墨西哥湾扇贝精子的超微结构

报道了墨西哥湾扇贝成熟精子在SEM和TEM下的超微结构观察结果。墨西哥湾扇贝的精子为典型的原生型,精子全长约43～45μm,头部长约2．1～2．4μm。精子主要由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成。头部顶体明显突出,呈倒V形;顶体下方为细胞核,细胞核近似卵圆形。在细胞核内部或边缘,能观察到有一个或几个形状较为规则的核泡。中段的主要结构有线粒体和中心体,中段的横切面有4个线粒体围绕在中心体的周围。尾部细长,尾部鞭毛横切面为典型的“9 2”结构。     

中国绿螂精子的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术观察了中国绿螂(Glaucomya chinensis)精子的超微结构。精子为典型的原生型,包括头部、中段和尾部三部分。头部由顶体和细胞核组成。顶体呈倒"V"字型。细胞核呈长圆柱形,没有核前窝,具有核后窝。中段由4个线粒体环绕中心粒而成。尾部细长,为典型的"9+2"结构。文中还讨论了双壳类精子形态结构的种属间差异。     

大鲵精子的超微结构研究

本文运用透射电镜和扫描电镜研究了大鲵(Andrias davidianus)精子的超微结构,大鲵精子由头部(head),中片(midpiece)和尾部(tail)三部分组成。头部有棒状细胞核,核内染色质高度浓缩,细胞核前方呈细丝状,但非顶体结构。头部后端凹陷,称为植入窝(implantation fossa),植入窝内有线粒体和中心粒等细胞器结构,此区域为精子的中片。精子尾部细长,主要由轴丝和附属纤维(accessory fiber)组成,轴丝的外面具有波动膜。     

翡翠贻贝精子的超微结构

利用透射电镜研究翡翠贻贝 (Pernaviridis)精子的超微结构。精子为典型的原生型 ,包括头部、中段与尾部三部分。头部由顶体和细胞核组成。顶体明显突出呈倒漏斗形。亚顶体腔呈锥形 ,其中的亚顶体物质呈伞状分布 ,中轴一直延伸至核的后端。细胞核近似球形 ,被管状的核前窝几乎分成相似的两部分。 4～ 5个椭圆形的线粒体围绕着中心粒复合体形成精子的中段。中心粒为中空的圆柱形 ,具有卫星体结构。尾部细长 ,轴丝为典型的“9 2”结构。本文讨论了双壳类精子形态的种属间的差异。     

中国鲎精子发生的研究: Ⅰ.精子的发生过程

利用光镜和电镜技术,结合细胞化学方法研究了中国鲎（Ｔａｃｈｙｐｌｅｕｓ ｔｒｉｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓ）精子发生过程．结果表明：中国鲎精子发生可划分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞及精子五个时期。在精子发生中,出现顶体丝结构,这是鲎精子发生的一个重要特征。页体由顶囊和亚顶体间隙组成。顶体丝由顶体囊底部发出,穿过亚顶体间隙,贯穿核中央部分的通道．沿核底部穿出,绕核缠绕,形成约２８匝的百体丝螺圈。这一特点可能与精子在受精时必须穿越厚的卵膜密切相关。成熟精子头部如梨形,前端覆盖有吸盘状后帽,头部长约４μｍ,尾部鞭毛长达３５μｍ、鞭毛为９ ×２结构,在鞭毛基部有一对中心粒。     

耳鲍精子的超微结构

本文利用透射电子显微镜对耳鲍(Haliotis asinina Linnaeus)精子的形态及超微结构进行了研究.研究结果表明:耳鲍的精子由头部、中段和尾部三部分组成,全长 41.6 μm.精子头部长 1.8 μm,头部由顶体、顶体下腔和细胞核组成,顶体电子密度比较均匀,呈圆锥形,长 0.6 μm,基部宽度为 0.65 μm,占头部长的 1/3;顶体下腔长 0.03 μm,宽为 0.65 μm,腔中含有中等电子密度物质;细胞核圆棒状,长 1.17 μm,核中部的宽度为 1.0 μm.精子中段较短,长 0.51 μm,宽 1.2 μm,主要由 5 个线粒体包围一对中心粒构成.尾部是一根鞭毛,从前到后逐渐变细,鞭毛是由细胞质膜包被的轴丝组成,轴丝为典型的"9 2"微管结构,即轴丝是由两个中心微管及均匀分布在中心微管周围的 9 对双联体微管组成.因此,耳鲍与其它鲍类精子的基本结构相似,形态结构的主要差异表现在三个方面:一是耳鲍精子的头部似圆锥形,长 1.8 μm,是目前已研究的鲍类中头部最短的种类;二是耳鲍精子顶体长比其基部宽要小,顶体电子密度比较均匀,顶体与核的电子密度差异不明显;三是耳鲍精子中段线粒体的数量为 5 个,没有发现 6 个线粒体现象的存在[动物学报 53(3):552-556,2007].     

川陕哲罗鲑精子超微结构及形态学研究

对川陕哲罗鲑Hucho bleekeri Kimura精子采用扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜进行观察,结果显示:精子由头部、中片和尾部组成;精子全长41.07μm±2.18μm,头部长2.76μm±0.15μm,头部前端和后端的宽度分别为1.88μm±0.18μm和2.08μm±0.20μm;尾部长34.74μm±5.01μm。头部呈卵圆形,无顶体,主要由细胞核组成;中片由1个不规则的圆球状线粒体及袖套结构组成;线粒体直径为0.82μm±0.08μm;尾部呈细长形,并由一个过渡区域分为前端和末端,尾部内部主要由轴丝组成,轴丝为典型的"9+2"结构,外部有不对称性分布的侧鳍结构。结果表明,川陕哲罗鲑精子类型较为原始,属于硬骨鱼类中的TypeⅠ类型。     

大鳞副泥鳅精子结构研究

用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对大鳞副泥鳅精子的结构进行研究。结果表明,大鳞副泥鳅的精子主要分为头部、中段和尾部;头部无顶体,在光学显微镜下近圆形,在透射电子显微镜下纵切亦近圆形,主要由细胞核组成,核内染色质致密,核内有核空泡,核外可见清晰核膜,核外可见细胞质,细胞质很少且紧贴细胞核,细胞质外是质膜,质膜在细胞质外呈波浪状;头部后端有一较浅的植入窝,约占核的1/4,植入窝的长轴几乎与细胞核的长轴平行,植入窝内有中心粒复合体;精子的中片与头部无明显分割,位于头部的后方,由中心粒复合体和袖套组成,袖套两边不对称,中心粒复合体由近端中心粒和远端中心粒组成,近端中心粒与远端中心粒之间呈一钝角;精子尾部无侧鳍,可分为主段和末段,尾部主段具有典型的＂9＋2＂的轴丝结构。精子头长为（1.79±0.28）μm,中片长为（1.86±0.42）μm,尾长为（28.06±2.78）μm,全长为（31.65±2.82）μm。     

大鲵精子结构研究

为了解大鲵精子超微结构,应用扫描电镜和透射电镜开展了大鲵精子形态结构研究。结果显示:大鲵精子由头部、颈部和尾部3部分组成。精子总长216.36μm±9.93μm(n=30),头部长65.80μm±3.70μm(n=30),颈部较短,多不明显,尾部长153.52μm±3.22μm(n=30)。头部由顶体、穿孔器和细胞核组成;颈部包括核窝、近端中心粒及远端中心粒、线粒体、轴丝和轴纤维;尾部无明显分段,由轴丝、轴纤维、轴丝旁纤维和波动膜组成。大鲵精子内线粒体较少,可能与精子运动缓慢、精子活力维持时间短有关;成熟过程中精子细胞头部包围的胞质分泌物中含有一定数量的线粒体。     

暗褐蝈螽与优雅蝈螽精子超微结构的比较研究(直翅目,螽斯科)

研究了暗褐蝈螽Gampsocleis sedakovii(Fischer von Waldheim)和优雅蝈螽G.gratiosa Brunner von Wattenwyl精子的超微结构。这两种蝈螽精子头部的顶体复合体由顶体外层、顶体本体和顶体组成,顶体复合体位于细胞核前端,并包裹部分细胞核;颈部具5纵层细胞器;尾部鞭毛轴丝为典型的9+9+2型,线粒体衍生体部分晶状化。暗褐蝈螽精子较短,顶体复合体夹角较大,精子鞭毛横切面直径稍大;优雅蝈螽精子稍长,顶体复合体夹角较小,精子鞭毛横切面直径较小,两种精子超微结构差异不显著,其生殖隔离机制有待进一步研究。     

The ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Epipedobates flavopictus (Amphibia,Anura, Dendrobatidae), with comments on its evolutionary significance

We describe, for the first time, the spermatozoon ultrastructure of a dendrobatid frog, Epipedobates flavopictus. Mature spermatozoa of E. flavopictus are filiform, with a moderately curved head and a proportionally short tail. The acrosomal vesicle is a conical structure that covers the nucleus for a considerable distance. A homogeneous subacrosomal cone lies between the acrosome vesicle and the nucleus. The nucleus contains a nuclear space at its anterior end, and electron-lucent spaces and inclusions. No perforatorium is present. In the midpiece, the proximal centriole is housed inside a deep nuclear fossa. Mitochondria are scattered around the posterior end of the nucleus and inside the undulating membrane in the anterior portion of the tail. In transverse section the tail is formed by an U-shaped axial fiber connected to the axoneme through an axial sheath, which supports the undulating membrane. The juxta-axonemal fiber is absent. The spermatozoon of E. flavopictus has several characteristics not observed before in any anurans, such as a curved axial fiber, absence of a juxta-axonemal fiber, and presence of mitochondria in the typical undulating membrane. Our results endorse the view that, in anurans, the conical perforatorium and subacrosomal cone are homologous and that Dendrobatidae should be grouped within Bufonoidea rather than Ranoidea.     

用RAPD分析四种无尾类的系统演化关系

利用RAPD技术检测了分属无尾目3个科（雨蛙科、蟾蜍科、蛙科）的黑眶蟾蜍（Bufomelanostictus)、中国雨蛙（Hyla chinensis）、泽陆蛙（Rana limnocharis）、沼水蛙（R.guentheri)的系统发生关系。经19个随机引物对4个物种基因组DNA进行扩增,选择其中扩增谱带清晰的16个引物进行分析,计算不同科间及同一科内不同种间的遗传距离,结果表明：16个引物获得的RAPD谱带均表现出不同程度的多态性;泽陆蛙与沼水蛙间的亲缘关系最近,而黑眶蟾蜍与中国雨蛙之间的亲缘关系较黑眶蟾蜍与蛙科的泽陆蛙、沼水蛙之间以及中国雨蛙与泽陆蛙、沼水蛙之间的亲缘关系近,从基因组DNA水平上也说明雨蛙科与蟾蜍科间的亲缘关系更近,与蛙科的亲缘关系更远,这与形态学、染色体和线粒体DNA多态性研究的分析结果一致,从而进一步从分子水平上为无属目这3科的系统演化提供了新的证据。     

Infectivity of cultured Trypanosoma fallisi (Kinetoplastida) to various anuran species and its evolutionary implications

Trypanosoma fallisi, a hemoflagellate infecting Bufo americanus from Ontario, was grown in vitro, and metatrypanosomes from the primary culture were inoculated into 4 uninfected test groups from 3 anuran families: Bufonidae, Hylidae, and Ranidae. In vitro-cultured T. fallisi was found to infect B. americanus and to induce transient infections in Bufo valliceps and Hyla versicolor. The flagellate was not infective to Rana clamitans. Trypanosoma ranarum was uninfective to the bufonids and hylids tested. These data suggest that the potential for host-switching decreases with increased evolutionary distance of the potential anuran host.     

文昌鱼精子的超显微结构

文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtaoensis)的成熟精子由一个锥形的顶体,头部,颈(被核包裹)和尾部组成。尾可分为中段,主段和末段。微管对复合体为9+2。 文昌鱼精子的超显微结构与前人报道的线粒体由4—6个组成的不同。它由一个大的线粒体围绕尾主轴中段,而且精子属于对称性类型,可以见到核内管,中心粒和致密纤维,终环结构与隐窝位于尾中段与主段之间。本文并对文昌鱼在系统发生中的重要位置和意义作了讨论。     

An ultrastructural comparative study of the sperm of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Hyla pseudopseudis</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Scinax rostratus</Emphasis>, and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> S. squalirostris</Emphasis> (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)

We make detailed comparisons of the ultrastructure of the spermatozoon among three species of the family Hylidae, Hyla pseudopseudis, Scinax rostratus, and S. squalirostris. The acrosome complex consists of two conical structures covering the nuclear rostrum, the acrosome vesicle, and the subacrosomal cone. The nucleus has a moderately condensed chromatin with a conical shape in longitudinal sections and a circular shape in cross-sections. In H. pseudopseudis, mitochondria are numerous and circular, and in S. rostratus and S. squalirostris there are fewer mitochondria that are more elongate in longitudinal and transverse sections. In H. pseudopseudis, the mitochondrial collar starts adjacent to the distal centriole, occupying the whole midpiece, whereas in both Scinax species the mitochondrial collar starts only at the posterior one-third of the midpiece. In both Scinax species, the presence of juxta-axonemal fiber, axial sheath, and axial fiber in the tail are seemingly plesiomorphic characters, widespread among bufonoid frogs. In H. pseudopseudis, however, the absence of axial fiber and axial sheath seems to be derived from the typical bufonoid condition. The differences between Hyla and Scinax sperm endorse the separation of the two genera and suggest that sperm ultrastructure can be a useful tool to investigate relationships at the intrafamily level.     

Spermatozoon structure and motility in the anuran Lepidobatrachus laevis

Synthetic human gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) injections were used for induction of spermatozoon release followed by cloacal lavage or mechanical stimulation of sperm release in Lepidobatrachus laevis . Light microscopic observations of Lepidobatrachus laevis spermatozoa indicated an acrosomal segment with a length of 4.1 μm delineated by an indentation, a nuclear region of 12.6 μm in length and a midpiece of 0.87 μm in length. The tail was 54.9 μm long by 1.35 μm wide with two lateral axial fibers and a central undulating membrane. At the electron microscopic level, the unusual tail had two complete axonemes that emanated from the distal centriole. The tail also contained two axial fibers 77 nm in diameter medial to the axonemes and was connected by an undulating membrane. An unusual accessory cell adherent to the head of the spermatozoon was noted in freshly obtained suspensions of spermatozoa. Spermatozoa with the accessory cell were motile and a subsequent loss of motility was correlated with the shedding of the accessory cell.     

Opalinidae (Sarcomastigophora) in North American Amphibia. GenusOpalina Purkinje & Valentin, 1835

During 1992, the cloaca of 83 specimens of North American Amphibia from Algonquin Park and Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and from El Paso County, Texas, USA, comprising 14 species in seven families, were checked for opalinids. Opalina martinonae n. sp. was found in five of nine Rana sylvatica (Ranidae); O. obtrigonoidea Metcalf, 1923 in six of 11 Bufo americanus (Bufonidae) and two of nine Pseudacris crucifer (Hylidae); O. pickeringi Metcalf, 1923 in two of nine Pseudacris crucifer and in one of six Rana pipiens; and O. virguloidea Metcalf, 1923 in two of six Hyla versicolor (Hylidae). Opalina flava Stokes, 1884 is proposed for Cepedea flava (Stokes, 1884) Metcalf, 1923. The occurrence, evolution and biogeography of North American Opalina are discussed.     

Sperm morphology of the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber: an example of a species of rodent with highly derived and pleiomorphic sperm populations

The structural organization of the spermatozoon from the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber (Family: Castoridae), was determined and compared to that of other sciuromorph rodents. The beaver spermatozoon has a head, which is variable in form but usually paddle-shaped, with a small nucleus and very large acrosome, and a tail that is relatively short compared to that of most other rodents. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that in most testicular spermatozoa the acrosome projects apically, although in a few it becomes partly flexed. During the final stages of maturation, however, the acrosome becomes highly folded so that the apical segment comes to lie alongside part of the acrosome that occurs lateral to the nucleus, with, in some cases, fusion taking place between the outer acrosomal membranes. The sperm nucleus is wedge-shaped, being broader basally and narrowing apically with an occasional large nuclear vacuole occurring. This spermatozoon structure is markedly different from that found in the other species of Geomyoidea, which is the sister group of the Castoridae. The findings thus emphasize the highly divergent nature of the beaver spermatozoon and demonstrate that, within the proposed Infraorder Castorimorpha, very large differences in sperm structure have evolved.