兰州北山刺槐枝叶性状的坡向差异性

枝叶生长关系是植物在环境胁迫条件下提高空间资源利用能力的一种策略, 弄清枝叶生长关系对理解植物应对环境异质性的表型可塑性具有重要意义。该文利用ArcGIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型, 研究了兰州市北山不同坡向人工林刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)小枝茎截面积-总叶面积和出叶强度-单叶面积的生长关系。结果表明: 随着坡向由北坡向东坡、南坡和西坡转变, 刺槐林群落的郁闭度、高度和土壤含水量呈现先减小后增大的趋势, 刺槐小枝茎截面积、总叶面积和单叶面积呈现先减小后增大的趋势, 出叶强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势; 北坡、东坡、南坡和西坡4个坡向的刺槐小枝的茎截面积和总叶面积均呈显著的正相关关系(p < 0.05), 并存在显著大于1的共同斜率, 刺槐的出叶强度与单叶面积均呈显著的负相关关系(p < 0.05), 并存在接近于-1的共同斜率; 随着坡向由北坡向东坡、南坡和西坡转变, 茎截面积-总叶面积和出叶强度-单叶面积两组关系的回归方程截距呈现先减小后增大的趋势。刺槐枝叶在不同坡向上的异速生长关系反映了植物功能性状对生长环境的响应和适应, 以及植物构型构建的投资权衡机制。     

兰州北山半干旱区刺槐叶大小-数量权衡与坡向间的关系

权衡关系是生活史对策理论的基础,叶大小-数量的权衡关系对理解不同生境下植物生物量分配具有重要的意义。采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation,SMA)方法,研究了西北半干旱区兰州市北山各坡向人工林刺槐叶数量和大小的生长关系。结果表明:随坡向由北坡向东坡、西坡和南坡转变,植物群落盖度、高度和土壤含水量逐渐减小,刺槐小枝单叶面积和单叶片干重逐渐减小,出叶强度逐渐增大;4个坡向刺槐小枝出叶强度与单叶面积、单叶片干重均呈显著的负相关关系(P0.05),并存在接近-1的共同斜率;随坡向由北坡向东坡、西坡和南坡转变,出叶强度与单叶面积、单叶片干重四组关系的回归方程截距均逐渐减小。刺槐叶大小-数量的权衡关系,反映了植物功能性状对异质生境的响应和适应,以及植物资源分配的权衡机制。     

兰州北山刺槐不同等级叶脉密度与叶大小关系的坡向差异性

植物不同等级的叶脉承担着不同的功能,叶脉密度与叶大小的异速生长模式有助于揭示植物表型可塑性形成机制。利用Arc GIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型(DEM),采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation,SMA)方法,研究了兰州市北山不同坡向人工林刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)一级和二级叶脉密度与叶大小的关系。结果表明:随坡向由北坡向东坡、南坡和西坡转变,植被群落的郁闭度、高度和土壤含水量呈现先减小后增大趋势,刺槐的单叶面积、比叶面积和叶片偏心率(eccentricity)呈先减小后增大趋势,刺槐叶片的一级和二级叶脉密度呈先增大后减小趋势;4个坡向刺槐一级叶脉密度与叶面积呈显著的负相关关系(P0.05),二级叶脉密度与叶面积呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),斜率均显著大于-1。刺槐叶大小与不同等级叶脉密度权衡关系的坡向差异,是植物对异质性生境适应的结果。     

祁连山北坡霸王小枝内叶花性状的坡向差异

植物叶-花生长的资源分配模式,是植物与环境长期相互作用所形成的功能多样性的综合反映。本研究利用Arc GIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型(DEM),采用标准化主轴估计方法(SMA),研究了祁连山北坡荒漠草原不同坡向霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)种群小枝内叶片和花的生长关系。结果表明:随着坡向从北坡到东坡、西坡和南坡转变,草地群落密度、高度、地上生物量和土壤含水量呈逐渐减小趋势,霸王的小枝生物量、花大小、叶面积和叶数量呈逐渐减小趋势,繁殖分配呈增加趋势;不同坡向霸王叶数量、叶面积与花大小均呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05),标准化主轴斜率显著小于1.0(P0.01),花大小的增加速度大于叶面积和叶数量;随着坡向由北坡向东坡、西坡和南坡转变,叶面积与花大小的异速斜率逐渐减小,叶数量与花大小的异速斜率逐渐增大。坡向差异造成环境因子和植被群落的梯度性变化,影响了霸王小枝内叶花构件的生长速率,体现了荒漠区植物应对异质生境的表型可塑性和生长-繁殖的资源权衡机制。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林植物叶小枝的异速生长

 植物生态学研究的重要内容之一是识别和定量刻画种间生态变异的主要维数,叶大小小枝大小维（谱）是其中之一,目前的研究相对比较薄弱,两者之间是异速还是等速生长关系仍存在着争论。亚热带常绿阔叶林植物叶大小-枝大小维的研究报道很少。该文以我国东部亚热带典型区域福建梅花山常绿阔叶林的68种常绿乔灌木植物为对象,进行了叶-小枝关系及其生态意义的研究。结果表明：1）小枝茎截面积与叶干重、总叶面积和单叶面积之间的SMA斜率分别为1.29、1.23和1.18,呈现异速生长关系,支持叶大小 小枝大小为异速生长的相关研究结论,但SMA斜率低于预期值,其原因及生态意义有待进一步研究;2）小枝总叶面积与单叶面积呈显著正相关,而与叶片数量不相关,反映了小枝总叶面积的增加主要是由单叶面积大小决定的,可能与这一地区湿润气候有关;而单叶面积与枝条长度呈正相关则可能反映了植物对常绿阔叶林内较弱光照环境的适应;3）叶干重同小枝干重、叶面积为等速生长关系,可能反映了植物与动物之间代谢方式的差异。     

武夷山不同海拔黄山松枝叶大小关系

对武夷山自然保护区不同海拔黄山松叶片面积、叶片数量、小枝长度及小枝直径等性状进行测定,分析不同海拔黄山松枝-叶大小间的权衡关系.结果表明: 随海拔升高,黄山松小枝的叶片数量、小枝长度、小枝直径、出叶强度及茎截面积逐渐增大,单叶面积呈逐渐减小趋势;不同海拔黄山松小枝出叶强度与单叶面积均呈显著负相关,不同海拔黄山松小枝茎截面积与总叶面积呈显著正相关;不同海拔黄山松小枝长度、小枝直径与出叶强度呈显著负相关,与单叶面积、叶片数量及总叶面积均呈显著正相关.为提高竞争优势或是资源利用效率,低海拔黄山松倾向于在短枝上着生量少但单叶面积大的针叶,而高海拔黄山松趋向于在长枝上着生量大但单叶面积小的针叶,这体现出不同海拔梯度黄山松小枝的资源利用策略及枝叶间生物量分配的权衡机制.     

祁连山高寒草地甘肃臭草叶性状与坡向间的关系北大核心CSCD

植物功能性状可反映植物对环境的适应。在祁连山高寒退化草地,利用Arc GIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型,提取坡向数据,采用标准化主轴估计方法(standardized major axis estimation,SMA),研究了不同坡向甘肃臭草(Melica przewalskyi)叶性状间的关系。结果表明:1)甘肃臭草叶面积和叶体积在北坡最大,东坡、西坡、南坡逐渐减小,叶干质量无显著变化;2)叶面积与叶干质量在北坡、东坡和西坡呈等速生长关系,在南坡呈异速生长关系,且叶干质量的增长速度大于叶面积的增长速度;3)叶体积与叶干质量在4个坡向上呈异速生长关系,且叶干质量的增长速度均小于叶体积的增长速度。甘肃臭草叶性状关系随坡向的变化反映了该物种在异质生境中具有较强的叶片形态可塑性,从而有利于其适应和占据高寒退化生境。     

祁连山高寒草地甘肃臭草叶性状与坡向间的关系

植物功能性状可反映植物对环境的适应。在祁连山高寒退化草地, 利用ArcGIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型, 提取坡向数据, 采用标准化主轴估计方法(standardized major axis estimation, SMA), 研究了不同坡向甘肃臭草(Melica przewalskyi)叶性状间的关系。结果表明: 1)甘肃臭草叶面积和叶体积在北坡最大, 东坡、西坡、南坡逐渐减小, 叶干质量无显著变化; 2)叶面积与叶干质量在北坡、东坡和西坡呈等速生长关系, 在南坡呈异速生长关系, 且叶干质量的增长速度大于叶面积的增长速度; 3)叶体积与叶干质量在4个坡向上呈异速生长关系, 且叶干质量的增长速度均小于叶体积的增长速度。甘肃臭草叶性状关系随坡向的变化反映了该物种在异质生境中具有较强的叶片形态可塑性, 从而有利于其适应和占据高寒退化生境。     

高寒草地不同坡向披针叶黄华蒸腾速率与叶性状的关系

植物蒸腾速率(Tr)与叶性状间的协同变异关系,对理解异质性生境下植物叶片形态构建模式及其生态适应性具有重要意义。利用ArcGIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型(DEM),并提取样地坡度数据,研究了祁连山高寒草地不同坡向披针叶黄华叶性状与Tr的关系。结果表明:随着坡向由北坡向东坡、西坡、南坡转变,草地群落的密度、高度和土壤含水量逐渐减小,披针叶黄华叶面积(LA)与Tr呈减小趋势,而叶厚度呈增大趋势;在南坡和北坡披针叶黄华的Tr与LA之间存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与叶厚度之间存在极显著负相关关系(P0.01),在东坡和西坡披针叶黄华的Tr与LA之间存在显著正相关关系(P0.05),与叶厚度之间存在显著负相关关系(P0.05)。生长在南坡的披针叶黄华选择了小而厚的叶片和低的Tr,生长在北坡的披针叶黄华选择了大而薄的叶片和高的Tr,体现了异质生境中植物通过叶片生物量分配机制实现资源有效利用的生存策略。     

Trade-off between height and branch numbers in Stellera chamaejasme on slopes of different aspects in a degraded alpine grassland

权衡关系是生活史对策理论的基础, 株高和枝条数的权衡关系对理解植物在不同生境下的表型可塑性有重要意义。该研究选择祁连山北坡高寒退化草地, 利用ArcGIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型(DEM), 并提取样地坡向数据, 采用广义相加模型(GAM)与偏相关分析相结合的方法, 分析了不同坡向影响下狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群株高和枝条数的关系。结果表明: 随着坡向由北坡转向东坡、南坡、西坡, 草地群落地上生物量和盖度呈“减小—增大—减小”的变化趋势, 群落高度则先增大后减小; 坡向是影响狼毒株高和枝条数空间分异的主要地形因子; 随着坡向由北、东转向西、南, 狼毒种群株高呈下降趋势, 而枝条数呈上升趋势, 二者表现出此消彼长的权衡关系, 狼毒植株比叶面积先增大后减小。不同坡向狼毒株高和枝条数的权衡关系, 反映了异质生境中资源多重竞争下狼毒生物量分配机制和提高种群适应性的种群更新策略。     

Testing of corner’s rules across woody plants in Tiantong region,Zhejiang Province: effects of micro-topography

Aims The size and quantity relationships between twigs and leaves can be used to describe the hydraulic properties of plants in response to environmental stresses. The objective of this study was to examine how twig-leaf relationship would vary with changes in micro-habitat conditions.
Methods The study site is located in the Tiantong National Forest Park (29.87° N, 121.65° E), Zhejiang Province. We measured twig cross-sectional area (twig size), sub-twig cross-sectional area (sub-twig size), individual leaf area, total leaf area (leaf size per twig), the number of twigs at a given twig size (twig intensity), and the number of leaves at a given twig size (leafing intensity) across individual woody plants on 10 plots in each of the convex and concave habitats within an evergreen broad-leaved forest. The standardized major axis (SMA) analysis was conducted to determine the scaling relationships between twig size and leaf size, between sub-twig size and twig intensity, and between leaf size and leafing intensity.
Important findings Significant, positive allometric relationships between twig cross-sectional area and total leaf area were found in plants in both types of micro-habitats (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two micro-habitats in the slope of the regression between twig cross-sectional area and total leaf area, and the common slope of the regressions was significantly greater than 1 (p < 0.001). The intercept was significantlygreater in plants of the concave habitat than in plants of the convex habitat (p < 0.001), indicating that plants in a concave habitat support greater total leaf area at a given twig size than in a convex habitat. Significant, negative allometric scaling relationships were found between twig size and twig intensity in plants in both micro-habitats. There was also no significant difference between the two habitats in the slope of the regression between twig size and twig intensity, and the common slope of the regressions was significantly less than –1 (p < 0.001). The similar intercept in the regression relationship of twig area and twig intensity between the two habitats suggests that plants deploy similar amount of sub-twigs per twig size in both types of habitat. In addition, significant, negative allometric scaling relationships between leaf size and leafing intensity were found to be consistently conserved across micro-habitat types, with the common slope being smaller than –1. A higher value of y-intercept in the scaling relationships of leaf area vs. leafing intensity for plants in the concave habitat indicates that at a given leaf area, more leaves were supported by plants in a concave habitat than in a convex habitat. Overall, plants in a concave habitat tend to deploy more large leaves per twig size than those in a convex habitat. This study demonstrated that both the Corner’s rules and the leaf size-number trade-offs could be generalized to apply at the small local spatial scales. The magnitude and quantitative adjustment of twig-leaf deployment manifests a selection preference of hydraulic properties of plants in coping with changes in water availability between concave and convex habitats.     

不同海拔典型竹种枝叶大小异速生长关系

为了分析竹子枝-叶大小间的权衡关系,本研究对武夷山不同海拔典型竹种(毛竹、箬竹、肿节少穗竹、毛竿玉山竹和武夷山玉山竹)小枝的叶片总质量、茎质量、单叶质量和出叶强度等性状进行测定.结果表明: 随海拔升高,5个竹种间小枝上总叶质量与茎质量的异速生长指数呈显著下降趋势.竹种内,毛竹、箬竹和肿节少穗竹总叶质量与茎质量在不同海拔上均拥有共同异速生长指数(分别为0.94、0.85、0.84).毛竿玉山竹和武夷山玉山竹的叶茎质量也存在共同异速生长指数(0.79).除武夷山玉山竹外,竹子单叶质量与出叶强度之间均呈显著的负相关关系.5个竹种的单叶质量和出叶强度之间存在共同异速生长指数-1.12.总之,竹类植物的小枝总体上倾向于在低海拔环境中着生更多的叶片,而在高海拔生境下则投资更多的生物量到茎的构造上.尽管竹种间小枝的茎投资随海拔升高而增加,但其基于茎质量的出叶强度策略取决于叶片大小的构建而不是海拔生境差异.     

Testing of Corner’s rules across woody plants in Tiantong region,Zhejiang Province: effects of individual density

Aims Corner’s rules reflect the architectural strategies of plants with respect to deployment of twig size and leaf size, as well as of the number of twigs and leaves. The objective of this study was to examine how Corner’s rules would vary among plants with different individual densities.
Methods The study site is located in the Tiantong National Forest Park (29.87° N, 121.65° E), Zhejiang Province. We measured twig cross-sectional area (twig size), total leaf area (leaf size per twig), and the number of twigs at a given twig size (branching intensity) in woody plants across 25 plots differing in stem density to examine the effects of individual competition on Corner’s rules. The standardized major axis (SMA) analysis was conducted to determine the quantitative relationships of twig size with leaf size and branching intensity.
Important findings Significant, positive allometric relationships between cross-sectional area and total leaf area were found in individual plants across all communities. There was no significant difference among communities of different density intervals in the slope of the linear regression between cross-sectional area and total leaf area of individual plants, and the common slope of the regressions was significantly greater than 1 (p < 0.001). The intercept was significantly greater for plants in communities with higher density than in those with lower density (p < 0.001), indicating that plants in a high density community support greater total leaf area than in a low density community for a given twig size. In contrast, a significant, negative allometric scaling relationship was found between branching intensity and cross-sectional area in individual plants across different communities. Also, nosignificant difference was found among plants in communities of different density intervals in the slope of the regression between branching intensity and cross-sectional area, and the common slope of the regressions was significantly less than –1 (p < 0.001). The intercept for the regression relationship between twig area and branching intensity was the same among plants in communities of different density intervals (p > 0.05), suggesting that plants in a high density community do not deploy more twigs per twig size than in a low density community. In summary, this study demonstrated that plants responded to changes in individual density by maintaining an invariant regression slope for the twig size-leaf size relationship and the twig size-branching intensity relationship, and that the Corner’s rules were not affected by individual density of the communities in the Tiantong region. However, changes in the intercept of the regression between twig size and leaf size indicate that deployment strategies between twig and leaf sizes could be adjusted with increasing individual plant competition, thus structuring species coexistence through niche differentiation.     

清凉峰不同海拔木本植物小枝内叶大小-数量权衡关系

权衡关系是生活史对策理论的基础, 叶大小-数量的权衡关系对理解叶大小进化具有重要的意义。该研究以单叶面积和单叶片干重表示叶大小, 用小枝干重和小枝茎干重表示小枝大小, 采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation, SMA)和系统独立比较分析(phylogenetically independent contrast analysis, PIC)的方法, 对浙江省清凉峰自然保护区3个不同海拔落叶阔叶木本植物当年生小枝内的叶大小与数量间的关系进行研究。结果显示, 无论叶大小和小枝大小是用面积或干重表示, 在每个海拔, 叶大小与出叶强度均存在显著的等速负相关关系, 表明在落叶阔叶木本植物中发现的叶大小与出叶强度之间的权衡关系在不同生境物种中是普遍存在的, 植物在叶大小方面的种间变化, 可能不是自然选择的直接产物, 而是叶片数量变化权衡关系的一个副产物。不同海拔间的比较显示, 高海拔物种的叶面积或干重与出叶强度相关关系的y轴截距比中、低海拔物种小, 表明在出叶强度一定的情况下, 高海拔物种比低海拔物种具有更小的叶大小。与高海拔物种相比, 中海拔物种的共同斜率沿共同主轴有一个向上的位移, 表明中海拔物种比高海拔物种具有更大的叶大小, 但出叶强度更小。这些结果表明生境对叶大小-数量的权衡关系具有显著的影响, 中海拔生境具有更适宜植物生长的气候及养分条件, 而高海拔的低温等不利影响使得叶片变小。     

胡杨叶片大小与叶数量的权衡关系对地下水埋深的响应

本文以胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)为研究对象,采用标准化主轴回归估计(SMA)方法探讨了种群叶片大小(单叶面积、单叶质量)与出叶强度(基于小枝质量、茎质量、茎体积)的异速生长关系对地下水埋深梯度(Groundwater depth,GWD)的响应及其变化规律.结果显示:随GWD增加,胡杨当年...     

Application of leaf size and leafing intensity scaling across subtropical trees

Understanding the scaling between leaf size and leafing intensity (leaf number per stem size) is crucial for comprehending theories about the leaf costs and benefits in the leaf size–twig size spectrum. However, the scaling scope of leaf size versus leafing intensity changes along the twig leaf size variation in different leaf habit species remains elusive. Here, we hypothesize that the numerical value of scaling exponent for leaf mass versus leafing intensity in twig is governed by the minimum leaf mass versus maximum leaf mass (M _min versus M _max) and constrained to be ≤−1.0. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the twigs of 123 species datasets compiled in the subtropical mountain forest. The standardized major axis regression (SMA) analyses showed the M _min scaled as the 1.19 power of M _max and the ‐α (−1.19) were not statistically different from the exponents of M _min versus leafing intensity in whole data. Across leaf habit groups, the M _max scaled negatively and isometrically with respect to leafing intensity. The pooled data''s scaling exponents ranged from −1.14 to −0.96 for M _min and M _max versus the leafing intensity based on stem volume (LIV). In the case of M _min and M _max versus the leafing intensity based on stem mass (LIM), the scaling exponents ranged from −1.24 to −1.04. Our hypothesis successfully predicts that the scaling relationship between leaf mass and leafing intensity is constrained to be ≤−1.0. More importantly, the lower limit to scaling of leaf mass and leafing intensity may be closely correlated with M _min versus M _max. Besides, constrained by the maximum leaf mass expansion, the broad scope range between leaf size and number may be insensitive to leaf habit groups in subtropical mountain forest.     

The leaf size-twig size spectrum of temperate woody species along an altitudinal gradient: an invariant allometric scaling relationship

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The leaf size-twig size spectrum is one of the leading dimensions of plant ecological variation, and now it is under development. The purpose of this study was to test whether the relationship between leaf size and twig size is isometric or allometric, and to examine the relationship between plant allometric growth and life history strategies in the spectrum. METHODS: Leaf and stem characters-including leaf and stem mass, total leaf area, individual leaf area, stem cross-sectional area, leaf number and stem length-at the twig level for 59 woody species were investigated along an altitudinal gradient on Changbaishan Mountain in the temperate zone of China. The environmental gradient ranges from temperate broad-leaved mixed forest at low altitude, to conifer forest at middle altitude, and to sub-alpine birch forest at high altitude. The scaling relationships between stem cross-sectional area and stem mass, stem mass and leaf mass, and leaf mass and leaf area at the twig level were simultaneously determined. KEY RESULTS: Twig cross-sectional area was found to have invariant allometric scaling relationships with the stem mass, leaf mass, total leaf area and individual leaf area, all with common slopes being significantly larger than 1, for three altitudinal-zoned vegetation types under investigation. However, leaf mass was found to be isometrically related to stem mass and leaf area along the environmental gradient. Based on the predictions of previous models, the exponent value of the relationship between twig cross-sectional area and total leaf area can be inferred to be 1.5, which falls between the confidence intervals of the relationship at each altitude, and between the confidence intervals of the common slope value (1.17-1.56) of this study. This invariant scaling relationship is assumed to result from the fractural network and/or developmental constraints of plants. The allometric constants (y-intercepts) of the relationships between the stem cross-sectional area and leaf area (both total leaf area and individual leaf area) were found to decrease significantly along the altitudinal gradient. This suggests that the species would support less leaf area at a given twig cross-sectional area with increasing environmental stress. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that plants respond to the environmental gradient by changing the y-intercepts of the relationship between leaf size-twig size, while keeping the exponent value of the allometric relationship as an invariant constant. The allometric growth in the twig size-leaf size spectrum is related to many other components of plant life history strategy, including the well established life history trade-off between efficiency and safety in the hydraulic transport of water.