赤水河两种荷马条鳅属鱼类的遗传多样性及谱系生物地理学过程分析

研究以线粒体Cyt b基因为分子标记,对赤水河两种荷马条鳅属（Homatula）鱼类（红尾荷马条鳅和短体荷马条鳅）的遗传多样性及种群结构进行了分析;同时,结合了对在长江上游其他几个水系分布的同种鱼类进行比较,分析其生物地理学过程。遗传多样性分析结果表明,5个水系135尾红尾荷马条鳅Cyt b基因序列共检测出42个单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.936和0.00493;其中,赤水河种群的分别为0.891和0.00208。3个水系52尾短体荷马条鳅Cyt b基因序列共检测出12个单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别0.821和0.01105;赤水河种群的分别为0.646和0.00390。基于ML和BI法构建的单倍型分子系统发育树结果表明,两物种各自构成单系,且得到较强支持。红尾荷马条鳅各种群地理格局分布明显,赤水河种群为并系类群位于分支基部。在短体荷马条鳅支系中,岷江与沱江两个水系的个体相互聚类在一起,而赤水河群体聚成一个分支。赤水河与其他水系不存在共享单倍型,表现了明显的隔离和差异性的地理分布格局。由于这些水系之间地理位置相距较远,推测这种格局的形成不是地质运动造成的水系隔离,而是历史时期水位的高低变化造成鱼类种群的扩散和隔离。错配分析支持赤水河两物种种群扩张的推断,但中性检验却并非全部支持,显示种群历史相对复杂。     

长江上游小眼薄鳅线粒体DNA遗传多样性

小眼薄鳅是长江上游特有的小型鱼类,自然分布狭窄。本研究采用线粒体细胞色素b(cytochrome b,cyt b)和控制区序列,对长江上游江津段和岷江下游宜宾段两个群体共108尾小眼薄鳅(Leptobotia microphthalma)样本的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明:小眼薄鳅群体cyt b序列共检出28个多态位点,34种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数(Hd)和核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.889和0.00382;控制区序列共检出变异位点49个,单倍型65种,Hd指数和Pi指数分别为0.958和0.00420。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示:小眼薄鳅采样点群体内的变异大于群体间的变异,遗传变异绝大部分来自群体内部,群体间无显著遗传分化(F_(ST)0.05),平均基因流(Nm)表明小眼薄鳅各采样点群体间基因交流十分频繁。基于Network网络结构可将小眼薄鳅样本划分成3个谱系,谱系间显示了显著的遗传分化(FST0.25),提示小眼薄鳅种群内部可能有隔离的产生。核苷酸错配分布及Tajima's D中性检验结果显示小眼薄鳅可能未发生种群扩张事件。     

中国近海细鳞鯻线粒体控制区的遗传多样性

通过线粒体控制区序列的分析,研究采自中国南海及东海5个群体102尾细鳞鯻的遗传多样性。发现在962 bp序列中有205个变异位点,其中135个为简约信息位点,共定义102个单倍型。中国近海细鳞鯻总体呈现出较高的遗传多样性特征(Hd=1.000,Pi=0.022),其中博鳌最高(Hd=1.000,Pi=0.028),平潭最低(Hd=1.000,Pi=0.014)。不同地理群体间无明显分化,基因交流频繁(Fst=-0.014—0.041,P0.05);中性检验均为显著负值,推测在16.9万年—5.06万年前,即中-晚更新世出现种群扩张。系统邻接树和单倍型网络图均出现3个显著分化的谱系(谱系间Fst=0.508—0.698,P0.001;净遗传距离Da=0.024—0.031),且各谱系中均有不同地理来源的群体。3个谱系间分歧时间大约在1.07百万年—0.24百万年前,推测可能是更新世冰期边缘海的出现导致群体隔离而产生分化。谱系A(Lineage A)包含85.3%的个体,其总体遗传多样性较高(Hd=1.000,Pi=0.012),其中平潭最高(Hd=1.000,Pi=0.014),合浦最低(Hd=1.000,Pi=0.010);群体间Fst在-0.021—0.068之间,P0.005;AMOVA分析显示只有1.97%的变异来自于种群间,表明群体间也无明显分化;中性检验均为显著负值,推测在25.4万年—7.6万年前出现种群扩张。中国近海细鳞鯻主要受到中-晚更新世海侵和海退的影响而出现种群扩张使得谱系间发生二次接触,最终形成具有显著谱系结构但无地理分化的情况。     

基于线粒体Cytb基因分析高原鳅种群遗传多样性与系统发育关系

以高原鳅(Triplophysa)属鱼类8个种群共75个个体的线粒体Cytb基因为标记,通过生物信息学分析高原鳅属种群遗传多样性和系统发育关系.结果表明,全长1 140bp的Cytb基因序列中共检测到527个多态位点,界定了61个单倍型,A+T含量(55.9％)高于G+C含量(44.2％).8个种群单倍型多样度(Hd)范围在0.667～1.000之间,核苷酸多样度(Pi)在0.001～0.089之间,其中似鲶高原鳅(T.siluroides)遗传多样性水平最高(Hd=1.000,Pi=0.089),壮体高原鳅(T.robusta)遗传多样性水平最低(Hd=0.667,Pi=0.001);叶尔羌高原鳅(T.yarkandensis)与黄河高原鳅(T.pappenheimi)间的遗传距离最远(D=0.243),达里湖高原鳅(T.dalaica)与壮体高原鳅间的遗传距离最近(D)=0.086);遗传分化系数表明:8个高原鳅种间存在着高度遗传分化(Fst＞0.25),并且种群之间基因流较弱(Nm＜1);分子系统发育进化树显示,细尾高原鳅与西藏高原鳅聚为一支,黄河高原鳅、似鲶高原鳅、壮体高原鳅、达里湖高原鳅四大种群聚为一支,贝氏高原鳅与叶尔羌高原鳅聚为一支.本研究为进一步对高原鳅属鱼类系统分类研究提供资料,以及对高原鳅保护措施提供了遗传学依据.     

长江上游异鳔鳅鮀线粒体控制区遗传多样性

异鳔鳅鮀(Xenophysogobio boulengeri)是长江上游特有鱼类,目前主要分布在长江上游干流及岷江江段,近年来其资源量呈显著下降趋势。本研究采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)控制区序列,分析江津、南溪、犍为和水富4个群体共178尾异鰾鳅鮀的遗传多样性。结果表明:异鳔鳅鮀线粒体控制区序列共检测出38个变异位点,定义41个单倍型;平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.817和0.002;分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示总群体间无显著遗传分化,绝大部分变异来自群体内部;但基因流(Nm)分析显示部分群体间基因交流受到阻碍,两两群体间的FST值支持部分群体间出现初步分化;错配分布及中性检验表明,异鳔鳅鮀在历史上曾发生过群体扩张事件,发生群体扩张的时间是0.0173 Ma;单倍型网络结构及NJ系统发育分析显示异鳔鳅鮀遗传结构比较单一。基于上述结论,应将异鳔鳅鮀作为一个整体进行就地保护。     

基于mtDNA D-loop分析高原鳅群体遗传多样性和系统发育

本研究以高原鳅属6个群体共82尾个体的线粒体DNA D-loop高变区为标记,采用分子生物信息学方法分析其遗传多样性及系统发育关系.结果表明,在570 bp的mtDNA D-loop中共检测到149个多态位点,由此界定了 39个单倍型.在6个群体中,单倍型多样度(Hd)由高到低依次为细尾高原鳅(T.stenura)(0.899)＞东方高原鳅(T.orientalis)＞似鲶高原鳅(T.siluroides)＞达里湖高原鳅(T.dalaica)/黄河高原鳅(T.pap-penheimi)＞湘西盲高原鳅(T.xiangxiensis)(0.286);核苷酸多样度(Pi)由高到低依次为似鲶高原鳅(0.042 59)＞黄河高原鳅＞细尾高原鳅＞东方高原鳅＞达里湖高原鳅＞湘西盲高原鳅(0.000 5);细尾高原鳅与湘西盲高原鳅群体间遗传距离(0.186)最大,达里湖高原鳅与东方高原鳅群体间遗传距离(0.027)最小;细尾高原鳅与达里湖高原鳅群体间遗传分化程度(0.989)最大,似鲶高原鳅与东方高原鳅群体间遗传分化程度(0.222)最小.其中仅有一个单倍型(Hap29)为达里湖高原鳅与似鲶高原鳅群体所共有,其余均为特有单倍型.进化树显示6个高原鳅群体分为三大支,其中细尾高原鳅自成一支;湘西盲高原鳅与黄河高原鳅聚成一支;其余东方高原鳅、达里湖高原鳅和似鲶高原鳅聚成一支.Network与系统发育树结果基本一致.就单倍型丰富度和核苷酸多样性而言,似鲶高原鳅遗传多样性较高,湘西盲高原鳅遗传多样性较低.就系统发育而言,群体间的分化程度支持了其分类地位;似鲶高原鳅、东方高原鳅和达里湖高原鳅的亲缘关系相对较近;不同的聚类推测高原鳅可能至少经历了 3次驯化事件.本研究结果为高原鳅鱼类生物多样性保护和评价提供遗传学理论依据.     

长江中上游银鮈线粒体DNA遗传多样性分析

银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)是长江常见小型鱼类,分布广泛于干支流,资源量较大。本研究采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)细胞色素b基因序列对长江中上游干流江津、荆州、监利、洪湖、黄石江段及支流赤水河、湘江等7个江段共217尾银鮈样品的遗传结构和遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,银鮈群体Cyt b基因序列分别检出了81个变异位点和97个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.966和0.008 6。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,长江中上游银鮈群体存在显著遗传分化。群体间两两比较分析发现,赤水河群体与其他群体基因交流程度低,遗传分化显著,其他群体间没有显著遗传分化。中性检验结果不支持银鮈历史上发生过群体扩张。     

怒江三种裂腹鱼属鱼类种群遗传结构

2007年4月到2008年8月,在怒江收集116尾光唇裂腹鱼,76尾保山裂腹鱼,35尾贡山裂腹鱼,测定其线粒体cytb基因序列以评估其遗传多样性。结果显示,光唇裂腹鱼116个cytb序列中定义了9个单倍型,14个多态位点,种群平均单倍型多样性Hd=0.8399±0.0124,核苷酸多样性pi=0.0025±0.0015。保山裂腹鱼76个cytb序列中定义3个单倍型,23个多态位点,种群平均单倍型多样性Hd=0.5544±0.0449,核苷酸多样性pi=0.0080±0.0041。35尾贡山裂腹鱼样本的cytb序列中定义8个单倍型,13个多态位点,种群平均单倍型多样性Hd=0.7664±0.0556,核苷酸多样性pi=0.0017±0.0011。由于近期的环境污染、水工建设、捕捞压力等使3种鱼各自在怒江下游形成隔离的、遗传结构简单的小种群。光唇裂腹鱼和贡山裂腹鱼历史上都经历过种群扩张,近期种群萎缩。约在(1.11±0.22)MaBP,保山裂腹鱼的烂渣河和保山东河2个种群分离,因此应当做2个进化显著单元进行管理。     

赣江和抚河南方鳅鮀的遗传多样性及遗传结构

南方鳅鮀（Gobiobotia meridionalis）是我国特有的一种小型底栖鱼类。本研究利用线粒体Cyt b基因对赣江巴邱镇江段55尾、万安县江段7尾和抚河抚州市江段48尾共计110尾南方鳅鮀样本的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析。结果表明,2个水系110尾南方鳅鮀的Cyt b基因序列共检测出45个单倍型,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.967 ± 0.006和0.007 1 ± 0.000 2,其中,抚州种群分别为0.911 ± 0.022和0.004 3 ± 0.000 2,巴邱种群分别为0.950 ± 0.015和0.003 7 ± 0.000 2,万安种群分别为0.810 ± 0.130和0.002 6 ± 0.000 5。群体遗传分化指数（Fst）表明,抚州种群与巴邱种群之间存在高度分化。分子方差分析（AMOVA）结果表明,赣江和抚河南方鳅鮀种群的遗传变异主要来自于种群内部（68.42%）。南方鳅鮀群体整体遗传多样性较高,且赣江巴邱种群和抚河抚州种群之间存在高度分化,建议以局部种群为管理单元,加强赣江和抚河流域南方鳅鮀的遗传多样性及资源保护。     

中国北鳅谱系地理学分析

北鳅(Lefua costata)为冷水性鱼类, 分布于淮河以北, 分析遗传结构能够反映其适应环境变迁的响应。基于线粒体D-loop区211条序列分析了我国北鳅的谱系地理学和遗传多样性, 样本采自9条水系共18个样点。单倍型分析显示共计55个单倍型, 呈高单倍型多样性(h=0.9304)和高核苷酸多样性(π=0.0087)。单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性最高的为辽东半岛种群(LD) (h=0.8920, π=0.0074), 其他地理种群距辽东半岛越远, 单倍型多样性越低。遗传距离(K2P)、群体间的遗传分化指数(F_ST)及AMOVA分子方差分析均显示LD种群与其他地理种群存在显著分化。基于单倍型构建的分子系统发育树和单倍型网络关系图均显示9条水系的单倍型不能各自聚类, 形成3大分支: 分支A以LD种群为主; 分支B含所有地理种群; 分支C以淮黄河种群(HH)和海滦河种群(HL)为主。中性检验和错配分析显示不同地理种群有扩张现象。基于化石校准点和北鳅鱼类D-loop序列1.00%Ma的平均进化速率评估各地理种群的分歧时间, 为2.3784— 0.0477Ma前, LD种群与其他地理种群分化时间最早(2.3784 Ma前), 推测LD种群受第四纪冰期影响较小, 辽东半岛为我国北鳅起源地之一, 其他地理种群以辽东半岛为中心借助松辽古大湖和黄渤海平原河口等发生多次迁移。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.