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1.
酚氧化酶(简称PO),又称为酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,EC1.14.18.1),是一种含铜的酶.它能够分别催化单酚羟基和二羟基酚氧化成二酚(如多巴)和醌,醌在非酶促条件下形成最终的反应产物黑色素.PO在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中都广泛存在,被认为是一种参与免疫的重要因子.本文就酚氧化酶及其酶原的生化特性和分子生物学特性研究的进展情况予以综述.  相似文献   

2.
酚氧化酶(Phenoloxidase,PO)又称为酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,EC1.14.18.1),是一种含铜的酶,能够催化单酚羟化成二酚(如多巴),并把二酚氧化成醌;醌在非酶促条件下形成最终的反应产物黑色素。PO在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中都广泛存在,而且被认为是一种参与免疫的重要因子。本文就酚氧化酶及其酶原的免疫学特性、细胞定位及其功能研究进展进行综述。  相似文献   

3.
节肢动物分布广泛,物种数量繁多,有较高衍生价值,因此近年来对节肢动物的研究越来越深入。已有研究者对节肢动物线粒体和核糖体的基因序列进行研究,而近年发现,与DNA序列相比,蛋白质序列的进化式样更为简单,用于探讨系统发育的效果更好。酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase)作为先天免疫的重要成员,有作为研究节肢动物进化的分子标记的可能。本研究对节肢动物酚氧化酶家族的组成进行分析,并构建基于该家族蛋白序列的系统进化树,试图阐明酚氧化酶家族在节肢动物中的进化关系,并为节肢动物的进化研究提供更多理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
节肢动物血蓝蛋白家族的组成与演化   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
谢维  栾云霞 《生命科学》2011,(1):106-114
血蓝蛋白是动物界的三类呼吸功能蛋白之一,目前仅发现于节肢动物和软体动物等少数动物类群中。不同亚型的血蓝蛋白有不同的理化性质和序列,但均结合氧分子,并以六聚体,甚至更复杂的聚合体结构存在。血蓝蛋白与酚氧化酶、拟血蓝蛋白、昆虫储存蛋白以及昆虫储存蛋白受体等结构类似、进化上近缘的分子共同组成了血蓝蛋白超家族。该文主要介绍了血蓝蛋白家族成员在节肢动物四大类群(螯肢动物、多足动物、甲壳动物和六足动物)中已知的分布、结构和功能,并重点综述了血蓝蛋白家族成员在节肢动物系统演化研究中发挥的独特而有效的作用,进一步强调了在更多节肢动物类群中研究血蓝蛋白家族的功能和演化的重要性。  相似文献   

5.
Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLR)(或Toll)通过与各种病原相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecular patterns,PAMP)的识别和特异结合,广泛参与各种天然免疫应答,目前已在线虫类、软体动物、节肢动物、棘皮动物及低等脊索类的后口动物等多种无脊椎动物中发现大量的TLR及同源蛋白.TLR在进化中高度保守,其功能随着动物进化中免疫机能的复杂化而多样化.这些研究成果将会不断加深对无脊椎动物天然免疫系统的起源、进化路线及其信号转导机制的认识.  相似文献   

6.
软体动物维甲酸X受体研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
维甲酸X受体(retinoid X receptor,RXR)作为配体依赖的转录因子,是核受体超家族重要的一员.脊椎动物RXR与配体及其辅调节因子相互作用,调控基因的协调表达,在胚胎发育、细胞分化、新陈代谢等许多生理过程中起着重要作用.软体动物RXR的研究因其与腹足类性畸变的关系越来越受到关注.本文综述了目前获得的软体动物RXR基因的结构,比较了软体动物RXR基因各功能结构域与人类和其他动物RXR的相似性.以RXR编码区的氨基酸序列为基础,构建了系统进化树,发现软体动物RXR与脊索动物而不是其他无脊椎动物的RXR聚成一支.软体动物和甲壳动物不同RXR亚型的氨基酸序列比较发现,两类动物可能存在不同的剪切酶或剪切位点.此外论文还针对软体动物RXR的配体、二聚体伙伴以及生理功能等方面的研究进行了综述.  相似文献   

7.
甲壳动物精氨酸激酶的结构与功能   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
精氨酸激酶(Arginine kinase)是调节无脊椎动物能量代谢的重要酶,在调节无脊椎动物体内磷酸精氨酸与ATP之间的能量平衡过程中具有重要作用。甲壳动物是节肢动物门内最重要的类群之一,并具有重要的经济价值。本文综述了甲壳动物体内精氨酸激酶的分子构象、表达变化及生理功能等方面的研究进展,为深入研究甲壳动物的能量代谢调控机制提供必要的参考。另外,文中对甲壳动物精氨酸激酶的重要性和研究中存在的问题进行了讨论。  相似文献   

8.
甲壳动物免疫因子的研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
无脊椎动物缺乏后天获得的特异性免疫功能 ,不产生免疫球蛋白 ,但是它们有先天性的非特异性免疫系统 ,能够识别和有效清除入侵的微生物和寄生虫等异物 ,保持体内外平衡。甲壳动物是无脊椎动物中的一个类群 ,近 4 0年来 ,国外广泛地开展甲壳动物免疫的研究 ,而国内有关报道则较少。在甲壳动物免疫研究中 ,鲎是最常用的动物 ,它在地球上已存活 2 0多亿年。其次是虾和蟹。研究发现 ,它们体内存在着非常有效的防御系统[1] ,其中最主要的是血淋巴。血淋巴含多种细胞和体液免疫因子 ,它们互相协同 ,对异物产生凝固作用 (Coagulation) ,黑化作用 (…  相似文献   

9.
对太湖8个区域共60样点进行底栖大型无脊椎动物采样,共获得底栖动物24种,其中软体动物14种,节肢动物5种,甲壳动物5种.根据Hilsenhoff 生物指数确定了15个相对清洁的样点和45个污染样点,然后进行21种生物指数的综合评估,结果表明,总分类单元数、(甲壳动物 软体动物)分类单元数、%(甲壳动物 软体动物)、%腹足纲、Goodnight-Whitley指数、Hilsenhoff 生物指数和%直接收集者等7个底栖动物生物指数可以用作判别太湖水质的敏感生物指数.通过5, 3, 1记分法对6种生物指数统一量纲后,获得变化范围为7~35的综合生物指数,运用四分法划分了太湖水质判别的生物基准:7~14很差,15~21差,22~28一般,29~35好,并对60个样点进行重新记分,获得了太湖水质的基本生态分区现状,太湖的东南区属水质较好的区域,而西北区属水质较差的区域.该水质生物基准基本适合评价太湖不同区域的水质状况.  相似文献   

10.
张道伟  陈静 《昆虫学报》2014,57(10):1123-1132
【目的】探讨酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase, PO)在德国小蠊Blattella germanica对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli的免疫响应中的作用。【方法】利用同源克隆和RACE方法获得德国小蠊酚氧化酶基因(BgPO)的全长cDNA序列,用MEGA5.1软件构建BgPO与其他昆虫PO的系统进化树,用RT-PCR方法检测BgPO的组织表达模式及大肠杆菌诱导后不同时间的表达量变化,用Hultmark 方法测定抑菌活力,用邻苯二酚法测定酚氧化酶活性。【结果】获得的德国小蠊BgPO基因(GenBank登录号:KJ789157)cDNA全长为2 252 bp,其中开放阅读框大小为2 085 bp,编码695个氨基酸,预测的分子量和等电点分别为79.7 kDa和6.19。Blast分析结果表明德国小蠊BgPO与其他昆虫PO有较高的同源性,其中与白蚁Coptotermes formosanus PO的氨基酸序列一致性高达80%;系统进化树分析显示其与C. formosanus PO的亲缘关系最近。基因表达检测结果表明BgPO主要在血淋巴细胞和表皮中表达。大肠杆菌诱导德国小蠊后,发现BgPO的表达量在诱导24 h后升高,在诱导后36 h达到峰值;其血淋巴的抑菌活力及酚氧化酶的活性在诱导后6-36 h内均随着诱导时间的增加而增加,且菌诱导组与PBS诱导组之间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。【结论】本研究获得的德国小蠊酚氧化酶基因BgPO主要在血淋巴和表皮中表达,并参与了大肠杆菌诱导的免疫应答反应。研究结果为进一步探索酚氧化酶在德国小蠊对病原菌的免疫响应机制奠定基础。  相似文献   

11.
Crustacean High Density Lipoprotein/beta-Glucan Binding Protein (HDL/BGBP) has been studied due to its role in nutrition and immune response via activation of the defense cells (hemocytes) upon binding 1,3-D-beta-glucan carbohydrates. In this study, HDL/BGBP was found to be composed mainly of beta sheets, as determined by circular dichroism. Lipoprotein aggregation resulted when HDL/BGBP interacted with phospolipid vesicles, laminaribiose (1,3-beta-glucan disaccharide) or heparin. HDL/BGBP has similar dissociation constants for laminaribiose (K(d)=22 mM) or heparin (K(d)=46 mM) as determined by 90 degrees light scattering.  相似文献   

12.
13.
动物经过数亿年的进化直到脊椎动物阶段出现了渐为完整的免疫系统。植物在与各种病原的共进化过程中亦发展了自身的防御系统。随着对植物抗病性的概念及植物防御机制的不断认识,人们发现它与动物的免疫应答有着众多的对应性。这些对应性是否表明植物的防御系统与动物的免疫系统在进化上具有同一性,是否表明它们在防御反应上具有类似的机制值得深思 。  相似文献   

14.
为探讨CpG寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides,CpG-ODN)激活中华绒螯蟹血细胞酚氧化酶原系统(prophenoloxidase system,proPO系统)的信号传导途径,使用一定剂量的CpGODN-1670、ODN-R以及几种细胞信号传导的激活剂或抑制剂体外处理中华绒螯蟹血细胞,通过检测胞内外酚氧化酶(PO)活性的变化,对CpG ODN触发proPO激活系统的信号传导途径进行评价。结果显示,ODN-1670与ODN-R均可触发蟹血细胞proPO激活系统,试验剂量的ODN-1670可促进血细胞内外已有的proPO转化为PO,而对proPO颗粒的释放具有一定的抑制作用;ODN-R则不仅可使proPO转化为PO,还可促进血细胞脱颗粒。两者的信号传导途径相似,可能都包含了G-蛋白介导的蛋白激酶C(PKC)途径,酪氨酸蛋白激酶(RTK)途径对ODN-1670的触发proPO激活系统的活化过程进行负调控。  相似文献   

15.
于2006年9月和2007年7月在中街山列岛4个有居民海岛岩相潮间带设立8个断面,对大型底栖动物的群落结构进行了调查.共获得大型底栖动物34种,其中腔肠动物1种,环节动物3种,甲壳动物10种,软体动物20种.优势种有日本笠藤壶(Tetraclita japonica)、紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)和节蝾螺(Turb articulatus)等4种.以季节和站位为因子对多样性指数进行双因素方差分析,结果表明只有夏、秋季丰富度指数(P=0.028)存在显著差异,其他指数的方差分析没有显著差异(P>0.05).3个潮带4个岛屿共12个站位的聚类分析和MDS标序分析表明,12个群落可分为3组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组).大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落尚未受到干扰.  相似文献   

16.
A Review of the Chemical Ecology of Antarctic Marine Invertebrates   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3  
The interdisciplinary field of marine invertebrate chemicalecology is relatively young, and particularly so in polar marineenvironments. In this review we present evidence that the incidenceof chemical defense in antarctic benthic marine invertebratephyla is widespread. Mechanisms of chemical defense have beendetected in antarctic representatives of the Porifera, Cnidaria,Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Nemertea, Mollusca and Echinodermata.This argues against earlier bio-geographic theories that predicteda low incidence of chemical defense in polar waters where levelsof fish predation are low. Selection for chemical defense inbenthic sessile and sluggish marine invertebrates is likelya response to an environmentally stable community shown to bestructured primarily by biotic factors such as predation andcompetition. Holoplankton and the eggs, embryos and larvae ofboth benthic and planktonic antarctic macroinvertebrates mayalso employ chemical defense to offset mortality during characteristicallyslow development and long life span where susceptibility topredation is seemingly high. While most research to date hasfocused on the role of secondary metabolites in mediating predation,it is likely that bioactive compounds in antarctic marine invertebratesalso serve roles as antifoulants and allelochemics. The diversityof bioactive metabolites detected to date in antarctic marineinvertebrates sets the stage both for continuing and for broadeningefforts to evaluate their functional and ecological significance.  相似文献   

17.
Molluscs, comprising one of the most successful phyla, lack clear evidence of adaptive immunity and yet thrive in the oceans, which are rich in viruses. There are thought to be nearly 120,000 species of Mollusca, most living in marine habitats. Despite the extraordinary abundance of viruses in oceans, molluscs often have very long life spans (10 to 100 years). Thus, their innate immunity must be highly effective at countering viral infections. Antiviral compounds are a crucial component of molluscan defenses against viruses and have diverse mechanisms of action against a wide variety of viruses, including many that are human pathogens. Antiviral compounds found in abalone, oyster, mussels, and other cultured molluscs are available in large supply, providing good opportunities for future research and development. However, most members of the phylum Mollusca have not been examined for the presence of antiviral compounds. The enormous diversity and adaptations of molluscs imply a potential source of novel antiviral compounds for future drug discovery.  相似文献   

18.
Recent interest has focused on immune response in an evolutionary context, with particular attention to disease resistance as a life-history trait, subject to trade-offs against other traits such as reproductive effort. Immune defense has several characteristics that complicate this approach, however; for example, because of the risk of autoimmunity, optimal immune defense is not necessarily maximum immune defense. Two important types of cost associated with immunity in the context of life history are resource costs, those related to the allocation of essential but limited resources, such as energy or nutrients, and option costs, those paid not in the currency of resources but in functional or structural components of the organism. Resource and option costs are likely to apply to different aspects of resistance. Recent investigations into possible trade-offs between reproductive effort, particularly sexual displays, and immunity have suggested interesting functional links between the two. Although all organisms balance the costs of immune defense against the requirements of reproduction, this balance works out differently for males than it does for females, creating sex differences in immune response that in turn are related to ecological factors such as the mating system. We conclude that immune response is indeed costly and that future work would do well to include invertebrates, which have sometimes been neglected in studies of the ecology of immune defense.  相似文献   

19.
CRISPR‐Cas     
The prokaryotic immune system: CRISPR‐Cas The struggle of survival between prokaryotes and their viruses is likely one of the oldest conflicts on earth. Prokaryotes have developed different defense strategies to fend off an infection by the ubiquitous viruses that outnumber prokaryotes by an estimated factor of 10. Viruses, in turn, exhibit several counter mechanisms to overcome the prokaryotic defense. The recently discovered CRISPR‐Cas‐system represents a remarkable example for the continuous arms race between prokaryotes and viruses. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, the CRISPR‐Cas‐mediated defense constitutes an adaptive and heritable immune system against viruses and plasmids.  相似文献   

20.
From early on in evolution, organisms have had to protect themselves from pathogens. Mechanisms for discriminating "self" from "non-self" evolved to accomplish this task, launching a long history of host-pathogen co-evolution. Evolution of mechanisms of immune defense has resulted in a variety of strategies. Even unicellular organisms have rich arsenals of mechanisms for protection, such as restriction endonucleases, antimicrobial peptides, and RNA interference.In multicellular organisms, specialized immune cells have evolved, capable of recognition, phagocytosis, and killing of foreign cells as well as removing their own cells changed by damage, senescence, infection, or cancer. Additional humoral factors, such as the complement cascade, have developed that co-operate with cellular immunity in fighting infection and maintaining homeostasis. Defensive mechanisms based on germline-encoded receptors constitute a system known as innate immunity. In jaw vertebrates, this system is supplemented with a second system, adaptive immunity, which in contrast to innate immunity is based on diversification of immune receptors and on immunological memory in each individual.Usually, each newly evolved defense mechanism did not replace the previous one, but supplemented it, resulting in a layered structure of the immune system. The immune system is not one system but rather a sophisticated network of various defensive mechanisms operating on different levels, ranging from mechanisms common for every cell in the body to specialized immune cells and responses at the level of the whole organism. Adaptive changes in pathogens have shaped the evolution of the immune system at all levels.  相似文献   

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