盐酸小檗碱对白色念珠菌菌态转换的影响研究

为探讨盐酸小檗碱对白色念珠菌酵母相向菌丝相转换的抑制作用和分子机制,采用微量稀释法测定盐酸小檗碱抑制白色念珠菌生长的MIC值,倒置荧光显微镜观察菌丝动态形成过程;hochest染色法观察不同浓度盐酸小檗碱对菌丝形成的影响;RT-PCR检测在不同浓度盐酸小檗碱作用下白色念珠菌菌丝形成关键基因EFG1、HWP1、ECE1、ALS1表达水平的变化。结果显示,盐酸小檗碱对白色念珠菌的MIC值为32μg/mL,同时白色念珠菌在4 h芽管形成明显,8 h转化为菌丝;hochest染色结果显示:128和32μg/mL的盐酸小檗碱可以通过抑制菌丝的形成以及降低细胞密度,从而达到抑制白色念珠菌发生菌态转换的目的,并且128μg/mL盐酸小檗碱的抑制作用明显优于32μg/mL盐酸小檗碱和4μg/mL氟康唑,而8μg/mL盐酸小檗碱抑制作用不明显;RT-PCR结果表明,128μg/mL盐酸小檗碱可以抑制白色念珠菌4 h干预组菌丝形成关键基因HWP1和ECE1的表达、6 h干预组HWP1、ECE1和ALS1的表达,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);32μg/mL盐酸小檗碱可以抑制白色念珠菌4 h干预组菌丝形成关键基因EFG1和ALS1的表达,6 h干预组EFG1、HWP1和ALS1的表达,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),但8μg/mL盐酸小檗碱无明显抑制作用。结果表明,盐酸小檗碱可以明显抑制白色念珠菌的菌态转换,其作用机制可能与菌丝形成关键基因EFG1、HWP1、ECE1、ALS1的表达下调相关。     

抗菌肽AMP-17抗白念珠菌作用靶点鉴定

白念珠菌(Candida albicans)是侵袭性真菌感染的主要致病性病原体。抗菌肽AMP-17有较强的抗念珠菌活性,经AMP-17作用白念珠菌后的蛋白组学结果显示,细胞壁(XOG1)和氧化应激(SRR1)蛋白基因表达差异显著,提示AMP-17可能通过影响XOG1和SRR1基因发挥其抗白念珠菌作用。为进一步探究XOG1和SRR1基因是否为AMP-17的作用靶点,本研究利用规律成簇间隔短回文重复序列相关蛋白9(clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9,CRISPR/Cas9)系统构建了白念珠菌xog1Δ/Δ和srr1Δ/Δ缺失菌;表型观察结果发现除XOG1基因缺失可影响白念珠菌的体外应激和菌丝形成,2个基因缺失对白念珠菌生长繁殖和生物膜形成无明显影响;药敏实验分析显示AMP-17对xog1Δ/Δ和srr1Δ/Δ缺失菌的MIC₈₀值从野生菌的8μg/mL增至16μg/mL,而对srr1Δ/Δ::srr1回补菌的MIC₈₀值降至野...     

大蒜素对白念珠菌形态转换的影响研究

目的探讨大蒜素对白念珠菌形态转换的影响及其作用机制。方法倒置显微镜观察白念珠菌菌丝形成的体外动力学过程;采用CLSI-M27-A3微量液基稀释法检测大蒜素对白念珠菌的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC);倒置显微镜观察不同浓度大蒜素对白念珠菌在Spider液体培养基中菌丝形成的影响;qRT-PCR法检测在不同浓度大蒜素作用下白念珠菌菌丝相关基因HWP1、ALS1、EFG1、PDE2表达水平的变化。结果白念珠菌在Spider液体培养基中6 h时出现较长菌丝,24 h后镜下可见大量念珠菌菌丝包裹酵母细胞,紧密交错;大蒜素对白念珠菌的MIC值为25μg/mL;倒置显微镜观察(25~100)μg/mL浓度的大蒜素能明显抑制Spider液体培养基中白念珠菌菌丝的生长;qRT-PCR结果显示,在(25~100)μg/mL浓度的大蒜素作用下,白念珠菌菌丝相关基因表达下调。结论大蒜素能有效抑制白念珠菌的形态转换,其作用机制可能与调节菌丝形成相关基因的表达水平有关。     

阴道白色念珠菌致病株与携带株两相性与毒力关系研究

目的探讨阴道白色念珠菌致病株和携带株菌丝相和酵母相分泌型酸性蛋白酶和细胞外磷脂酶活性以及与其毒力的关系。方法分别采用牛奶平板和卵黄培养基法检测白色念珠菌致病株和携带株200株分泌型酸性蛋白酶和细胞外磷脂酶的活力,分别将致病产酶株的菌丝相和孢子相菌悬液（5×10^6CFU／ral）注射小鼠尾静脉,1个月内观察小鼠死亡率及平均存活时间,以平均存活时间评价菌株毒力。结果白色念珠菌致病株和携带株分泌型酸性蛋白酶检出率分别为83．3％和35．7％（P〈0．01）;细胞外磷脂酶阳性率分别为87．5％和39．3％（P〈0．01）。动物实验结果表明,白色念珠菌致病株菌丝相分泌型酸性蛋白酶和细胞外磷脂酶的活力均显著高于孢子相（P〈0．01,P〈0．005）;注射菌丝相白色念珠菌的小鼠死亡率高于注射孢子相的小鼠（P〈0．01）,且平均存活期短于注射孢子相的小鼠（P〈0．01）。结论分泌型酸性蛋白酶和细胞外磷脂酶是白色念珠菌重要毒力因子,致病株毒力高于携带株,菌丝相毒力高于酵母相。     

苦参-蛇床子药对提取物对白念珠菌VVC临床株的抑制作用研究

目的本文着重研究苦参-蛇床子药对提取物(Extract of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix — Cnidii Fructus Couplet medicines,ESCC)对白念珠菌VVC临床株的抑制作用。方法 实验通过微量液基稀释法检测ESCC对白念珠菌的MIC 80;XTT减低法检测ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株细胞增殖活性的影响;倒置显微镜分别在4 h、8 h、12 h观察ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株酵母-菌丝二相性转换的影响;扫描电子显微镜观察ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株生物膜形成的影响;微孔板观察ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株成熟生物膜的影响;qRT-PCR检测ESCC对白念珠菌VVC临床株菌丝和生物膜形成相关基因的影响。结果 实验结果显示,ESCC具有一定的抗真菌作用,MIC 80 在512~1024 μg/mL之间,可显著降低白念珠菌VVC临床株细胞增殖活性;ESCC可抑制白念珠菌VVC临床株酵母-菌丝二相性转换,并可影响成熟生物膜的完整性。PCR结果显示ESCC可显著降低 ALS1 、 ASL3 、 HWP1 等基因转录水平。结论 本实验研究表明,苦参-蛇床子1∶1药对水提物可通过下调白念珠菌菌丝和生物膜形成相关基因转录水平,从而抑制酵母-菌丝二相性转换,影响其代谢活性,抑制生物膜的形成,并可破坏完整生物膜的完整性,从而起到抗真菌作用。     

小G蛋白抑制剂CASIN的体外抗真菌活性研究CSCD

目的通过对小G蛋白抑制剂体外抗真菌活性的测定,筛选具有新结构类型的抗真菌活性化合物。方法采用微量液基稀释法考察不同小G蛋白抑制剂对于念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并从中筛选活性较强的化合物进一步进行抗真菌谱测定;采用时间-生长曲线和时间-杀菌曲线考察CASIN对于白念珠菌生长增殖的影响;采用菌丝诱导实验考察化合物CASIN对于白念珠菌菌丝形成的抑制效果;采用甲基四氮盐(XTT)法考察化合物CASIN对于白念珠菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用。结果在考察的小G蛋白抑制剂中,CASIN的体外抗真菌活性最强,对于近平滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌、热带念珠菌、光滑念珠菌中均有较好的抑制作用,MIC为8~16μg/mL。16μg/mL CASIN可以有效抑制YPD培养基中白念珠菌的生长增殖,也在RPMI1640培养基中展现出对白念珠菌的杀菌活性;当培养基中CASIN浓度高于8μg/mL时,白念珠菌菌丝受到明显抑制;此外,8μg/mL的CASIN浓度对于白念珠菌的被膜生成具有80%以上的抑制率。结论小G蛋白抑制剂CASIN具有较强的体外抗念珠菌活性。     

白念珠菌酵母相与菌丝相对5种抗真菌药物的敏感性比较

目的比较白念珠菌酵母相与菌丝相对常用抗真菌药物的敏感性的差异,为病原真菌学研究及临床用药提供理论指导。方法应用法国生物-梅里埃ATB FUNGUS 3药敏试剂盒对临床分离的220株白念珠菌进行抗真菌药物的敏感性测定。结果 220株白念珠菌酵母相与菌丝相对两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶5种常用的抗真菌药物的敏感率分别为97.27%与97.73%,81.82%与85.00%,87.27%与90.46%,92.72%与95.00%,96.82%与97.27%。氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑对白念珠菌酵母相MIC值明显高于菌丝相,差异有显著性(P0.05),两性霉素对白念珠菌酵母相和菌丝相MIC值差异不显著(P0.05)。受试菌株两相细胞对5种抗真菌药物敏感度总体一致性为85.46%(188/220),有32株菌株酵母相表现为耐药及中介,但菌丝相却为中介与敏感。结论白念珠菌酵母相和菌丝相对5种抗真菌药物的敏感性存在差异,抗真菌药物对菌丝相的抗菌活性强于酵母相。     

和厚朴酚通过ROS的积累和破坏细胞膜杀死白色念珠菌（英文）

【目的】研究在体外情况下和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌的抑制作用及其可能机制。【方法】采用微量稀释法测定和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC80)和最低杀菌浓度(MFC);用透射电镜观察不同浓度和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌超微结构的影响;采用Annexin V-FITC/PI染色法分析不同浓度和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌细胞凋亡的影响;用DCFH-DA染色法测定不同浓度和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌细胞内活性氧积累的影响;用JC-1染色法分析不同浓度和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌线粒体膜电位的影响;用碘化丙啶染色、考马斯亮蓝G-250染色检测和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌细胞膜通透性的影响;通过测定加入麦角甾醇后,和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌的抑制作用的变化,检测和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌细胞膜的影响。【结果】和厚朴酚对白色念珠菌具有很强的抑制作用,MIC和MFC分别为16μg/mL和32μg/mL。对白色念珠菌细胞壁、细胞膜和胞浆均有明显的影响。和厚朴酚是通过增加活性氧的产生和破坏线粒体功能来诱导白念珠菌的细胞凋亡和坏死。它也影响细胞膜的通透性,这可能和细胞壁的破坏和与麦角固醇的结合有关。【结论】和厚朴酚通过产生活性氧并伴随着一系列的细胞损伤这种复杂的机制从而对白色念珠菌产生抑制作用,使和厚朴酚成为一种潜在的抗真菌药物。     

聚六亚甲基双胍体外抗真菌作用研究

目的探讨聚六亚甲基双胍(PHMB)对浅部真菌病常见致病菌的杀灭作用。方法参照标准的微量液基稀释法和琼脂稀释法检测PHMB粉剂和溶液对红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌及白念珠菌临床分离株的体外最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MFC)。结果 PHMB对红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌和白念珠菌临床分离株的MIC范围分别为1.0～4.0μg/mL、2.0～4.0μg/mL、2.0～4.0μg/mL和0.3～5.0μg/mL;MFC范围分别为2.0～8.0μg/mL、 4.0μg/mL、2.0～4.0μg/mL和5.0～10.0μg/mL。琼脂稀释法结果表明PHMB溶液浓度为1.25%时,红色毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌和须癣毛癣菌无菌落生长;PHMB溶液浓度为0.32%时,白念珠菌无菌落生长。加入透皮剂氮酮后,杀菌效果并无改变。结论 PHMB对浅部真菌病常见的致病真菌皮肤癣菌及白念珠菌具有较好的抑制和杀灭作用。     

球形孢子丝菌致婴儿固定型孢子丝菌病1例及相关实验研究

报道1例由球形孢子丝菌所致的婴儿固定型孢子丝菌病。患儿女,3个月,因左眼下内侧皮损2个月就诊,皮损脓液标本进行真菌培养,对培养获得菌株进行形态学、生理学和分子生物学鉴定,并进行药物敏感性检测。真菌培养阳性,镜下可见典型的套袖样菌丝。钙调蛋白基因序列分析鉴定为球形孢子丝菌。药敏试验显示特比萘芬和伊曲康唑对该菌株的菌丝相最低抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitorycon centration,MIC）分别为0．5μg／mL和0．5μg／mL;对该菌株的酵母相的MIC值分别为0．25μg／mL和0．5μg／mL。给予患者口服特比萘芬32．5mg／d治疗10周后皮损消退呈瘢痕化修复。依据临床及实验室检查确诊该病例为球形孢子丝菌所致固定型孢子丝菌病,特比萘芬治疗本病例显示较好疗效。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。