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1.
The halophyte Aster tripolium, unlike well-studied non-halophytic species, partially closes its stomata in response to high Na+ concentrations. Since A. tripolium possesses no specific morphological adaptation to salinity, this stomatal response, preventing excessive accumulation of Na+ within the shoot via control of the transpiration rate, is probably a principal feature of its salt tolerance within the shoot. The ionic basis of the stomatal response to Na+ was studied in guard cell protoplasts from A. tripolium and from a non-halophytic relative, Aster amellus, which exhibits classical stomatal opening on Na+. Patch-clamp studies revealed that plasma membrane K+ channels (inward and outward rectifiers) of the halophytic and the non-halophytic species are highly selective for K+ against Na+, and are very similar with respect to unitary conductance and direct sensitivity to Na+. On the other hand, both species possess a significant permeability to Na+ through non-rectifying cation channels activated by low (physiological) external Ca2+ concentrations. Finally, it appeared that the differential stomatal response between the two species is achieved, at least in part, by a Na+-sensing system in the halophyte which downregulates K+ uptake. Thus, increases in guard cell cytosolic Na+ concentration in A. tripolium but not in A. amellus, lead to a delayed (20–30 min) and dramatic deactivation of the K+ inward rectifier. This deactivation is probably mediated by an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ since buffering it abolishes the response. The possible role of K+ inward rectifiers in the response of A. tripolium’s stomata to Na+, suggested by patch-clamp studies, was confirmed by experiments demonstrating that specific blockade of inward rectifying channels mimics Na+ effects on stomatal aperture, and renders aperture refractory to Na+.  相似文献   

2.
In previous work, the stomata of the maritime halophyte Astertripolium L. were shown to close when NaCl concentrations risein the vicinity of the guard cells. Further studies have nowrevealed important effects of calcium on the ionic responsesof the stomata. When the guard cells were presented with KCl,Ca2+ suppressed opening in a manner similar to that which hasbecome familiar in other species such as Commelina communisL. However, in the presence of NaCl, Ca2+ had the opposite effect,reducing the closing response to NaCl. This pattern of behaviouris discussed in relation to known salt effects on membranes,but the underlying physiological basis remains obscure. A previous study led to the hypothesis that the closing responseof the stomata to Na+ ions may make an important contributionto the salinity tolerance of this species. Here we report thatincreasing supplies of Ca2+ ions reduce the effect of salinityon stomatal conductance in the whole plant as well as in theisolated epidermis. This finding is consistent with the wellestablished role of calcium in increasing resistance to salinity:in the presence of high calcium the plant can tolerate a greatersalt intake, and hence there is a reduced need for transpirationto be restricted by partial stomatal closure. Key words: Sodium, calcium, Aster tripolium, stomata, salinity tolerance  相似文献   

3.
A study has been made of the ionic relations of stomata of Aster tripolium L., a maritime halophyte which colonizes coastal saltmarshes. The results obtained allow us to add this species to the growing list for which an involvement of K+ transport in stomatal movements has been demonstrated. However, an additional and ecologically important characteristic was found: there was a suppression of stomatal opening by increasing NaCl concentrations. A new hypothesis is offered of the mechanism for controlling salt and water relations in A. tripolium, a species which does not possess glands or other means of excreting salt. It is suggested that when the capacity of the tissues to accumulate salt in cell vacuoles is exceeded, the concentration of Na+ ions in the apoplast around the guard cells begins to rise. This causes partial stomatal closure, reduces transpiration and increases water-use-efficiency. Therefore, the flow of salt into the leaves is reduced but growth (and the manufacture of the new photosynthates required to support it) can continue. Aster tripolium can be added to the small list of known species which readily yield isolated epidermis suitable for detailed stomatal studies. Throughout this study, we have compared its stomatal physiology with C. communis, which has been thoroughly investigated in the past.  相似文献   

4.
Sergey Shabala 《Annals of botany》2013,112(7):1209-1221

Background

Global annual losses in agricultural production from salt-affected land are in excess of US$12 billion and rising. At the same time, a significant amount of arable land is becoming lost to urban sprawl, forcing agricultural production into marginal areas. Consequently, there is a need for a major breakthrough in crop breeding for salinity tolerance. Given the limited range of genetic diversity in this trait within traditional crops, stress tolerance genes and mechanisms must be identified in extremophiles and then introduced into traditional crops.

Scope and Conclusions

This review argues that learning from halophytes may be a promising way of achieving this goal. The paper is focused around two central questions: what are the key physiological mechanisms conferring salinity tolerance in halophytes that can be introduced into non-halophyte crop species to improve their performance under saline conditions and what specific genes need to be targeted to achieve this goal? The specific traits that are discussed and advocated include: manipulation of trichome shape, size and density to enable their use for external Na+ sequestration; increasing the efficiency of internal Na+ sequestration in vacuoles by the orchestrated regulation of tonoplast NHX exchangers and slow and fast vacuolar channels, combined with greater cytosolic K+ retention; controlling stomata aperture and optimizing water use efficiency by reducing stomatal density; and efficient control of xylem ion loading, enabling rapid shoot osmotic adjustment while preventing prolonged Na+ transport to the shoot.  相似文献   

5.
The study of the structure-activity relationship of phenoliccompounds in reversing the ABA-effect on stomata led us to investigatethe changes in K+ concentrations in guard cells and in the epidermaldiffusive resistance of leaves, after treatment with ABA andphenolics. The amount of potassium localized in guard cells usually correspondsto stomatal aperture in different treatments. Umbelliferone,however, permits stomatal opening without retention of potassiumin the guard cells, which is an exception. The effect of phenolicsin retaining K+ in epidermal peels is matched by recorded epidermaldiffusive resistance changes in the leaves.Although flavonoidsand some other phenolics behave differently showing recoveryin epidermal peels with K+ in guard cells, epidermal diffusiveresistance is not recovered. Key words: Epidermal diffusive resistance, K+, ABA, phenolics, stomata  相似文献   

6.
7.
The extent to which Spartina alterniflora Loisel. excluded,secreted or accumulated the major seawater ions (Cl-, SO2-4,Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) was investigated under varying salinitytreatments. From a quantitative viewpoint, ion exclusion wasmost prominent and accounted for 91–97% of the theoreticalmaximum ion uptake as a result of transpiration and growth.Of those ions taken up, approximately half was secreted fromthe shoots. Relative to K+, a disproportionate amount of Na+was excluded at the roots and secreted by the shoots. The concentrationwithin the tissues of S. alterniflora did not change with salinitytreatment for the majority of the ions examined, but Na+ wasmore than twice as concentrated at 40 g dm-3 than at lOgdm-3.Calculations of the flux of ions from salt marsh sediments tothe flood water via shoot secretion or stem/leaf turnover indicatethat these processes may be important to the ecology of S. alternifloraas mechanisms that limit the accumulation of salt within theroot zone.  相似文献   

8.
Yi L P  Ma J  Li Y 《农业工程》2007,27(9):3565-3571
North-West China is an arid region where halophyte plants are rich. Very little is known on the rhizospheric soil of the halophytes in this arid desert region. We conducted a rhizobag experiment on the desert Solonchak soil to investigate the salt and nutrient content in the rhizospheric soil of the desert halophytes. The total salt and the concentrations of 8 major kinds of salt ions increased in the rhizosphere of both succulent halophytes and salt secreting halophytes, but this increase was insignificant for salt-resisting halophytes. Accumulation of Cl and Na+ is the most significant among the 8 major kinds of salt ions. Accumulation of Cl was more significant than that of SO42– in succulent halophytes and salt secreting halophytes. The Na+/K+, Na+/Ca2+ and Na+/Mg2+ ratios in the rhizosphere of all 7 kinds of halophytes were higher than those in the bulk soil. Total N increased significantly in the rhizosphere, but total P and total K decreased. However, the available N, P and K in the rhizosphere of the 7 kinds of halophytes except Phragmites communis Trin. behaved in such an opposite way that available N decreased but available P and available K increased. The ionic contents in the aboveground parts were higher than those in the underground parts of the 7 kinds of halophytes, in particular of both the succulent halophytes and the salt secreting halophytes. Accumulation of Cl and Na+ in the aboveground parts of the plants was the most significant among that of the 8 major kinds of salt ions.  相似文献   

9.
Quinoa is regarded as a highly salt tolerant halophyte crop, of great potential for cultivation on saline areas around the world. Fourteen quinoa genotypes of different geographical origin, differing in salinity tolerance, were grown under greenhouse conditions. Salinity treatment started on 10 day old seedlings. Six weeks after the treatment commenced, leaf sap Na and K content and osmolality, stomatal density, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, and xylem sap Na and K composition were measured. Responses to salinity differed greatly among the varieties. All cultivars had substantially increased K+ concentrations in the leaf sap, but the most tolerant cultivars had lower xylem Na+ content at the time of sampling. Most tolerant cultivars had lowest leaf sap osmolality. All varieties reduced stomata density when grown under saline conditions. All varieties clustered into two groups (includers and excluders) depending on their strategy of handling Na+ under saline conditions. Under control (non-saline) conditions, a strong positive correlation was observed between salinity tolerance and plants ability to accumulate Na+ in the shoot. Increased leaf sap K+, controlled Na+ loading to the xylem, and reduced stomata density are important physiological traits contributing to genotypic differences in salinity tolerance in quinoa, a halophyte species from Chenopodium family.  相似文献   

10.
The influence of pre-sowing seed treatment with polyamines (2.5 mM putrescine, 5.0 mM spermidine and 2.5 mM spermine) on growth, photosynthetic capacity, and ion accumulation in two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars MH-97 (intolerant) and Inqlab-91 (tolerant) was examined. The primed seeds of each treatment and non-primed seeds were sown in a field containing 15 dS m−1 NaCl. Although all three polyamines were effective in improving shoot growth and grain yield in both cultivars under saline conditions, the effect of spermine was very pronounced particularly in improving grain yield. Different priming agents did not affect the net CO2 assimilation rate and transpiration rate of either cultivar. However, pre-treatment with spermidine increased stomatal conductance (gs) in the tolerant cultivar, whereas with spermine stomatal conductance decreased in the intolerant cultivar under salt stress. Priming agents had different effects on the accumulation of different ions in wheat plant tissues. When spermidine and distilled water were used as priming agents, they were effective in reducing shoot [Na+] in the tolerant and intolerant cultivars, respectively under saline conditions. Although all priming agents caused an increase in shoot [K+], distilled water was more effective in improving shoot [K+] in both cultivars under salt stress. Pre-treatment with spermidine was very effective in reducing shoot [Cl] under saline conditions particularly in the tolerant cultivar. However, the pattern of accumulation of different ions in roots due to different seed priming treatments was not consistent in either cultivar except that root Na+ decreased due to priming with spermine and spermidine in the intolerant and tolerant cultivars under saline conditions. In conclusion, although all three priming agents, spermine, spermidine and putrescine, were effective in alleviating the adverse effect of salt stress on wheat plants, their effects on altering the concentration of different ions and growth were different in the two cultivars differing in salt tolerance.  相似文献   

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