PD-L1基因敲除小鼠构建及初步表型验证

目的 程序性死亡配体-1(PD-L1)是免疫调节途径的重要因子,是抗肿瘤免疫疗法中重要的靶标之一。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建PD-L1基因敲除小鼠模型,并初步分析其表型。方法 构建Cas9和sgRNA载体,并转录获得RNA,通过显微注射方式将RNA注射到C57BL/6小鼠受精卵中,经过鉴定获得F₀代阳性小鼠。F₀代小鼠与野生型C57BL/6小鼠交配获得F₁代杂合子小鼠,再通过F₁代小鼠自交获得F₂代纯合子小鼠品系。随后通过Real-Time PCR和流式实验分别检测PD-L1基因在mRNA和蛋白质水平上的表达情况。结果 Real-Time PCR和流式实验检测结果显示与野生型C57小鼠相比,PD-L1纯合子小鼠的PD-L1 mRNA相对表达水平和细胞上的蛋白质表达均有显著性下降,仅测定到本底的信号,证实已成功构建PD-L1基因敲除小鼠品系,为PD-L1体内基因功能研究提供了新的小鼠模型。     

脂多糖联合MPTP诱导的小鼠慢性帕金森病模型的评价

目的建立脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)联合1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP)诱导的慢性小鼠帕金森病模型,探讨其行为学和黒质多巴胺能神经元细胞的变化情况。方法将20只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为模型组和对照组,模型组每日腹腔注射LPS(0.25 mg/kg)一次,连续3 d,最后一次注射LPS 4 h后,每日腹腔注射MPTP(25 mg/kg)一次,连续2 d,对照组腹腔注射相同量的生理盐水。8周后用步态分析和转棒实验评价小鼠的行为学能力,免疫组化法观察黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性细胞变化情况。结果模型组小鼠行为学变化较对照组差异有显著性(P0.05),模型组小鼠中脑黒质区显示出严重的神经元细胞损伤。结论 LPS联合MPTP腹腔注射可成功诱导出慢性小鼠帕金森病模型,提示该模型可用于帕金森病的发病机制及药物治疗效果等相关研究。     

DJ-1保护大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元抵抗鱼藤酮损伤的研究

目的:探讨过表达DJ-1蛋白能否保护大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元抵抗鱼藤酮所致的急性损伤.方法:构建表达DJ-1基因的腺相关病毒载体(rAAV-DJ-1)并转染HEK-293细胞,进行腺相关假病毒颗粒包装,所得假病毒颗粒注射到大鼠脑内感染黑质神经细胞;4周后,注射鱼藤酮于大鼠黑质相同脑区;通过免疫组织化学和免疫印迹试验鉴定TH蛋白表达情况,采用动物行为轨迹分析软件计算大鼠30 min内运动距离以及强迫游泳试验鉴定大鼠精神症状.结果:与对照组相比,过表达D J-1组大鼠运动损伤症状较轻,精神症状改善明显;损伤侧黑质TH阳性神经元数目和TH蛋白表达水平显著高于对照组.结论:过表达DJ-1蛋白能保护大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元抵抗鱼藤酮所致的急性损伤,延缓多巴胺能神经元的退行性变,提示DJ-1可能对帕金森病的治疗有较好的应用前景.     

甲基 - 苯基四氢吡啶对脑不对称小鼠纹状体内多巴胺和白介素含量的影响

为探讨甲基 - 苯基四氢吡啶 (MPTP) 注射后脑不对称小鼠纹状体内多巴胺降低程度,及纹状体内细胞因子水平变化, C57BL/6J 小鼠经过伸爪取食试验,筛选为反映脑不对称的左利鼠和右利鼠,并接受 25 mg/kg MPTP 腹腔注射连续 5 天,检测注射后的第 1 天,第 3 天和第 14 天纹状体内多巴胺及代谢物含量和细胞因子 IL-1 β、 IL-6 的动态水平 . 结果表明,无论在左利鼠还是右利鼠,纹状体内多巴胺含量在 MPTP 注射后每个检测时间点都显著降低,纹状体内 IL-1 β水平在第 1 天显著降低,纹状体内 IL-6 水平在 MPTP 注射后每个检测时间点也显著降低 . 实验结果同时表明,左利鼠和右利鼠 IL-1 β和 IL-6 的基础水平有显著不同 . MPTP 注射后,与右利小鼠相比,左利小鼠有较高的多巴胺翻转降低和较低的细胞因子表达,而且,纹状体内多巴胺水平与纹状体内 IL-6 水平呈正相关 . 这些结果提示, MPTP 诱导多巴胺丢失伴随着黑质纹状体系统内细胞因子水平的改变,而且,脑不对称有可能通过影响纹状体内细胞因子水平而进一步影响 MPTP 诱导的多巴胺降低的程度 .     

C57BL/6小鼠的大脑和心脏对FDG摄取的昼夜节律变化

目的:利用正电子断层扫描技术(PET)成像检测一天的不同时间点C57BL/6小鼠大脑和心脏组织对18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)摄取的昼夜节律变化。方法:使用同窝出生的成年C57BL/6小鼠,给予12 h光照-12 h黑暗的光照周期。注射FDG后,进行X-射线计算机断层扫描(CT)和正电子发射(PET)扫描。结果:C57BL/6小鼠整个大脑摄取FDG在黑暗的中期阶段(ZT18)显著增加,与其他时期相比平均达150%;而不同个体的心脏对FDG的摄取变化大,但所测量的四个时期的平均值则相近。结论:C57BL/6小鼠大脑摄取葡萄糖具较强的昼夜节律性,而心脏对葡萄糖的摄取没有明显的节律性,且在一天的各个时间均有较大变动。     

博来霉素诱导G57BL/6与ICR小鼠肺间质纤维化模型的比较

目的探讨C57BL/6与ICR小鼠在博来霉素(BLM)致肺纤维化过程中的种属差异。方法 8周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠19只,ICR小鼠16只,分别经尾静脉一次性注射BLM150mg/kg,观察每组小鼠体重、生存率及肺组织病理改变。结果①C57BL/6与ICR小鼠最低体重分别发生在静脉注射处置后的7d和5d,最低体重分别为注射前的65.46%和73.21%,两组间无显著的统计学差异。②C57BL/6与ICR小鼠的生存率分别为36.84%和56.25%,两组间存在显著的统计学差异。③C57BL/6小鼠BLM注射后28d,在胸膜下及血管周围形成广泛、稳定的间质纤维化病理改变,而ICR小鼠肺组织未见明显纤维化形成。C57BL/6小鼠肺纤维化病理评分明显高于ICR小鼠(P0.001)。结论 BLM诱导的肺纤维化作用在C57BL/6与ICR小鼠间存在着明显的种属差异。C57BL/6小鼠较ICR小鼠更适于复制博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化动物模型。     

慢性间断性缺氧对帕金森病模型小鼠行为学及纹状体多巴胺含量的影响

目的:探讨慢性间断性缺氧(chronic episodic hypoxia,EHYP)对帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)模型小鼠行为学及纹状体多巴胺(DA)含量的影响。方法:44只雄性6周龄C57BL/6小鼠随机分为百草枯 EHYP组、EHYP组、百草枯组和对照组,观察小鼠自发行为活动及悬挂实验、游泳实验、步态实验进行行为学检测,高效液相色谱分析(HPLC)测定纹状体DA含量。结果:百草枯 EHYP组小鼠出现PD综合征表现,悬挂实验及游泳实验结果与其它各组间有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01),纹状体DA含量较其它各组小鼠出现明显下降(均P<0.01),余各组行为学实验结果及纹状体DA含量差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:EHYP联合百草枯暴露可使小鼠出现PD综合征表现及纹状体DA含量的明显下降。     

环加氧酶-2对帕金森病小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响

目的和方法 :选用C5 7BL种系环加氧酶 2 (cyclooxygenase 2 ,COX 2 )缺陷小鼠 ,腹腔注射 1 甲基 4 苯基 1,2 ,3,6 四氢吡啶 (MPTP)制备帕金森病小鼠模型 ,用免疫组织化学方法观察COX 2对帕金森病小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响。结果 :行为学及免疫组织化学观察显示 ,野生型帕金森病小鼠的死亡率明显高于COX 2缺陷杂合子帕金森病小鼠 (P <0 .0 1) ,野生型帕金森病小鼠黑质致密部酪氨酸羟化酶 (tyrosinehydroxylase,TH)免疫反应阳性神经元数目较杂合子帕金森病小鼠明显减少 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :COX 2可能与帕金森病时黑质多巴胺能神经元的损伤有关     

维生素D受体在C57BL/6小鼠十二指肠中的定位表达分析

目的为探讨维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)在C57BL/6小鼠十二指肠中的定位与表达,研究维生素D系统与肠道发育过程的相关性。方法利用实时定量PCR(quantitative PCR,q PCR)、苏木精伊红染色、免疫荧光染色、免疫印迹(Western blotting,WB)的检测技术,对C57BL/6小鼠十二指肠中VDR定位表达做定性与定量的分析。结果 VDR的mRNA在C57BL/6小鼠十二指肠组织中的表达在其出生的第21天达到峰值。此外,VDR主要分布在C57BL/6小鼠十二指肠上皮细胞和平滑肌细胞的胞质中。对组织样品的WB检测显示,C57BL/6小鼠十二指肠发育过程中,VDR没有发生明显的核转位。结论从分子生物学角度分析了VDR在C57BL/6小鼠十二指肠不同生长发育阶段的表达规律,为了解和完善VDR在肠道中的作用奠定理论基础。     

帕金森病小鼠模型行为学检测方法的比较研究

目的比较目前常用的5种帕金森病(PD)小鼠模型行为学检测方法在PD研究中的作用。方法用MPTP建立C57BL小鼠PD模型,通过行为学检测(自主活动计数、滚轴实验、游泳实验、爬杆实验、悬挂实验)、免疫组织化学和荧光分光光度法,对比5种行为学检测方法的平均数与变异系数,观察MPTP对PD小鼠模型的行为学、黑质多巴胺(DA)神经元和纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶免疫反应阳性(TH-ir)神经纤维以及纹状体DA水平的影响。结果给与MPTP后,小鼠行为学计数降低,爬杆实验未能得到检测结果,悬挂实验变异系数很高,结果有明显的偶然性,滚轴实验结果变异系数中等,平均数呈现一定的上升趋势,自主活动计数中移动与站立和游泳实验的平均数则呈现明显的下降趋势,变异系数很低,而黑质DA神经元数目减少约58%,纹状体TH-ir神经纤维密度减低,纹状体DA水平明显降低约88%,两组相比差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论MPTP所致的C57BL小鼠的神经病理、生化改变与PD患者近似,自主活动计数和游泳实验优于其他行为学检测方法。     

Genetic dissection of strain dependent paraquat-induced neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta

The etiology of the vast majority of Parkinson's disease (PD) cases is unknown. It is generally accepted that there is an interaction between exposures to environmental agents with underlying genetic sensitivity. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that people living in agricultural communities have an increased risk of PD. Within these communities, paraquat (PQ) is one of the most utilized herbicides. PQ acts as a direct redox cycling agent to induce formation of free radicals and when administered to mice induces the cardinal symptoms of parkinsonism, including loss of TH+-positive dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral midbrain's substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Here we show that PQ-induced SNpc neuron loss is highly dependent on genetic background: C57BL/6J mice rapidly lose ～50% of their SNpc DA neurons, whereas inbred Swiss-Webster (SWR/J) mice do not show any significant loss. We intercrossed these two strains to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that underlie PQ-induced SNpc neuron loss. Using genome-wide linkage analysis we detected two significant QTLs. The first is located on chromosome 5 (Chr 5) centered near D5Mit338, whereas the second is on Chr 14 centered near D14Mit206. These two QTLs map to different loci than a previously identified QTL (Mptp1) that controls a significant portion of strain sensitivity to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), suggesting that the mechanism of action of these two parkinsonian neurotoxins are different.     

MPTP对小鼠帕金森病造模条件探讨

目的观察不同剂量1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)对小鼠行为学及脑黑质酪氨酸羟化酶、纹状体多巴胺含量的影响,探讨MPTP致帕金森病(Parkinson′s disease,PD)样小鼠模型的最佳条件。方法C57BL小鼠分别给与MPTP不同剂量处理,测定各组小鼠爬竿时间检测动物运动协调性,应用免疫组化方法和高效液相法观察不同模型组多巴胺能神经元的变化。结果模型组各组均出现不同程度爬竿时间延长,酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞数减少和多巴胺含量减少。结论MPTP处理可造成小鼠的帕金森病样症状,在此种动物模型中,应根据科研目的选择MPTP的应用剂量和给药途径。     

Gastrodin prevents motor deficits and oxidative stress in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: Involvement of ERK1/2–Nrf2 signaling pathway

Aims

Current no effective therapy is available to halt the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology of PD. The present study evaluates the hypothesis that prevention of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced motor deficits by gastrodin might mainly result from its antioxidant property via interrupting extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway.

Main methods

Pretreatment of mouse model of PD is established by treating C57BL/6 mice with 4 doses of MPTP (30 mg/kg per day, i.p.), with gastrodin (60 mg/kg per day) administered by daily intraperitoneal injection for 2 weeks. Motor behavior of mice was monitored by open-field test and rotarod test. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression of genes.

Key findings

MPTP-induced motor deficits were partially and significantly forestalled by gastrodin. Gastrodin treatment prevented MPTP-induced oxidative stress, as measured by malondialdehyde in midbrain. Interestingly, MPTP-intoxicated mice treated with gastrodin robustly increased heme oxygenase 1, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels, and Nrf2 nuclear translocation in striatum of MPTP-intoxicated mice. Furthermore, results herein suggest that the antioxidant pathway activated by gastrodin involves ERK1/2 phosphorylation.

Significance

Gastrodin protects midbrain of MPTP-intoxicated mice against oxidative stress, in part, through interrupting ERK1/2–Nrf2 pathway mechanism, which will give us an insight into the potential of gastrodin in terms of opening up new therapeutic avenues for PD.     

Proteomic analysis of the neuroprotective mechanisms of acupuncture treatment in a Parkinson's disease mouse model

Acupuncture is frequently used as an alternative therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), and it attenuates dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra (SN) in PD animal models. Using proteomic analysis, we investigated whether acupuncture alters protein expression in the SN to favor attenuation of neuronal degeneration. In C57BL/6 mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 30 mg/kg/day), intraperitoneal (i.p.) for 5 days, 2 or 100 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) was applied at the effective and specific acupoint, GB34, once a day for 12 consecutive days from the first MPTP treatment. Both treatments in MPTP mice led to restoration of behavioral impairment and rescued tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive DA neurodegeneration. Using peptide fingerprinting MS, we identified changes in 22 proteins in the SN following MPTP treatment, and nine of these proteins were normalized by EA. They were involved in cell death regulation, inflammation, or restoration from damage. The levels of cyclophilin A (CypA), which is a neuroprotective agent, were unchanged by MPTP treatment but were increased in MPTP-EA mice. These results suggest that acupoint GB34-specific EA changes protein expression profiles in the SN in favor of DA neuronal survival in MPTP-treated mice, and that EA treatment may be an effective therapy for PD patients.     

Mutant PINK1 upregulates tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine levels,leading to vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons

PINK1 mutations cause autosomal recessive forms of Parkinson disease (PD). Previous studies suggest that the neuroprotective function of wild-type (WT) PINK1 is related to mitochondrial homeostasis. PINK1 can also localize to the cytosol; however, the cytosolic function of PINK1 has not been fully elucidated. In this study we demonstrate that the extramitochondrial PINK1 can regulate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and dopamine (DA) content in dopaminergic neurons in a PINK1 kinase activity-dependent manner. We demonstrate that overexpression of full-length (FL) WT PINK1 can downregulate TH expression and DA content in dopaminergic neurons. In contrast, overexpression of PD-linked G309D, A339T, and E231G PINK1 mutations upregulates TH and DA levels in dopaminergic neurons and increases their vulnerability to oxidative stress. Furthermore transfection of FL WT PINK1 or PINK1 fragments with the PINK1 kinase domain can inhibit TH expression, whereas kinase-dead (KD) FL PINK1 or KD PINK1 fragments upregulate TH level. Our findings highlight a potential novel function of extramitochondrial PINK1 in dopaminergic neurons. Deregulation of these functions of PINK1 may contribute to PINK1 mutation-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration. However, deleterious effects caused by PINK1 mutations may be alleviated by iron-chelating agents and antioxidant agents with DA quinone-conjugating capacity.     

Nei-like 1 inhibition results in motor dysfunction and promotes inflammation in Parkinson’s disease mice model

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is well known as a neurodegenerative disorder with progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Nei-like 1 (NEIL1) is one of four mammalian DNA glycosylases involved in the progression of various diseases, including neuroinflammation. However, it is still unknown if the expression changes of NEIL1 could contribute to PD progression. In the present study, we established mouse model with PD using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to explore the effects of NEIL1 on PD development. Here, we found that NEIL1 deletion significantly promoted the motor dysfunction in the wild type mice treated with 6-OHDA. Furthermore, DA neuronal loss was further accelerated by NEIL1 deletion in 6-OHDA-injected mice, as evidenced by the significantly reduced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT). Furthermore, in PD mice induced by MPTP, remarkably reduced expression of NEIL1 was observed in nigra and striatum of mice. A strong positive correlation was detected in the expression of NEIL1 and the survival rate of DA neurons. Also, NEIL1 ablation further elevated the DA neuronal loss in MPTP-treated mice, accompanied with higher glial activation, as evidenced by the obvious up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Ionized calcium-Binding Adapter molecule 1 (Iba1). Moreover, MPTP-triggered inflammation was highly aggravated by the loss of NEIL1 through inducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, promoting NEIL1 expression effectively reversedPD progression induced by MPTP in mice. Together, these results demonstrated that NEIL1 insufficiency might be a contributing factor for the progression of PD, which therefore could be considered as a novel candidate to develop effective treatments against PD progression.     

The role of temperature,stress, and other factors in the neurotoxicity of the substituted amphetamines 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and fenfluramine

Amphetamines (AMPs) can cause long-term depletions in striatal dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), and these decrements are often accepted asprima facie evidence of AMP-induced damage to the dopaminergic and serotonergic projections to striatum. Rarely are indices linked to neural damage used to evaluate the neurotoxicity, of the AMPs. Here, were determined the potential neurotoxic effects of two substituted AMPs,d-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (d-MDMA), andd-fenfluramine (d-FEN) in group-housed female C57BL6/J mice. Astrogliosis, assessed by quantification of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), was the main indicator of d-MDMA-induced neural damage. Assays of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), DA, and 5-HT were used to determine effects on DA and 5-HT systems. Since AMPs are noted for both their stimulatory and hyperthermia-inducing properties, activity, as well as core temperature, was monitored in several experiments. To extend the generality of our findings, these same end points were examined in singly housed female C57BL6/J mice in and group-housed male C57BL6/J or female B6C3F1 mice after treatment with d-MDMA. Mice, received either d-MDMA (20 mg/kg) singly housed mice received dosages of 20, 30, or 40 mg/kg) or d-FEN (25 mg/kg) every 2 h for a total of four sc injections. d-MDMA caused hyperthermia, whereas d-FEN induced hypothermia. d-MDMA cause a large (300%) increase in striatal GFAP that resolved by 3 wk and a 50–75% decrease in TH and DA that was still apparent at 3 wk, d-FEN did not affect any parameters in striatum. d-MDMA is a striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicant in both male and female C57BL6/mice, as evidence by astrogliosis and depletions of DA in this area in both sexes. The greater lethality to males suggests they may be more sensitive, at least to the general toxicity of d-MDMA, than females. d-MDMA (20 mg/kg) induced the same degree of damage whether mice were housed singly or in groups. Higher dosages in singly housed mice induced greater lethality, but not greater neurotoxicity. d-MDMA was also effective in inducing striatal damage in mice of the B6C3F1 strain. Significant increases in activity were induced by d-MDMA, and these increases were not blocked by pretreatment with MK-801, despite the profound lowering of body temperature induced by this combination. A lowering of body temperature, whether by a 15°C ambient temperature (approx 2°C drop), pretreatment with MK-801 (1.0 mg/kg prior to the first and third d-MDMA injections; approx 5–6°C drop) or restraint (approx 5–6°C drop), was effective in blocking the neurotoxicity of d-MDMA in both C57BL6/J and B6C3F1. The stimulatory effects of d-MDMA appeared to have little impact on the neurotoxicity induced by d-MDMA or the protection conferred by MK-801. These data suggest that in the mouse, the neurotoxic effects of d-MDMA, and most likely other AMPs, are linked to an effect on body temperature.     

Age and Strain Comparisons of Neurotransmitter Synthetic Enzyme Activities in the Mouse

Activities of the neurotransmitter synthetic enzymes, choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6; ChAT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15; GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.3.2; TH), were assayed in four brain regions of A/J and C57BL/6J mice at three ages (4, 18, and 24 months). The brain regions assayed were the fronto-parietal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum. Strain effects: In some brain regions, at several ages, ChAT activity did not differ among the two strains. However, ChAT was higher in the C57BL/6J strain in the cortex at 18 months, the hippocampus at 18 and 24 months, the striatum at 24 months, and the cerebellum at 4 months. The reverse was true in the cerebellum at 24 months, where ChAT was higher in A/J mice. GAD activity in C57BL/6J mice compared to that of A/J mice was higher in the striatum and cortex, and lower in the hippocampus and cerebellum. TH activities in all four regions were generally higher in C57BL/6J mice than in A/J mice. Age effects: Age differences in enzyme activities varied with the genetic strain. ChAT activity generally was higher in brain regions of older mice of both strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)