外源NO对镉胁迫下番茄活性氧代谢及光合特性的影响

采用水培方法,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)对镉(Cd)胁迫下番茄幼苗活性氧代谢及光合特性的影响.结果表明:在Cd胁迫下,外施100μmol·L-1硝普钠(SNP)显著增强了番茄超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性,提高了叶片、根系中Ca、Fe等元素含量,提高了叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),降低了过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和胞间CO2浓度(Ci).但SNP对Cd胁迫下的缓解效应可被牛血红蛋白(Hb,NO的清除剂)消除.在Cd处理液中加入100μmol·L-1NOx-(NO的分解产物)或100μmol·L-1亚铁氰化钠(SNP的相似物或分解产物),对Cd胁迫无显著改善.表明外源NO可通过提高活性氧清除能力,维持矿质营养元素平衡,缓解Cd胁迫对番茄幼苗叶片光合机构的破坏,从而维持番茄光合效率.     

外源NO对水分胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应

以苹果属植物平邑甜茶水培幼苗为试验材料,采用20%PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫,进行了外源NO对水分胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应研究。结果表明:100~500μmol·L-1外源硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理,能在一定程度上提高渗透胁迫下平邑甜茶叶片内SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性和ASA含量,不同程度减轻20%PEG-6000胁迫对平邑甜茶幼苗活性氧的累积和氧化损伤,其中以300μmol·L-1 SNP处理缓解效应最佳,而相对高浓度的700μmol·L-1 SNP处理则不能起到缓解作用,反而有一定的毒害作用。     

外源NO调控小麦幼苗生长与生理的浓度效应

在室内人工控制条件下,研究100-2000 μmol·L-1 5个浓度梯度的SNP(外源NO供体)处理后小麦幼苗的生长、水分生理和光合能力的动态变化,探讨外源NO优化调控小麦幼苗生长生理的最适浓度.结果表明,不同的SNP浓度对小麦幼苗地上部和根系的生长具有不同的促进或抑制作用,低浓度(100～200 μmol·L-1)SNP明显增加了根系的可溶性糖、游离氨基酸等渗透调节物质含量,但对根系的干物质积累影响不大.浓度超过200 μmol·L-1的SNP处理后,根系的干物质积累降于对照以下,渗透调节物质含量也开始降低.低浓度SNP处理(100 μmol·L-1)明显改善了小麦叶片的光合性能从而促进地上部干物质与渗透调节物质的积累,且增加了叶片的水势和渗透势.另外,叶片的气体交换参数(Pn、Gs)和叶绿素荧光参数(qP、NPQ)对SNP的反应也表现出明显的浓度效应.因此,外源NO对小麦幼苗生长生理的调控具有一定的剂量效应,100 μmol·L-1SNP对小麦幼苗生长生理的调控作用最明显.     

外源SNP对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响北大核心CSCD

为明确外源一氧化氮(NO)对甜瓜幼苗耐盐性的影响,该研究以甜瓜品种‘农大甜10号’为试验材料,在300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫条件下,叶面喷施不同浓度(50、100、150、200、250μmol·L^(-1))外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP),分析甜瓜幼苗生长、光合色素含量、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量的变化。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫显著抑制甜瓜幼苗的生长,同时显著降低叶片光合色素含量、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量。(2)叶面喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP能够显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、干鲜重、壮苗指数,并显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的光合色素含量,从而提高甜瓜的光合作用。(3)喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)及脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性,显著降低盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))含量及超氧阴离子(O^(-)·_(2))产生速率。(4)喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性蛋白的含量。研究认为,在盐胁迫环境下,适宜浓度的外源SNP(150μmol·L^(-1))可通过提高甜瓜幼苗的抗氧化酶活性以及光合色素和小分子可溶性有机化合物含量来增强活性氧的清除能力,降低膜脂过氧化作用,有效减轻盐胁迫对幼苗的伤害,从而增强其耐盐性,促进幼苗生长。     

冠菌素对玉米幼苗耐干旱胁迫的诱导效应

以玉米幼苗为材料,在20%PEG模拟干旱条件下,研究了植物生长物质冠菌素0.001~1.0μmol?L-1处理时叶片水分状况及其脯氨酸、可溶性糖、MDA含量及抗氧化酶活性.实验表明,在干旱胁迫条件下,低浓度(0.01μmol?L-1)的冠菌素处理能显著降低干旱胁迫下叶片水势,并显著提高玉米幼苗叶片相对含水量、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸的含量;同时能显著提高玉米叶片中POD、CAT和APX的活性(分别比对照高32.1%、13.8%和29.5%),而对SOD和GR的活性无显著影响;此时叶片中MDA的含量显著比对照降低11.6%,能够在一定程度上维持细胞膜的完整性.高浓度冠菌素处理(1.0μmol?L-1)下各指标的变化趋势则相反.结果证明,低浓度冠菌素(0.01μmol?L-1)能增强玉米幼苗耐干旱胁迫的能力.     

干旱胁迫下叶面喷施褪黑素对滁菊幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以滁菊品种"金玉"幼苗为材料,通过日光温室内盆栽实验,在中度干旱胁迫条件下(土壤田间持水量的40%),研究叶面喷施外源褪黑素(MT,100μmol·L-1)对滁菊幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响,探讨提高滁菊耐干旱性的新途径。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,干旱胁迫处理降低了滁菊叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率,提高了可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,而叶片MDA含量和相对电导率显著增加,显著抑制了滁菊幼苗的生长。(2)在干旱胁迫条件下,外源MT可显著提高滁菊幼苗叶片脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖的含量,并显著降低了叶片相对电导率和MDA含量,使幼苗保持较高叶绿素含量和净光合速率。(3)与干旱胁迫处理相比,外源MT处理的滁菊地上部和根系干重、鲜重均显著增加。研究发现,外源褪黑素(MT)在一定程度上可通过促进滁菊幼苗渗透调节物质的积累,有效降低干旱胁迫对其细胞膜的伤害,维持其正常的细胞膜功能,保持其较高的光合速率和水分利用效率,从而增加其对干旱环境的适应性。     

外源NO对Cd胁迫下娃娃菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的保护效应

为探讨外源一氧化氮(NO)对镉(Cd)胁迫下娃娃菜(Brassica pekinensis)的保护效应,采用0、50、100、200、500和1000μmol·L~(–1)的外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对100和200 mg·L~(–1) CdCl_2胁迫下的娃娃菜种子进行处理,分析其对种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明:Cd胁迫抑制娃娃菜种子萌发和幼苗生长,幼苗叶片叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率(REC)显著上升,幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化加速。不同浓度的SNP处理,不仅能提高Cd胁迫下娃娃菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,促进幼苗生长,而且能抑制MDA含量上升,降低叶片REC,增加Chl和脯氨酸(Pro)含量,增强抗氧化酶活性。外源NO可缓解Cd胁迫对娃娃菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用,缓解Cd胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化,提高抗Cd能力,其中以200μmol·L~(–1)SNP对Cd胁迫的缓解效果较好。     

外源IAA对NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜‘津研四号’幼苗为试材,采用Hoagland营养液栽培,研究了不同浓度(0、0.01、0.1、1和10μmol·L-1)IAA处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的生长有抑制作用,0.01~1μmol·L-1外源IAA处理可显著增加黄瓜幼苗的生物量;使叶中Na+积累降低,K+积累增加,且IAA的缓解效果具有浓度效应。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量提高,净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)增加,以1μmol·L-1 IAA处理的效果最好。添加1μmol·L-1外源IAA显著提高了碱胁迫下黄瓜叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性及还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,降低了碱胁迫诱导的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化反应;而10μmol·L-1外源IAA处理则加剧碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的危害。     

持续干旱胁迫下外源精胺对红椿幼苗的形态与生理调节效应的影响

为了掌握持续干旱胁迫下外源精胺(Spm)对红椿幼苗的形态和生理调节效应,本研究以2年生红椿盆栽幼苗为试验对象,在人工遮雨棚中开展干旱胁迫及外源精胺调节试验,试验设置4个持续干旱胁迫处理:(1)对照(土壤相对含水量45%~50%,每天浇水至饱和状态,CK);(2)轻度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量30%~38%,持续干旱7 d);(3)中度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量25%~30%,持续干旱14 d);(4)重度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量20%~25%,持续干旱21 d)。然后,连续3天对轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理喷施外源Spm(浓度为1 mmol·L-1)进行修复调节,并正常管护5天。结果表明:喷施Spm对重度干旱胁迫下植株形态损伤的修复速度远低于轻度和中度干旱胁迫植株;在对照、轻度干旱胁迫(或中度、重度)以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量均差异极显著(P0.01);在对照、中度干旱胁迫(或重度)以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片相对电导率均差异极显著(P0.01);在对照、轻度干旱胁迫以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片MDA含量和POD含量差异显著(P0.05);在对照、重度干旱胁迫以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片MDA含量和POD含量差异极显著(P0.01);在对照、重度干旱胁迫以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片游离脯氨酸含量差异极显著(P0.01);喷施1 mmol·L-1Spm可修复红椿在遭受干旱胁迫时造成的形态和生理损伤并提高植株的持续抗旱能力,其修复作用对轻度和中度干旱胁迫更为显著。     

一氧化氮对弱光下小型大白菜幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

以水培的小型大白菜幼苗为材料,在前期筛选的总氮浓度(5mmol/L)、铵硝配比(10∶90)和中度弱光(95~105μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))条件下,测定一氧化氮供体(硝普钠,SNP)、抑制剂(L-NAME、NaN_3)和清除剂(Hb)处理8d后小型大白菜幼苗形态指标及光合荧光参数,探讨外源NO参与铵硝营养缓解小型大白菜幼苗遭受弱光胁迫的效应。结果显示:(1)在弱光胁迫条件下,单独SNP、铵硝比液加SNP处理后小型大白菜幼苗地上地下部鲜重、叶面积均与对照CK差异不显著,说明SNP、铵硝比液加SNP处理均可以促进弱光下小型大白菜幼苗的生长,缓解弱光胁迫伤害。(2)铵硝比液中添加NO抑制剂(L-NAME、NaN3)和NO清除剂(Hb)后,小型大白菜幼苗叶面积、地上地下部鲜重、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、PSⅡ最大光量子产量(Fv/Fm)以及光合电子传递速率(ETR)均不同程度地降低,如L-NAME、NaN3和Hb处理的叶面积较CK分别显著减小15%、24%和40%,其Pn则分别显著减小31.2%、35.8%和56.7%。研究表明,添加NO抑制剂和清除剂处理降低了铵硝营养在弱光下对小型大白菜幼苗生长的缓解效果,从而证明NO参与了铵硝营养缓解弱光胁迫对小型大白菜幼苗光合作用的影响。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。