“八只足”的昆虫

<正> 昆虫足发育畸形,多于六足的现象,过去虽有报道,但为数甚少,如加藤(1943)曾报道日本两例:一为木棉叩头虫Pectocera fortunei Can-deze雄虫右中足基节处,生出三只足,前两只足为过剩足;另一为螽蟖Mecopoda nipponensisDe Hean雄虫右后足腿节近基部1/3处腹面生出一瘤状小突起,实际上为一足的变形,可分出转节、腿节、胫节和跗节。本人在1956年制作标本时,曾发现“八只足”的茧蜂一只,并且也绘     

广西瘦枝(虫脩)属一新种(竹节虫目:枝(虫脩)科)

笔者在整理广西竹节虫标本中,发现瘦枝(虫脩)属Macellina Uvarov一新种,现描述如下。模式标本存放于北京林业大学昆虫标本室。 腹指瘦枝(虫脩) Macellina digitata 新种(图1—3) 雄性:体细瘦,头明显长于前胸背板,后缘几与前胸等宽;头上无瘤突;头顶中央有一纵沟,至后半部较浅。触角19节,长约为前足股节的1/2;第1节长,两侧近乎平行,背面     

中华真地鳖的断足再生

报道了中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker的断足再生特征。研究结果表明,不同虫龄期的若虫都有断足再生能力;足的不同部位断足后均能再生;断掉不同数量的足后,只要能成活均可再生。断足再生后,继续断掉再生足的原位或其他部位也可以再生。再生足的跗节均比正常的少一节,具有再生不完整性。断足后,只要经1～2次蜕皮,均可再生。断掉一对足的腿节后,再生足出现大小不一的现象,小的一般发育不全,断足数量多容易出现再生足发育不全。再生足比正常足要小,但生长速度要快,断掉足的腿节或跗节后的再生足经过2次蜕皮后基本可恢复到正常足大小。     

发育畸形的独角仙

昆虫是动物界的最大类群,形态的变异,发育的畸形,时有发生。国内外虽有报道,但为数不多。加藤(1943)曾报道过发现8只足的棉叩头虫Pectocera fortunei Candeze雄虫;7只足的螽斯Mecopoda nipponensis De Hean雄虫。何俊华(1984)报道了8只足的螟黑纹茧蜂Bracon onukii Watanabe雌虫。 1987年7月间,在捕捉药用昆虫独角仙Allomyrina dichotoma(Linnaeus)时,发现1头发育畸形的雄性成虫。该虫前后足正常。左中足亦正常,腿节长14mm,宽4.5mm;胫节长10mm;跗节8mm;爪2.5mm。右中足畸形,在     

三种华枝断肢再生的研究

目（竹节虫目）的昆虫具有很强的断肢再生能力。该文通过对华枝属（Ｓｉｎｏｐｈａｓｍａｓｐｐ）三种昆虫的实验,表明其再生能力与断肢发生的时间及数量有关。断肢１只或２只的１～４龄虫体发育至成虫期或至若虫末龄时,其再生足的长度与相应的正常足长度相近。若在５龄初时断肢１～２只,也具有再生能力,但至成虫期其再生足的长度则短于相对应的正常足。若在６龄及成虫时断肢,则无再生能力（若６龄时出现断肢再生,则若虫期多为７龄）。实验结果还表明,若断肢为３只或３只以上,则虫体不能存活,且多在断肢后２～３ｄ内死亡。观察中尚发现,再生足生长速度明显高于正常足。而且,断肢的龄期越高,再生足生长速度越快。再生足的伸长生长与正常足一样,均出现于虫体蜕皮时。     

中华真地鳖断足再生对发育的影响

研究中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker的断足时间及数量对发育历期的影响,以及不同龄期断足处理后发育历期间的差异。以8龄若虫为研究对象,发现其再生临界期为20~26日龄。不同日龄的8龄若虫断去1条后足,蜕1次皮后能再生的若虫从断足至蜕皮的平均时间与8龄的正常历期相近,整个8龄若虫的发育历期均比正常历期长,并随断足处理日龄的增加而逐渐增加。蜕1次皮后断足没有再生的绝大部分个体,8龄若虫的历期均比正常历期短。以3日龄的4龄若虫为处理对象,发现断去不同数量的足后(蜕1次皮后均能再生),从断足至蜕皮的历期及4龄的历期,均随虫体断足数量的增加而增加,但断去1条或2条后足处理,从断足至蜕皮的历期间及断足处理后4龄历期与正常历期间的差异不显著。不同虫龄的若虫断去1条后足的腿节后1次蜕皮后能再生的大部分个体,从断足至蜕皮的时间比同龄若虫的正常历期稍长,所延长的时间相当于从龄初至断足处理的时间,而断足后1次蜕皮未再生的其余个体从断足到蜕皮的时间均很短。     

四川汶川的竹节虫

在讲述达尔文主义基础时,提到适应性中的拟态部举竹节虫来做例证。如今年人民教育出版社出版的达尔文主义基础在“绪论,生物的适应性”(原书5页倒数5到4行)一节中也提到竹节虫,说“竹节虫翅膀退化,身体瘦长,呈绿色或褐色,在竹枝上停留时,形状像竹枝”。同时书的前面也附了一张彩图表示竹节虫在竹节上停留时形状酷似竹枝的情形,但根据我在汶川县(隶属四川省阿壩藏族自治州)发现的竹节虫和对它生态观察的结果,却与书中所述及所绘之图略有些不同,兹说明如下,以示生物适应性的多样化。     

三种华枝断肢再生的研究

目(竹节虫目)的昆虫具有很强的断肢再生能力。该文通过对华枝属(Sinophasma spp)三种昆虫的实验,表明其再生能力与断肢发生的时间及数量有关。断肢1只或2只的1～4龄虫体发育至成虫期或至若虫末龄时,其再生足的长度与相应的正常足长度相近。若在5龄初时断肢1～2只,也具有再生能力,但至成虫期其再生足的长度则短于相对应的正常足。若在6龄及成虫时断肢,则无再生能力（若6龄时出现断肢再生,则若虫期多为7龄）。实验结果还表明,若断肢为3只或3只以上,则虫体不能存活,且多在断肢后2～3 d内死亡。观察中尚发现,再生足生长速度明显高于正常足。而且,断肢的龄期越高,再生足生长速度越快。再生足的伸长生长与正常足一样,均出现于虫体蜕皮时。     

常见昆虫成虫分目检索表

注:按近代昆虫分目,直翅目应包括四个目,直翅目、螳螂目、竹节虫目和(虫非)蠊目。可按照以下特征区分:直翅目下口式,咀嚼式口器;后足为跳跃足,或前足为挖掘足。螳螂目Mantodea:头部三角形;前胸细长;前足为捕捉足。竹节虫目Phasmida:前胸短;体细长似竹     

中华真地鳖断触角再生的研究

【目的】研究中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis(Walker)断触角再生特征及再生临界期。【方法】选取1~10龄健康的初龄若虫一条触角除基部3节外剪除,蜕皮后观察并统计触角的节数。选取生长一致健康的初龄4龄若虫,于第0~19日龄进行断触角处理,蜕皮后观察触角的再生情况和触角的节数。【结果】不同虫龄的初龄若虫断去触角蜕皮后,均能通过再生使触角的节数增加。1~10龄的若虫一条触角除基部3节外剪除,蜕皮后下一龄的触角节数分别为5、8、12、13~15、15~17、16~19、18~20、13~15、20~23、22~25、24~28节。4龄的初龄若虫一条触角分别除基部0~2、3、5、10、15、20节外剪除,蜕皮后触角的节数分别为11~12、13~15、18~21、19~25、24~27节,其中一条触角除基部20节外剪除蜕皮后基本恢复正常节数。不同日龄的4龄若虫一条触角除基部3节外剪除蜕皮后,0~8日龄的处理若虫蜕皮后触角节数为13~15节,而12日龄及以后的处理若虫蜕皮后触角节数为5~6节。4龄若虫的断触角再生临界期为9~11日龄。【结论】中华真地鳖在再生临界期内断触角后能够再生触角。     

Shapes of curves of pH-dependence of reactions

A simple case is considered in which the rate of a two-step reaction depends on pH because the intermediate formed in the first step has to gain (or lose) a proton before it can react in the second step, and in which the rate-determining step therefore changes with pH. The curves of reaction rate against pH are shown to be symmetrical, and the sharpest peak possible has a width at half its height of 1.53pH units, i.e. of 2log(3+2 radical2). Any particular curve for this situation proves to be identical with a curve that could be generated for the pH-dependence of a single-step reaction in which the rate is proportional to the concentration of a particular ionic form of a reactant. Curves for the latter situation, however, can have forms impossible for the former case in which the rate-determining step changes, but only if the protonations that activate and deactivate the reactant are co-operative. The peak can then become even sharper, and its width at half its height can fall to 1.14pH units, i.e. to 2log(2+ radical3).     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.