合多样性指数呈现下降的趋势,从均匀度指数的变化趋势看,再生水补水口具有最高均匀度指数,补水口下游1200米处由于非优势菌群所占相对丰度最低以及偶见菌群缺失,导致群落结构比较单一、群落多样性和均匀度指数都最低。CCA方面分析结果表明再生水补水口上游细菌群落与因累积效应形成的重金属有密切关系,补水口出口底泥细菌群落则主要受到总磷和总有机碳的影响较大,而再生水补水与上游来水汇水径向渐变过程可能与氨氮净化具密切关系。研究区的主要优势菌种为假单胞菌属、贪食菌属和芽孢杆菌属,是与再生水中有机碳、氮降解具有密切关系的菌属。     

氮磷添加对内蒙古温带典型草原土壤微生物群落结构的影响

选取内蒙古温带典型草原,进行连续6a氮磷添加试验,采用土壤特征微生物PLFA生物标记技术,研究6个氮添加水平N0(0 kg N hm-2a-1)、N1(56 kg N hm-2a-1)、N2(112 kg N hm-2a-1)、N3(224 kg N hm-2a-1)、N4(392 kg N hm-2a-1)、N5(560 kg N hm-2a-1)和6个磷添加水平P0(0 kg P hm-2a-1)、P1(15.5 kg P hm-2a-1)、P2(31 kg P hm-2a-1)、P3(62 kg P hm-2a-1)、P4(93 kg P hm-2a-1)、P5(124 kg P hm-2a-1)对土壤特征微生物PLFA生物标记数量和土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)随氮添加量增加,土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量和土壤细菌PLFA生物标记数量、放线菌PLFA生物标记数量呈上升趋势,土壤G+/G-呈增加趋势;各氮添加水平对土壤真菌PLFA生物标记数量无显著差异,随氮添加量增加,土壤真菌/细菌比降低。(2)随磷添加量增加,土壤总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量、土壤细菌PLFA生物标记数量、放线菌PLFA生物标记数量、真菌PLFA生物标记数量及真菌/细菌比值呈先上升后下降趋势,均以P3水平(62 kg P hm-2a-1)处理最高,说明适宜的磷添加对内蒙古温带典型草原土壤微生物繁殖和菌落结构有显著影响。     

Most probable number quantification of hypophosphite and phosphite oxidizing bacteria in natural aquatic and terrestrial environments

Concentrations of hypophosphite and phosphite oxidizing bacteria were found to be high, relative to bacterial concentrations growing on phosphate, in sediment and soil during winter and summer seasons from 12 common terrestrial and aquatic sites using a most probable number method. The percent of total culturable bacterial concentrations that could use these reduced phosphorus compounds as a sole source of phosphorus were as follows: hypophosphite, 7–100%; phosphite, 10–67%; aminoethylphosphonate, 34–270%. The average MPN/g (±SEM) was as follows: phosphate, 6.19 × 10⁶ (±2.40 × 10⁶); hypophosphite, 2.61 × 10⁶ (±1.35 × 10⁶) phosphite, 1.91 × 10⁶ (±1.02 × 10⁶); aminoethylphosphonate, 3.90 × 10⁶ (± 1.95 × 10⁶). Relatively high concentrations of reduced phosphorus oxidizing bacteria were found in both pristine sites and sites with urban and agricultural disturbance. Concentrations of reduced phosphorus oxidizing bacteria in anoxic sediments and soil were equivalent. Our data indicate that reduced phosphorus oxidizing bacteria are abundant in the environment and provide strong evidence for the importance of bacterial P oxidation in nature.     

Rapid qualitative characterization of bacterial community in eutrophicated wastewater stabilization plant by T-RFLP method based on 16S rRNA genes

Waste stabilization ponds are a simple, low-cost extensive process for treating wastewater, and well adapted to low socio-economic conditions in developing countries where the microbial populations in these systems are not well characterized. The phylogenetic bacterial community structure within a Tunisian wastewater stabilization plant treating domestic wastewater was assessed by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism method targeting 16S rRNA genes and by the APLAUS+ software of the Microbial Community Analysis (MiCA) web based tool. The dimeric enzymatic digestion with HaeIII and HinfI restriction enzymes revealed high bacterial diversity within the plant where 11 bacterial phyla were identified. The total bacterial community structure includes bacteria catalysing nitrogen and phosphorus removal and bacteria involved in the sulfur cycle. The bacterial community was characterized by the dominance of Proteobacteria which was the most populous phylum (60%) followed by the Actinobacteria (20%), the Firmicutes (10.3%), the Bacteroidetes (2.3%), the Nitrospira (2.2%). Minor bacterial phyla groups occupied smaller fractions such as Chloroflexi, Deferribacteres and Verrumicrobia. T-RFLP analysis revealed also that The Proteobacteria phylum was characterized by the dominance of bacteria of The Gammaproteobacteria class.     

System optimization for attachment of Pasteuria penetrans to Meloidogyne incognita

For optimal mass production of Pasteuria penetrans in vivo, it is important to develop a system that can ensure 100% nematode attachment of the bacteria and high bacterial infection after inoculation. In this study, effects of endospore concentration and centrifugation parameters on attachment were investigated, followed by evaluation of impacts of centrifugation on endospore dislodgement, Meloidogyne incognita juvenile (J2) mortality, J2 infectivity, and bacterial infectivity. Endospore concentration and percentage of attachment fit well to mass-action and logit models, with the former being superior. Centrifugation had no impact on J2 mortality but had a great impact on endospore dislodgement in sand and water, nematode infectivity and bacterial infectivity. At nematode concentration of 2×10³ J2/mL, the optimal system for endospore attachment was developed which consisted of bacteria at 2×10⁴ endospores/mL, and centrifugation at 9000×g for 3 min three times. This system generated 100% attachment with approximately seven endospores/J2. After inoculation of treated nematodes to tomato plants, the inoculum yielded 47% bacterial infection, superior to 17% infection observed in centrifugation at 6000×g. Endospore dislodgement occurred after placing the centrifuged inoculated nematodes in sand or water for 24 and 48 h, which was more severe in centrifugation at 6000 than at 9000×g. Results also indicated that centrifugation led to lower nematode infectivity, regardless of endospore presence and centrifugation at 9000 or 6000×g, compared with the no centrifugation control.