条石鲷雌雄鱼核型及C-带的比较分析

染色体核型和带型分析是鱼类细胞遗传学研究的重要内容之一,不仅对认识鱼类的分类系统、进化关系及染色体演化过程具有重要意义,还可为鱼类遗传育种提供细胞遗传学依据。我国从20世纪70年代开始开展鱼类细胞遗传学方面的研究,到目前为止,有关鱼类染色体核型已有很多报道。在海水鱼类中,据不完全统计,至2006     

染色体显带机制研究若干进展

染色体分带技术的迅速发展,尤其是当今植物染色体高分辨G-带技术的突破,不仅为染色体鉴别、基因定位等提供了重要手段,对细胞分类学、物种生物学、细胞地理学、体细胞遗传学,以及育种学、人类遗传学和环境保护等领域的应用与发展,发挥着越来越大的作用。众多学者对染色体显带机制进行了研究。最早,用DNA变性与复性理论作为染色体显带的基础,认为是DNA的彻底变性和高度重复DNA的差别退火,导致分带程序中选择性染色的出现。实际上,染色体显带机制并非如此简单,许多实验结果均与上述解释相矛盾。近来的研究表明,染色体显带的核心问题是,     

大麦染色体G带技术的探索

染色体G带技术在细胞遗传学中已得到了广泛应用,它推动了人类细胞遗传学在近几年中的迅速发展。可是,在植物方面染色体分带技术的应用价值却很有限,因为它仅能显示C、N及Q带。这些带纹在每条植物染色体上数量太     

蕹菜的DAPI显带核型

利用一种新的DAPI显带技术分析了蕹菜染色体的DAPI带型及其异染色质的分布,建立了类似于G带的蕹菜DA PI带模式图,为蕹菜的细胞遗传学研究、育种和资源的开发利用提供帮助。     

中国家猪高分辨G—带及模式图

采用氨甲喋呤或胸苷阻断法使细胞分裂同步化,并结合胰酶G-带技术,对中国7个家猪品种高分辨G-带进行了研究,发现家猪品种间带型基本一致,从而参照人类细胞遗传学命名法的国际体制,提出了中国家猪高分辨G-带标准化核型及模式图,对显带核型界标进行了少许修改,对每对染色体进行了区带划分和描述。单倍染色体组所显示的G-带数目,包括X和Y染色体,巳达444条,近于中期染色体带纹数目的两倍。     

植物染色体G—带的研究进展

染色体 G-带技术在动物和人类遗传学中已得到了广泛应用,可是在植物方面由于它仅能显示带纹很少的 C-带、N-带或 Q-节,这就大大限制了染色体显带技术在植物细胞遗传学研究和植物育种上的进一步应用。近十年来,植物染色体 G-带的研究越来越受到人们的重视,世界上,尤其是我国有不少学者进行了详细研究,并取得了不少进展,本文仅就这方面的研究现状做一简述。     

大麦染色体G带技术的探索

染色体G带技术在细胞遗传学中已得到了广泛应用,它推动了人类细胞遗传学在近几年中的迅速发展。可是,在植物方面染色体分带技术的应用价值却很有限,因为它仅能显示C, N及Q带。这些带纹在每条植物染色体上数量太少,且多数集中在染色体端粒、副溢痕和着丝粒附近。为此,突破G带技术已成为植物染色体分带研究的当务之急。     

中国家猪染色体高分辨G带模式图：—成都会议录（1991年11月）

1976年在英国召开的第一届家畜染色体带型标准化国际会议(Reading会议)上,首次提出了家猪G带模式图.1984年在第六届欧洲家畜细胞遗传学讨论会上,成立了家猪核型标准化委员会.1988年,Gustavsson作为协调者发表了该委员会确定的家猪G带、R带标准化核型.我国家猪染色体显带研究始于1979年(陈文元等),截止现在国内至少有8个单位发表了20多篇论文,涉及21个中国家猪品种和3个国外家猪品种,其中高分辨G带核     

高等真菌细胞遗传学研究进展

细胞遗传学的主要问容是研究生物在染色体形态、结构、功能和行为等方面的特点,以及这些特点与生物遗传变异和进化的０系［1］．大多数真菌的细胞核较小,许多种群的染色体数目不清楚,真菌细胞遗传学的研究远远落后于动植物细胞遗传学的研究水平。随着各种显微技术、生物化学技术和分子生物学技术的发展,真菌细胞遗传学的研究近年来取得了显著进展。三染色体组型研究的发展早期对染色体的研究受技术上的限制,主要局限于少数染色体粗大的动植物材料。五十年代以后,先后诞生了低渗处理技术、秋水仙素处理技术和高分辨显带技术［2］,一些…     

染色体显带法及其临床应用

1970年瑞典Caspersson等结合细胞培养和荧光染料染色技术,发现人体细胞的染色体上面具有带状结构。1971年人类细胞遗传学标准化巴黎会议,审查了Caspersson氏的工作,拟订了染色体带型的命名法,并建议今后人类染色体的鉴别以报告中描述的荧光染色体带型为依据。几年来,各国陆续发表了不少报道,不仅充分证实人体染色体带纹结构的存在,而且在显带技术、显带机理和实际应用方面取得了较快的进展。 原来,在50年代末到60年代,只能根据染色体的相对长度、着丝点的位置、着丝点两侧的长臂和短臂的相对长度以及随体的有无来鉴别各条染色体。几个组的染色体,特别是C组各对染色体之间,上述四种特征很相近似,不易区分。染色体带型的发现,克服了这个缺点,使人体染色体结构和细胞遗传学研究从60年代的一般染色体组型分析进展到对染色体结构更精细的分析,在理论上和实践上都有重要的意义。 本文拟报道我们对于人体细胞染色体显带方法和其临床应用的初步结果。     

Pudong White pig: a unique genetic resource disclosed by sequencing data

Pudong White (PW) pigs are distributed in the Taihu region of China and are characterized by their completely white coats. A heated debate concerning this genetic resource and its relationship to Taihu and western pig breeds has arisen, due to the white coat of the animals. To determine whether PW is a unique genetic resource, we performed a detailed assessment of the genetic relationships among PW, six breeds from the Taihu population and three western pig breeds, based on whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. A total of 68 102 SNPs were identified in the genomes of the tested populations by next-generation sequencing technology, of which, 64 were determined as the potentially specific to PW breed. The genetic distance between PW pigs and the Taihu population was shorter than that between PW and western breeds. The genetic distance within the PW population was small and neighbour-joining tree analysis revealed that all PW individuals clustered into a separated group, indicating a close genetic relationship among PW individuals which may result from a small effective population size (N_e) and inbreeding. The results of both principal component analysis and evaluation using fastSTRUCTURE demonstrated that PW was clearly differentiated from other breeds. Together, these results indicate that PW is a distinctive genetic resource with a unique genetic structure separate from other Taihu and western pig breeds. Furthermore, this genome-wide comprehensive survey of the relationships among PW, Taihu and western pig breeds, demonstrates the rationality of the current breed classification of PW. The results also provide evidence about the unique genetic resource of PW, based on genome-wide genetic markers. These data will improve our understanding of the genetic structure and current state of PW breed, and facilitate the development of a national project for the conservation and utilization of these pigs.     

Genetic diversity present within the near-complete mtDNA genome of 17 breeds of indigenous Chinese pigs

The genetic diversity present within the near-complete mitochondrial genome (15,982 bp) was determined from 17 indigenous Chinese pig breeds and 3 European breeds. Animals were selected from 17 Chinese breeds that reflect the large phenotypic diversity of Chinese pigs and represent each of the six breed types, which are grouped based on morphological characteristics. Analysis of nucleotide diversity confirmed a high level of divergence between animals of European versus Asian origin; however, much more limited variation was observed between the 17 indigenous Chinese breeds. Each had a unique haplotype, but the lowest pairwise sequence divergence was only 0.01 +/- 0.01%, observed between the Tongcheng and Yushan Black. Comparison of control region sequence diversity revealed the 17 Chinese breeds contain a lower average pairwise distance (0.61 +/- 0.19%) than a group of European commercial breeds (0.91 +/- 0.21%). The dendrogram constructed from the near-complete mtDNA sequences showed the Chinese sequences loosely clustering into two groups. Although some correspondence with geographic origin was present, notable differences between the dendrogram and the traditional pig breed grouping system were observed.     

24个中外猪种(群)的AFLP多态性及其群体遗传关系

利用12对AFLP引物组合检测了19个中国地方猪种（群）,1个培育猪种和4个欧美引进猪种混合基因组DNA的遗传变异,根据AFLP分析结果计算了24个猪种（群）间的遗传相似系数,据此构建了UPGMA聚类关系图,结果表明,AFLP标记有着很高的多态检测效率（Ai),平均每个引物组合检测到17.3个多态标记,非常适合于猪种（群）遗传多样性分析和品种鉴定;中国地方猪种与欧美引进猪种间的遗传分化十分明显,两类猪群间的亲缘关系较远;南昌白猪与大白猪,铅山黑猪与玉山黑猪有着极近的亲缘关系,分别与其育成历史,地理分布和RAPD分析结果相一致。另外还对部分猪种（群）的聚类分析结果与其形态学,地理分布和现行分类情况不相一致的原因进行了探讨。     

Distribution of the CD4 Alleles in Sus scrofa Demonstrates the Genetic Profiles of Western Breeds and Miniature Pigs

Widely used antipig CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) fail to recognize CD4 alleles characteristic of miniature pig lines such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) miniature pigs and microminipigs. We surveyed polymorphisms in the coding sequence of the porcine CD4 gene among Western and Oriental pig breeds and Japanese wild boars and investigated their distribution. Of the 13 alleles that we identified among the 47 animals, 2 in group I and 3 in group II were found exclusively in Western breed pigs. Group IV alleles, which included mAb-nonbinding alleles, were found frequently in Oriental breed pigs, suggesting that the mAb-nonbinding allele arose from the gene pool of Oriental pigs. Group IV alleles were also found in Duroc and Large White pigs, suggesting genetic inflow from Oriental pig breeds into Western breeds. Comparison of the CD4 sequences of species in Cetartiodactyla suggested that the group IV alleles in Sus scrofa occurred before the divergence of this species from the other artiodactyls. The different antibody specificities of the various CD4 alleles may facilitate the discrimination of T-cell populations in transplantation studies using miniature pigs. The significance of the preservation of CD4 polymorphisms to immune function in pigs warrants further investigation.     

Nucleotide variability of the porcine SERPINA6 gene and the origin of a putative causal mutation associated with meat quality

The serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 6 gene (SERPINA6), also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin or CBG, is involved in obesity and stress sensitivity. Previous studies have reported putative causal mutations within that gene in the porcine species. To characterize a hypothetical selective footprint, we have resequenced approximately 6 kb of coding and non-coding fragments in 20 pigs comprising domestic breeds and wild boars from Asia and Europe. Nucleotide variability was found to be far greater within Asian pig breeds than European breeds (π = 1% vs. 0.05%, respectively), which is consistent with pig evolutionary history. The putative causal amino acid substitution p.Gly307Arg (SNP c.919G>A) associated with meat quality (drip loss) was only detected in European domestic pig breeds, suggesting a very recent mutation that appeared after domestication in Europe. No support for positive selection was detected, as no reduction in levels of diversity surrounding the mutation was found in lean breeds with respect to wild boar.     

The chimerical genome of Isla del Coco feral pigs (Costa Rica), an isolated population since 1793 but with remarkable levels of diversity

The history of domestic species and of their wild ancestors is not a simple one, and feral processes can clarify key aspects of this history, including the adaptive processes triggered by new environments. Here, we provide a comprehensive genomic study of Isla del Coco (Costa Rica) feral pigs, a unique population that was allegedly founded by two individuals and has remained isolated since 1793. Using SNP arrays and genome sequencing, we show that Cocos pigs are hybrids between Asian and European pigs, as are modern international pig breeds. This conclusively shows that, as early as the 18th century, British vessels were loading crossbred pigs in Great Britain and transporting them overseas. We find that the Y chromosome has Asian origin, which has not been reported in any international pig breed. Chinese haplotypes seem to have been transmitted independently between Cocos and other pig breeds, suggesting independent introgression events and a complex pattern of admixing. Although data are compatible with a founder population of N = 2, variability levels are as high in Cocos pigs as in international pig breeds (~1.9 SNPs/kb) and higher than in European wild boars or local breeds (~1.7 SNPs/kb). Nevertheless, we also report a 10‐Mb region with a marked decrease in variability across all samples that contains four genes (CPE, H3F3C, SC4MOL and KHL2) previously identified as highly differentiated between wild and domestic pigs. This work therefore illustrates how feral population genomic studies can help to resolve the history of domestic species and associated admixture events.     

Estimating the frequency of Asian cytochrome B haplotypes in standard European and local Spanish pig breeds

Mitochondrial DNA has been widely used to perform phylogenetic studies in different animal species. In pigs, genetic variability at the cytochrome B gene and the D-loop region has been used as a tool to dissect the genetic relationships between different breeds and populations. In this work, we analysed four SNP at the cytochrome B gene to infer the Asian (A1 and A2 haplotypes) or European (E1 and E2 haplotypes) origins of several European standard and local pig breeds. We found a mixture of Asian and European haplotypes in the Canarian Black pig (E1, A1 and A2), German Piétrain (E1, A1 and A2), Belgian Piétrain (E1, A1), Large White (E1 and A1) and Landrace (E1 and A1) breeds. In contrast, the Iberian (Guadyerbas, Ervideira, Caldeira, Campanario, Puebla and Torbiscal strains) and the Majorcan Black pig breeds only displayed the E1 haplotype. Our results show that the introgression of Chinese pig breeds affected most of the major European standard breeds, which harbour Asian haplotypes at diverse frequencies (15–56%). In contrast, isolated local Spanish breeds, such as the Iberian and Majorcan Black pig, only display European cytochrome B haplotypes, a feature that evidences that they were not crossed with other Chinese or European commercial populations. These findings illustrate how geographical confinement spared several local Spanish breeds from the extensive introgression event that took place during the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe.     

猪甲状腺激素应答Spot14基因编码区多态性与猪产脂能力的关联性

甲状腺激素应答Spot14(THRSP)是甲状腺激素诱导的核内蛋白质,对动物脂肪生成具有重要的调控作用.为了探明中国地方猪品种(脂肪型)和引入品种(瘦肉型)胴体脂肪沉积之差异的遗传机理,提取脂肪型猪(皖南花猪、绩溪黑猪、定远猪,n=228)和瘦肉型猪(长白猪、大白猪、杜洛克及其杂种猪,n=92)的耳组织DNA,检测THRSP基因编码区的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),分析其变异对mRNA折叠和蛋白质二级结构的影响以及在群体中的分布规律,研究其变异与猪产脂能力之间的关联性.结果发现,猪THRSP基因编码区的核苷酸序列与人和牛的同源性分别为86%和88%,存在2个SNPs位点(G123A和A308G)分别位于距CDS起点的123 bp和308 bp处,其中G123A为同义突变,而A308G导致THRSP蛋白质103位的赖氨酸变为精氨酸,引起了酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点由TKEE转变为TREE,并产生了2种类型的mRNA折叠和蛋白质二级结构,脂肪型猪群中123G和308A的频率分别为0.975 9和0.589 9,瘦肉型猪群的123G和308A频率分别为0.657 7和0.815 2,脂肪型猪123G308A和123G308G配子的总频率达到0.975 9,而瘦肉型猪的123A308A和123G308A配子的总频率为0.815 3.实验提示,THRSP基因编码区的G123A和A308G位点多态性与猪脂肪生成能力密切关联,对脂肪生成相关基因表达具有重要的调节作用.     

The development of the gene pool in the microevolution of Sus scrofa and the role of heterozygosity in the breed-forming process

The gene pool formation of the modem domestic breeds of pig Sus scrofa domestica and their genesis based on hybridization of wild ancestral forms of the European and Asian origin were studied using molecular immunogenetic methods. Males of the European and Central Asian S. scrofa subspecies (S. s. scrofa and S. s. nigripes were hybridized with domestic pigs of the Swedish Landrace and Vietnamese Black Masked breeds. In addition, we examined the genotypic structure of 65 wild, aboriginal, and local populations as well as cultured breeds, including the stock breeds with different levels of selection. Frequencies of alleles and suballelles of the chromosome 4 locus controlling antigens of the L blood group system were analyzed. The origin of marker suballeles of the European and Asian origin was estimated in the most widespread world pig breeds. Unexpectedly, a strikingly high frequency of the Asian elements was found in the most productive European and American breeds, as well as in the best breeds of Russia and other CIS countries. Only one form of heterozygosity (bcgi/bdfi) was found in a population of wild European ancestors, whereas domestic pig breeds displayed heterozygosity for far more numerous suballeles of the locus studied. Animals heterozygous for alleles of the European and Asian origin showed higher adaptivity and fertility.     

边际多样性方法在中国猪种保护资金分配中的应用

农业动物种质资源面临着严重危机,有必要构建一个科学、有效的保护方案,合理分配有限的资金,以期保护最大的多样性。本文应用边际多样性方法,以中国18个地方猪种为例,通过对灭绝概率、现实多样性、边际多样性和保护潜力的分析,应用3种模型分析了未来群体期望多样性变化趋势,并提出了相应的资金优化配置方案。在文中所涉及的模型中,加性模型(ModelA)被评定为资金优化配置的最佳模型;共有10个品种获得保护资金,其中杭猪获得最高比例(16%)的保护资金;其次为赣中南花猪(万安猪)、嵊县花猪,各获得14%;阳新猪、乐平猪各获得11%;五指山猪、玉山乌猪、赣中南花猪(冠朝猪)、清平猪、武夷黑猪和嘉兴黑猪分别获得10%、9%、9%、2%、2%和2%的保护资金。结果表明,分配保护资金需综合考虑群体的受威胁程度、群体遗传多样性和经济重要性等。