磷脂酸含量测定法评价烟曲霉孢子对肺上皮细胞磷脂酶D活性的影响

目的 优化检测烟曲霉刺激A549细胞后磷脂酸（phosphotidic acid,PA）含量变化的方法,间接反应细胞内磷脂酶D（Phospholipase D,PLD）活性变化.方法 建立烟曲霉ATCC13073刺激肺上皮细胞模型;采用甲醇氯仿法提取胞内脂质;用改良的磷脂酸含量测定法测定PA标准品和细胞内PA水平变化规律.结果 PA标准品在5～ 250 μmol/L呈线性关系;经膨胀孢子刺激后,肺上皮细胞内PA含量显著升高,休眠孢子在这一过程中对肺上皮细胞内PA含量无明显作用.结论 改良的PA测量法能快速、稳定而有效地测定细胞内的PLD活性.烟曲霉膨胀孢子能显著激活肺上皮细胞内的PLD活性.     

植物甘油二酯激酶(DGK)信号转导作用

甘油二酯激酶(DGK)是产生信号分子磷脂酸(PA)途径中的一个磷酸激酶,它与磷脂酶C(PLC)协同作用产生PA,磷脂酶D(PLD)途径也是PA产生的一个来源。PA是脂质信号分子,参与调节植物各种细胞生物学过程。文章介绍植物中DGK的信号转导作用、分子生物学反应、DGK的抑制剂以及与底物的亲和力的研究进展。     

拟南芥中磷脂酶Dδ参与机械伤害诱导的磷脂酸生成（英文）

磷脂酶水解磷脂产生磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid,PA),Dα1和δ是磷脂酶D家族中表达丰度最高的两个成员,已知磷脂酶Dα1参与了机械伤害诱导的磷脂酸信号,但是磷脂酶Dδ是否以及如何参与PA信号尚且未知。本研究利用脂类组学分析方法,比较了拟南芥野生型(WS)和磷脂酶Dδ基因T-DNA插入突变体(PLDδ-KO),在机械伤害后的较长时间段(6 h)的膜脂分子变化。结果发现,机械伤害后,拟南芥两种基因型的大部分膜脂均发生下降,且机械伤害后30 min,PA含量即快速并急剧升高;随着时间的延长,其水平持续升高,直至达到峰值后下降至6 h达到最低值。WS和PLDδ-KO达到PA最高值的时间不同,分别为1 h和3 h;在伤害处理后30 min至3 h期间,PLDδ-KO中的PA水平低于WS,两个基因型中的PA含量最大差值为20%,发生在伤害后1 h。这证明缺失PLDδ基因在一定程度抑制了机械伤害诱导的PA生产,表明PLDδ参与拟南芥响应机械伤害的PA生成,但是其响应较PLDα1作用慢且轻。这是PLDδ响应拟南芥中机械伤害的首次报道。     

磷脂酸和溶血磷脂酸的生理功能

磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)和溶血磷脂酸(lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是细胞内和细胞外信号转导的重要磷脂信号分子.它们主要通过磷脂酶D和磷脂酶C两条途径产生,并且PA在磷脂酶A2的催化下可水解生成LPA.越来越多证据表明,PA和LPA在细胞诸多生理功能中起重要作用.本文主要介绍PA和LPA的生理功能及作用机制的研究进展.     

PI3K/Akt在C2C12肌细胞生脂转分化中的作用

本研究的主要目的在于探明PI3K/Akt通路在肌细胞生脂转分化中的调控作用.试验培养并诱导C2C12肌细胞生脂转分化,同时使用抑制剂Wortmannin处理细胞抑制PI3K的激活,或者使用特异性siR NA转染沉默细胞内源PI3K基因的表达,观察其对肌细胞生脂转分化的影响.结果表明,随着C2C12细胞的生脂转分化,PI3K蛋白(P55亚基和P85亚基)和其下游效应分子Akt的磷酸化水平,在转分化前期提高而在转分化后期明显降低.使用Wortmannin处理细胞能够有效抑制PI3K/Akt激活,这导致C2C12细胞的生脂转分化明显受到抑制,细胞内脂肪生成量显著降低,生脂基因PPARγ、C/EBPα、FABP4和FATP1的表达水平均显著下调.使用特异性siR NA转染细胞显著下调PI3K基因表达水平和蛋白质含量,同样明显抑制了C2C12细胞的生脂转分化.此外,在转分化过程中抑制PI3K/Akt的活性和表达还激活了Caspase-3并导致细胞凋亡.综合上述结果可以确认PI3K/Akt的正常表达和激活是肌细胞生脂转分化必不可少的.     

植物磷脂酶D基因表达与衰老的关系

磷脂酶D (PLD)是一种重要的磷脂水解酶,在植物细胞中普遍存在。磷脂酶D能激活许多重要的细胞生理功能,包括调控细胞膜的重建、跨膜信号传导及细胞内调控、细胞骨架组装、防御反应以及种子萌发和植物的衰老等。对磷脂酶D的基本特性、磷脂酶D基因特异性表达模式及其活性抑制与植物衰老的关系进行了综述,并探讨和展望了今后植物磷脂酶D基因的研究方向。     

磷脂酸和溶血磷脂酸的生理功能

磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid,PA)和溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)是细胞内和细胞外信号转导的重要磷脂信号分子。它们主要通过磷脂酶D和磷脂酶C两条途径产生,并且PA在磷脂酶A2的催化下可水解生成LPA。越来越多证据表明,PA和LPA在细胞诸多生理功能中起重要作用。本文主要介绍PA和LPA的生理功能及作用机制的研究进展。     

磷脂酸的诱导和降解在植物逆境响应中的作用

磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid,PA)是植物中重要的脂质信号分子,被称为"脂质第二信使",参与多种逆境胁迫相关的信号传导途径.植物体内的PA可通过直接的磷脂酶D途径和间接的磷脂酶C途径产生.当植物受到胁迫刺激后,细胞内的PA含量会在几分钟内升高,在胁迫消失后经磷酸化作用形成甘油二酯焦磷酸降解,恢复到正常水平...     

灵芝细胞中磷脂酸互作蛋白鉴定

灵芝是名贵药用真菌,三萜是灵芝的关键药效成分。前期研究发现,磷脂酶D (Phospholipase D,PLD) 产生的磷脂酸 (Phosphatidic acid,PA) 可调控三萜合成,为进一步阐明PA调控灵芝三萜合成的分子机制,研究采用PA-beads富集结合LC-MS/MS技术,鉴定灵芝细胞中PA互作蛋白,结果共鉴定到了19个PA互作蛋白,主要包括细胞色素P450单加氧酶 (GL22084)、特异性蛋白激酶MAPK (GL23765)、过氧化氢酶和细胞表面疏水性蛋白等。通过基因克隆、原核表达载体构建、蛋白诱导表达和分离纯化,获得了融合GST标签的GL22084和GL23765蛋白,采用GST-pull down实验,验证了灵芝GL22084和GL23765蛋白与PA互作。研究结果揭示了灵芝细胞中PA互作蛋白,为后续解析PLD介导的PA信号分子调控灵芝三萜合成的分子机理奠定了基础;同时,鉴定到的PA互作蛋白也为其他物种的PLD/PA信号通路相关研究提供借鉴。     

磷脂酸在植物中的第二信使功能

磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)是植物中重要的细胞内信号分子,被称为“脂质第二信使”,特别是几个PA的作用靶点已被克隆和鉴定.植物体内PA的产生可以通过磷脂酶C和D两条信号通路,前者与甘油二酯激酶协同作用.PA主要由各种生物和非生物胁迫诱导产生,磷脂酸的水平在各种胁迫处理后的几分钟内增强.增强的信号水平通过PA的磷酸化形成甘油二酯焦磷酸而被迅速减弱.本文就PA产生的磷脂酶信号通路,PA在各种胁迫诱导下的产生,PA的作用靶点和作用机理及在植物中的功能等几个方面进行综述.     

Choline derived from the phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase D is not directly available for the CDP choline pathway in phorbol ester- treated C3H10T1/2 C18 fibroblasts

We have shown that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) increases protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated choline transport, incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and PtdCho degradation by phospholipase D (PLD) in C3H10T1/2 Cl 8 cells. Dual prelabeling experiment using [³H]/[¹⁴C]choline indicated that intracellular choline generated from the PLD reaction was not directly recycled to PtdCho synthesis within the cell, and that a large fraction of the choline was transported out of the TPA-treated cells. In contrast, medium derived choline was preferably channeled to PtdCho synthesis. These results indicate that in TPA-treated cells, the choline derived from the PKC-mediated increased PLD activity and the choline newly taken up by the cell behave as two distinctly different metabolic pools.     

Ceramide does not inhibit protein kinase C β-dependent phospholipase D activity stimulated by anti-Fas monoclonal antibody in A20 cells

We have investigated the roles of ceramide in Fas signalling leading to phospholipase D (PLD) activation in A20 cells. Upon stimulation of Fas signalling by anti-Fas monoclonal antibody, sphingomyelin hydrolysis and activation of PLD were induced. Also, the translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) βI and βII and the elevation of diacylglycerol (DAG) content were induced by Fas cross-linking. When phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) was inhibited by D609, the Fas-induced changes in PLD activity, DAG content, and PKC translocation were inhibited. In contrast, D609 had no effect on Fas-induced alterations in sphingolipid metabolism, suggesting that changes in ceramide content do not account for Fas-induced PLD activation. Furthermore, C6-ceramide had no effect on Fas-induced PLD activation and PKC translocation. Taken together, these data might suggest that ceramide generated by Fas cross-linking does not affect PKC β-dependent PLD activity stimulated by anti-Fas monoclonal antibody in A20 cells.     

Receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase D by sphingosine 1-phosphate in skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. A role for protein kinase C.

The present study showed that sphingosine 1-phosphate (SPP) induced rapid stimulation of phospholipase D (PLD) in skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. The effect was receptor-mediated since it was fully inhibited by pertussis toxin. All known SPP-specific receptors, Edg-1, Edg-3 and AGR16/H218, resulted to be expressed in C2C12 myoblasts, although at a different extent. SPP-induced PLD activation did not involve membrane translocation of PLD1 or PLD2 and appeared to be fully dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) catalytic activity. SPP increased membrane association of PKCalpha, PKCdelta and PKClambda, however, only PKCalpha and PKCdelta played a role in PLD activation since low concentrations of GF109203X and rottlerin, a selective inhibitor of PKCdelta, prevented PLD stimulation.     

Regulation of phospholipase D by protein kinase C

In nearly all mammalian cells and tissues examined, protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to serve as a major regulator of a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (PLD) activity, At least 12 distinct isoforms of PKC have been described so far; of these enzymes only the α- and β-isoform were found to regulate PLD activity, While the mechanism of this regulation has remained unknown, available evidence suggests that both phosphorylating and non-phosphorylating mechanisms may be involved. A phosphatidylcholine-specific PLD activity was recently purified from pig lung, but its possible regulation by PKC has not been reported yet. Several cell types and tissues appear to express additional forms of PLD which can hydrolyze either phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylinositol. It has also been reported that at least one form of PLD can be activated by oncogenes, but not by PKC activators, Similar to activated PKC, some of the primary and secondary products of PLD-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis, including phosphatidic acid, 1,2-diacylglycerol, choline phosphate and ethanolamine, also exhibit mitogenic/co-mitogenic effects in cultured cells. Furthermore, both the PLD and PKC systems have been implicated in the regulation of vesicle transport and exocytosis. Recently the PLD enzyme has been cloned and the tools of molecular biology to study its biological roles will soon be available. Using specific inhibitors of growth regulating signals and vesicle transport, so far no convincing evidence has been reported to support the role of PLD in the mediation of any of the above cellular effects of activated PKC.     

Dual regulation of phospholipase D1 by protein kinase C alpha in vivo

The regulation of phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which has been shown to be activated by protein kinase C (PKC) alpha, was investigated in the human melanoma cell lines. In G361 cell line, which lacks PKCalpha, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced PLD activation was potentiated by introducing PKCalpha by the adenovirus vector. The kinase-negative PKCalpha elevated TPA-induced PLD activity less significantly than the wild type. A PKC specific inhibitor GF109203X lowered PLD activation in the cells expressing PKCalpha, but did not prevent PLD potentiation induced by the kinase-negative PKCalpha. Expression of PKCbetaII and the kinase-negative PKCbetaII enhanced TPA-stimulated PLD activity moderately in MeWo cell line, in which PKCbetaII is absent. Furthermore, the TPA treatment increased the association of PKCalpha, PKCbetaII, and their kinase-negative mutants with PLD1 in melanoma cells. These results indicate that PLD1 is dually regulated through phosphorylation as well as through the protein-protein interaction by PKCalpha, and probably by PKCbetaII, in vivo.     

Receptor-activated phospholipase D is present in caveolin-3-enriched light membranes of C2C12 myotubes

Caveolin-3 (cav-3) is a key structural component of caveolar membrane in skeletal muscle. Cav-3-enriched light membrane (CELM) fractions obtained from C2C12 myotubes contain phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and its major regulators, RhoA and protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha). All these proteins were found bound to cav-3. An in vivo assay of PLD activity, which allows to localize the reaction product in CELMs, indicated that the enzyme associated to this membrane microdomain was active. Moreover, bradykinin (BK), thrombin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced rapid stimulation of PLD activity in CELMs. The cav-3-PLD1 complex was not affected by BK treatment, whereas the agonist induced a marked increase of RhoA association with cav-3. Furthermore, BK-induced PLD activation in CELMs was dependent, at least in part, on PKCalpha.     

Involvement of phospholipase D in sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing EDG3

Phospholipase D (PLD), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and Akt are known to be involved in cellular signaling related to proliferation and cell survival. In this report, we provide evidence that PLD links sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-induced activation of the G protein-coupled EDG3 receptor to stimulation of PI3K and its downstream effector Akt in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. S1P stimulation of EDG3-overexpressing CHO cells but not vector-transfected cells induced activation of PLD, PI3K, and Akt in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Akt phosphorylation was prevented by the PI3K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 (2-(4-monrpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one), indicating that Akt activation was dependent on PI3K. S1P-induced activation of PI3K and Akt was abrogated by 1-butanol, which inhibited S1P-induced accumulation of phosphatidic acid by serving as a phosphatidyl group acceptor in the transphosphatidylation reaction catalyzed by PLD, whereas both PI3K and Akt activation were not inhibited by 2-butanol without such reaction. Co-expression of wild-type PLD2 with myc-Akt resulted in increased Akt activation in response to S1P. In contrast, co-expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of PLD2 eliminated the S1P-induced Akt activation. The treatment of EDG3-expressing CHO cells with exogenous Streptomyces chromofuscus PLD, which caused an accumulation of phosphatidic acid, resulted in increases in PI3K activity and the phosphorylation of Akt, the latter of which was completely abolished by LY294002. Furthermore, S1P-induced membrane ruffling, which was dependent on PI3K and Rac, was inhibited by 1-butanol, but not by 2-butanol. These results demonstrate that PLD participates in the activation of PI3K and Akt stimulation of EDG3 receptor.     

Dual regulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced phospholipase D activity through RhoA and protein kinase C-alpha in C2C12 myoblasts

Previous studies showed that in C2C12 cells, phospholipase D (PLD) and its known regulators, RhoA and protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha), were downstream effectors in sphingosine 1-phosphate (SPP) signalling. Moreover, the role of PKC for SPP-mediated PLD activation and the requirement of PKCalpha for RhoA translocation were reported. The present results demonstrated that inactivation of RhoA, by overexpression of RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI) as well as treatment with C3 exotoxin, attenuated SPP-stimulated PLD activity, supporting the involvement of RhoA in the stimulation of PLD activity by the bioactive lipid in C2C12 myoblasts. In addition, the effect of PKCalpha inhibitor G?6976 on the SPP-induced PLD activation in myoblasts, where RhoA function was inactivated, was consistent with a dual regulation of the enzyme through RhoA and PKCalpha. Interestingly, the subcellular distribution of PLD isoforms, RhoA and PKCalpha, in SPP-stimulated cells supported the view that the functional relationship between the two PLD regulators, demonstrated to occur in SPP signalling, represents a novel mechanism of regulation of specifically localized PLD.