典型平原河网地区底栖动物生物指数筛选及评价基准研究

2011年夏、秋季在上海市全境主要河流的83个断面进行大型底栖动物的采样, 共获取底栖动物20个分类单位(种), 其中软体动物、环节动物和节肢动物分别占50%、30% 和20%。选取常见的28个生物指数分别进行计算, 并采用非参数统计检验方法筛选出8个敏感生物指数。通过记分法对8种敏感生物指数统一量纲后, 获得数值范围为8-40的综合生物指数, 运用四分法划分了判别河道水环境质量的生物基准: 32-40, 较好(Good); 24-31, 一般(Fair); 16-23, 污染(Poor); 8-15, 严重污染(Very poor)。9个断面未发现活体生物, 定为超严重污染(Super poor)。依照生物基准比较上海市41个代表性断面近5年主要水质理化指标, 基本反映出水质理化指标的空间差异性, 该综合生物指数及判别基准也可适用于评价平原河网地区的河道水质状况。       

用河流生物指数评价秦淮河上游水质的研究

1999～2001年用D-形网半定量法采集了南京秦淮河上游21个样点的大型底栖无脊椎动物。12个底栖生物指数值的频数分布分析、Pearson相关分析和敏感性检测表明,总分类单元数、ET分类单元数、香农多样性指数、水生昆虫分类单元数和优势分类单元％最适合于秦淮河上游水质生物评价。采用5、3、1生物指数记分法统一量纲。提出了河流生物指数(RBI)概念,其值即为累加上述5个指数后的总分值,建立了河流生物指数评价秦淮河水质的标准,并对21个样点的水质进行重新评价,效果较单项生物指数如香农多样性指数评价结果更接近实际情况。     

基于大型底栖无脊椎动物群落的上海市河道水质生物学评价

2011年夏秋季,在上海市全境83个河道断面开展了大型底栖无脊椎动物采样,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位(种).9个极严重污染断面未采集到活体大型底栖生物,生境基本丧失.其余74个有活体生物断面,采用三种常用生物指数:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Hilsenhoff耐污指数、Goodnight修正指数分别进行计算及评价.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数判别为25个严重污染和49个重污染断面;Hilsenhoff耐污指数划分38个重污染、5个中污染和31个轻污染断面;Goodnight修正指数划分33个重污染、2个中污染和39个轻污染断面.与典型河道断面的水质理化指标监测值进行对照,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数对河道水质评价的准确度较低,Hilsenhoff生物指数和Goodnight修正指数的水质评价效率及准确度均较高,断面污染等级与水质理化指标基本对应.     

基于大型底栖动物群落的上海市河道水质生物学评价

2011年夏秋季,在上海市全境83个河道断面开展了河道底栖动物采样,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种）。9个极严重污染断面未采集到活体生物,生境基本丧失。其余74个有活体生物断面,采用三种常用生物指数：Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Hilsenhoff耐污指数、Goodnight修正指数分别进行计算及评价。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数判别为25个严重污染和49个重污染断面;Hilsenhoff耐污指数划分38个重污染、5个中污染和31个轻污染断面;Goodnight修正指数划分33个重污染、2个中污染和39个轻污染断面。与典型河道断面的水质理化指标监测值进行对照,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数对河道水质评价的准确度较低,Hilsenhoff生物指数和Goodnight修正指数的水质评价效率及准确度均较高,断面污染等级与水质理化指标基本对应。     

淮河流域板桥水库大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

为了解板桥水库大型底栖动物群落结构动态特征并对其水质进行生物学评价,在该水库设置15个采样点,于2014年1—11月按季节进行调查.结果表明: 在板桥水库采集到大型底栖动物17种,隶属于3门4纲5科,其中摇蚊幼虫8种、寡毛类4种、软体动物5种.铜锈环棱螺、河蚬、苏氏尾鳃蚓、粗腹摇蚊和雕翅摇蚊为现阶段板桥水库的重要物种.大型底栖动物密度、生物量和多样性指数存在空间和时间差异性.ANOSIM分析显示,大型底栖动物群落结构在不同区域和季节间均存在显著差异,其主要贡献物种为雕翅摇蚊、粗腹摇蚊和苏氏尾鳃蚓.经丰度 生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析,板桥水库大型底栖动物群落稳定,结合物种多样性指数、生物学污染指数(BPI)和Hilsenhoff生物指数(BI)评价结果,板桥水库的水质处于轻度污染水平.     

黄河三角洲石油生产对东营湿地底栖动物群落结构和水质生物评价的影响

为了解石油开采对湿地生态系统的影响,2009年10月调查了黄河三角洲东营湿地34个样点的水体物理化学属性和大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构。共获得3门6纲12目41科70属84个大型底栖无脊椎动物分类单元。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(r=-0.446,P=0.02)和TN显著负相关,BI指数与理化指标无显著相关性;软体动物分类单元数与盐度(r=-0.422,P=0.028)显著负相关,与pH值(r=0.435,P=0.023)显著正相关;软体动物个体百分数同样与盐度(r=-0.395,P=0.041)呈显著负相关,与pH值(r=0.565,P=0.002)呈极显著正相关;寡毛类分类单元数与TN(r=0.524,P=0.005)极显著正相关。水体石油含量与生物指数无显著相关性。典范对应分析(CCA)显示,TN、pH、盐度是影响东营湿地底栖动物群落结构的主要环境变量,水体石油污染并不是主要的胁迫因子。寡毛类和软体动物是该地区对环境变化的主要指示生物类群。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数水质生物评价结果显示,溢洪河支流、广利河上游、挑河上游、东张水库属于清洁;轻污点位有9个,其余点位为中污或重污。     

基于B-IBI指数的温榆河生态健康评价

基于温榆河底栖动物和水质采样数据,采用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)方法,进行温榆河生态健康评价,并探求河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关性。通过分布范围、判别能力以及相关性分析等,确定研究区B-IBI指标体系,包括总分类单元数、总生物量、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、生物指数和粘附者个体丰度6个指标。根据参照点25%分位数确定温榆河底栖动物完整性评价标准,即B-IBI>1.821为健康,1.366—1.821为亚健康,0.910—1.366为一般,0.455—0.910为较差,0—0.455为极差。结果表明,温榆河27.3%河段处于健康状态,9.1%河段处于亚健康状态,13.6%河段处于一般状态,50%河段处于较差和极差状态。河流水质与B-IBI指数的相关系数为-0.549,表明生物指标作为水体评价的补充指标十分必要。     

黄河主要水系水环境与底栖动物调查研究

2005年5月对黄河水系的42个采样点进行了水质与底栖动物的调查研究.调查结果表明,黄河水质总体污染严重,干流兰州段以上相对较好,但下游及支流水质污染严重.主要污染指标为总氮超标.在这些样点上共采到底栖动物90种,分属5门23科60属.其中,水生昆虫67种(74.4%),寡毛类15种(16.7%),软体动物5种(5.6%),甲壳动物与线形动物各一种(2.2%).物种组成上水生昆虫的摇蚊幼虫和寡毛类的水丝蚓为主要类群.在数量分布上,全流域底栖动物的平均密度为411.1 ind·m^-2,生物量为1520.1 mg·m^-2.干流密度与生物量(144.3ind·m^-2和151.6mg·m^-2)相对支流(1173.5 ind·m^-2和5430.1 mg·m^-2)明显偏低.与1958年和1982年的资料相比,所获得的物种数相近,但组成上有很大变化;而在密度生物量上,这次调查结果相对较低.     

大型底栖动物对淡水水质生物评价的研究进展

大型底栖动物作为淡水水域水质特征监测的指示生物越来越受到重视。底栖动物的采集主要分为定量和定性2种方法,利用底栖动物评价水质的生物学指标主要有三大类,分别是与群落结构和功能有关的指数、与种类耐污值有关的生物指数和与特定物种直接相关的生物指数。对水生昆虫、水生软体动物和水栖寡毛类对淡水水域的水质评价研究进行综述。     

怒江云南段大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构与水质生物评价

于2007～2008年平水期(4～5月份)、丰水期(7～8月份)和枯水期(11月份),对怒江云南段干流大型底栖动物群落结构进行了调查研究,并利用生物指数对怒江云南段水质进行了评价。共采集到大型底栖动物12目34科47种,其中水生昆虫种类最多,达31种,属7目25科,占总数的66%。3个时期(平水期、丰水期和枯水期)大型底栖动物的平均密度以平水期最高(93.73ind./m2),平均生物量以丰水期最高(1093.70mg/m2);Shannon指数、Margalef指数、Pielou均匀度指数大小依次顺序为枯水期>平水期>丰水期;水质评价表明怒江云南段上、下游水质状况一般,而中游河段略有污染。研究结果也表明BPI生物指数不适合用于怒江这类大型底栖动物种类匮乏的冷、急流水体水质评价。     

Selection of benthic macroinvertebrate-based multimetrics and preliminary establishment of biocriteria for the bioassessment of the water quality of Taihu Lake, China

To develop benthic macroinvertebrate-based multimetrics for the bioassessment of the water quality of Taihu Lake, benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled at 60 sites in 8 subareas of Taihu Lake. A total of 24 species of benthic macroinvertebrates were obtained: 14 species of Mollusca, 5 species of Arthropoda and 5 species of Annelida. A comprehensive evaluation of the metrics was carried out. The results showed that 7 metrics (i.e., total number of taxa, the number of Mollusca & Crustacea taxa, % Mollusca & Crustacea, % Gastropoda, Goodnight-Whitley index, Hilsenhoff biotic index and % Collector-gatherers) were sensitive. A score of 5, 3 or 1 was assigned to every metric for standardization of the metrics, and a multimetric on a scale ranging from 7 to 35 for bioassessment was developed. Four-level discriminatory biocriteria for water quality were eventually proposed by quartation: 7–14, very poor; 15–21, poor; 22–28, fair; 29–35, good. The re-scored results from the 60 sites showed that the water quality of southeastern Taihu Lake was relatively good, whereas that of northwestern Taihu Lake was relatively poor. Basically, the discriminatory biocriteria are suitable for the assessment of the water quality of Taihu Lake.     

基于底栖生物完整性指数的赣江流域河流健康评价

底栖生物完整性指数(B-IBI)是最为广泛应用的水生态系统健康评价指数之一。根据2009-2010年期间赣江流域60个采样点的底栖动物数据(15个参照点, 45个受损点), 对17个生物参数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析, 确定了B-IBI指数体系由总分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物%和BI指数构成。采用比值法统一各生物参数量纲, 将各个生物参数分值加和得到B-IBI指数值。根据参照点的B-IBI值的25%分位数值最终确定赣江流域河流健康评价标准。评价结果表明, 赣江流域60个采样点中19个为健康, 19个为亚健康, 14个为一般, 8个较差。综合来看, 赣江流域河流处于健康-亚健康状态: 上游各支流中绵水、贡江、上犹江和桃江为健康状态, 章水、濂水、梅江和平江为较差状态; 中游各支流健康评价结果多为健康-亚健康状态, 而乌江为较差状态; 下游各支流为健康-亚健康状态; 赣江干流上健康评价的结果均为健康。       

淮北煤矿区塌陷湖大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

2013年对淮北采煤塌陷湖(乾隆湖和临涣湖)大型底栖动物群落结构进行了季节性调查。共采集到大型底栖动物26种, 隶属于3门5纲17科. 乾隆湖和临涣湖年平均密度分别为230.85和215.80 ind./m2, 年平均生物量分别为56.11和36.38 g/m2。两湖大型底栖动物以摇蚊幼虫、霍甫水丝蚓和苏氏尾鳃蚓为优势类群, 底栖动物最高密度均出现在夏季(乾隆湖为 278.0 ind./m2, 临涣湖为288.2 ind./m2); 生物量则主要以软体动物和水生昆虫为主, 夏季和秋季大型底栖动物生物量明显高于春季和冬季。运用Shannon多样性指数(H')、Margalef多样性指数(D)和Biotic Index生物学指数(BI)对乾隆湖和临涣湖进行水质生物评价研究, 结果显示Shannon多样性指数不适宜于该两湖的水质生物评价, BI的评价结果与水质状况基本相符。综合 Margalef多样性指数和BI生物指数评价的结果表明: 乾隆湖和临涣湖春季和冬季处于轻度污染状态, 夏季和秋季处于中度污染状态。     

Response of American dippers (Cinclus mexicanus) to variation in stream water quality

1. Semi‐aquatic birds may be sensitive to altered water quality. While avian species are not used in the bioassessment of streams, they may complement the more common use of benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. We estimated the extent to which water quality can predict attributes of the populations of one common semi‐aquatic bird, the American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus). 2. First, we estimated dipper presence/absence in relation to water quality as measured by a multimetric assessment index and individual bioassessment metrics. Second, we estimated dipper territory area and reproductive success in response to variation in water quality. We studied the diet, territory area and fecundity of dippers and sampled benthic macroinvertebrates, water chemistry and physical variables at 32 sites with and 17 sites without nesting dippers. 3. Dipper presence was only weakly related to chemical, physical and commonly recorded bioassessment metrics such as per cent Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (%EPT). Dippers were strongly related to the abundance of their common prey, Drunella and Heptageniidae, which are only a small component of the commonly recorded bioassessment metrics. The variances in territory area and reproductive success were weakly predicted by water quality variables. 4. Dipper presence reflected disturbance as measured by their common prey, showing that lower abundance of these stream invertebrates affected this semi‐aquatic bird. We suggest dipper presence/absence might be used in multimetric indices of biotic integrity for the bioassessment of streams.     

Macrobenthic distribution and community structure in the upper navigation pools of the Upper Mississippi River

The northern section of the Upper Mississippi River supports a diverse macrobenthic assemblage. Distribution of this benthic fauna, benthic community structure, and factors which influences which influence both of these phenomena in these upper pools are reviewed. Dumping of heavy loads of municipal and industrial wastes from the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area has severely stressed the benthic community. Once abundant, pollution-sensitive mayflies, Hexagenia bilineata and H. limbata, are noticeably absent, replaced by pollution-tolerant oligochaetes and midges (notably Chironomus). Harmful effects of this pollution are not restricted to the area immediately downstream from the Twin Cities. In Lake Pepin, the Hexagenia population has suffered a drastic decline. The benthic community is characterized by low species diversity and a dominant, pollution-tolerant Chironomus plumosus — Oligochaeta — Sphaeriidae — Hirudinea community complex. Farther south, effects of the high organic load which originates approximately 226 km upstream are ameliorated. Inundation of large, diverse land areas contributes to the great ecological diversity in Pools No. 7 and No. 8. In Navigation Pool No. 7, benthic standing crops in the backwater pool areas (biomass range: 2.08–26.96 g m^–2) exceed those in the main channel (biomass range: 0.05–1.02 g m^–2). Greater numbers of burrowing mayflies and mollusks were found in the pool areas. Of 131 taxa collected from 1976–1977 in Lake Onalaska, which occupies most of Pool No. 7, eight dominant groups — Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Gastropoda, and Pelecypoda — accounted for 90–93% of the macroinvertebrates. In Pool No. 8, over half of the 144 benthic taxa collected during the summer of 1975 were insect nymphs and larvae. Oligochaetes were by far the most ubiquitous and dominant macroinvertebrates. Habitat preferences of particular benthic forms reflected distributional relationships between macroinvertebrates and physical-chemical conditions. Benthic production, in terms of total wet weight m^–2 and macroinvertebrate density in each study area, was generally greater in the more eutrophic areas. However, fewer taxa were supported in these areas. These taxa were generally pollution-tolerant organisms, such as oligochaetes and certain chironomids, which were capable of burrowing into depositional-type substrates. More taxa and greater numbers of gill breathers and filter feeders, such as caddisflies, mayflies, stoneflies, and dipterans, were collected from less eutrophic areas.     

Detection of ecological change using multiple organism groups: metrics and uncertainty

A number of biological approaches are commonly used to assess the ecological integrity of stream ecosystems. Recently, it is becoming increasingly common to use multiple organism groups in bioassessment. Advocates of the multiple organism approach argue that the use of different organism groups should strengthen inference-based models and ultimately result in lower assessment error, while opponents argue that organism groups often respond similarly to stress implying a high degree of redundancy. Using fish, macroinvertebrate, macrophyte and benthic diatom data, site-specific parameters (e.g., water chemistry and substratum) and catchment variables from European mountain (n = 77) and lowland (n = 85) streams we evaluated the discriminatory power and uncertainty associated with the use of a number of biological metrics commonly used in stream assessment. The primary environmental gradient for both streams types was land use and nutrient enrichment. Secondary and tertiary gradients were related to habitat quality or alterations in hydromorphology. Benthic diatom and macroinvertebrate metrics showed high discriminatory power (R² values often >0.50) and low error (<30%) with the primary (nutrient) gradient, while both fish and macrophyte metrics performed relatively poorly. Conversely, both fish and macrophyte metrics showed higher response (high coefficients of determination) than either benthic diatom or macroinvertebrate metrics to the second (e.g., alteration in habitat/hydromorphology) gradient. However, the discriminatory power and error associated with individual metrics varied markedly, indicating that caution should be exercised when selecting the ‘best’ organism group or metric to monitor stress.     

基于浮游植物生物完整性指数的湖泊生态系统评价——以2012年冬季太湖为例

依据2012年12月对太湖29个样点和同一地理区划4个湖、库的浮游植物和环境变量的监测结果,应用生物完整性理论和方法,构建冬季太湖浮游植物生物完整性指数,评价冬季太湖水生态健康质量。采用干扰程度最小系统法定义筛选确定参照点,对51个候选参数进行分布范围筛选、判别能力分析、参数间相关性分析,获得了太湖枯水期P-IBI指数的6个构成参数:总分类单元数、硅藻门分类单元%、细胞Simpson指数、细胞密度、硅藻门细胞密度%和绿藻门个体密度%。采用比值法统一各参数的量纲,累加后得到枯水期太湖P-IBI分值,并划分健康评价标准。应用P-IBI对冬季太湖水生态进行评价,8个参照点中1个点位评价结果为健康其余7个为亚健康;25个受损点中,2个点位为亚健康,9个点位为一般,12个点位为差,2个点位为极差。太湖总体受到了不同程度的人为干扰,东太湖湖区水生态状况最好,评价结果多为亚健康或一般;竺山湖、贡湖、东部沿岸和西部沿岸次之;南部沿岸和湖心区最差,湖心区有2个点位评价结果为极差。与冬季太湖P-IBI指数显著相关的水化学因子是氨氮和总磷含量。     

应用底栖动物完整性指数B-IBI评价溪流健康

B-IBI指数是溪流生态系统健康评价常用指标之一。据安徽黄山地区溪流的33个底栖动物样点数据(11个参照点,22个受损点),对21个生物参数进行分布范围、Pearson相关性和判别能力分析,确定B-IBI指数由总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、前3位优势分类单元%、粘附者%、敏感类群%和BI指数构成。分别用3分制、4分制和比值法统一各参数量纲,B-IBI指数值即为累加各构成指数的分值或比值。B-IBI箱线图分析表明,上述3种方法计算出的B-IBI值有较高判别能力(IQ=3),能很好地判别参照水体和受损水体,且3者之间具高相关性(r>0.90)。分别依据参照样点和所有样点B-IBI值建立健康评价标准,比较3分制、4分制和比值法对评价结果的准确性,表明用比值法统一各参数量纲并依据所有样点的B-IBI值建立的健康评价标准的准确性优于3分制和4分制法。建立了适合祁门县溪流生态系统健康评价B-IBI标准B-IBI>3.59健康,2.7～3.59亚健康,1.8～2.69一般,0.9～1.79差,B-IBI<0.9极差。祁门县21个样点的水体,14个健康,6个亚健康,1个一般。B-IBI与电导率(r=-0.62,p<0.01)和生境质量(r=0.65,p<0.01)显著相关。