植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物的研究进展

植物内生菌经过与寄主植物长期的协同进化,成为植物内生态系统的重要组成部分,在植物的生长发育、营养吸收、胁迫应激以及产生次级代谢产物等生理生化行为方面具有显著的作用。利用植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物,可以促进农作物的生长发育、提高抗逆性,对于农业生产具有重大的研究意义和应用价值。综述了植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物生理功能及在农业生产中应用的研究进展。对植物内生菌及其次级代谢产物未来的研究重点和应用前景做出展望。     

寡聚半乳糖醛酸对2,4-D引起的黄瓜下胚轴伸长的抑制(简报)

10多年来的研究认为寡聚糖作为信号分子激发了植物的抗病基因的表达,如能调节生产植物蛋白酶抑制物和植保素,触发过敏反应。近期研究还发现寡聚糖具有调节植物生长、发育的功能,这些具有调节功能的寡     

转基因技术在植物抗体上的应用

通过基因工程技术在植物中表达或生产的抗体是近年来研究的热点。研究表明,不论是全抗体或小分子抗体,在植物中表达后都具有与抗原结合的活性,即具功能性,从而使植物抗体的研究备受人们的关注。该文介绍防龋抗体在转基因植物中的表达;高等植物叶绿体基因组的应用;植物病毒载体生产抗体和植物抗体的糖基化。     

转基因植物疫苗的研究进展

近些年,随着遗传技术和植物基因工程的发展进步,疫苗（亚单位疫苗、活载体疫苗和核酸疫苗等）的研究迅速发展起来。尤其是利用转基因植物技术生产植物疫苗的研究受到了广泛的关注,在转基因植物（蔬菜、水果、农作物）的可食用部位表达抗原生产人或动物治疗用重组蛋白和疫苗的技术为可食性疫苗的研制开辟了新途径,展现了诱人的开发前景。植物来源的疫苗具有很多优势,如生产成本低、易于保存、免疫接种方便、甚至不需提取纯化等处理而直接食用。目前已有很多转基因植物疫苗产品投入开发和生产。文章综述了近几年转基因植物疫苗在表达系统、生产、生物安全／管理、公众健康等方面的研究进展,对转基因植物疫苗存在的问题进行了分析,并对其研究前景提出了展望。     

抗菌肽在转基因动植物中的研究进展

抗菌肽是一类广泛存在于生物界的小分子短肽,具有广谱的抗菌、抗病毒、抗寄生虫及抗癌等生物活性.将抗菌肽基因转入动、植物体内,不仅可以提高动、植物的抗病能力,而且有望通过转基因动、植物来大量生产抗菌肽,具有重要的研究价值和广阔的应用前景.就抗菌肤的特性、抗菌机理及其在转基因动、植物中的研究做一简要的综述.     

利用转基因植物表达药用蛋白

随着药物生物技术和植物基因工程迅速发展 ,转基因植物被用作生物反应器生产具有医疗价值的多肽和蛋白质已成为生物医学研究的热点。研究表明转基因植物表达的蛋白质能够保持原有的结构和功能 ,这预示它将为药用蛋白的生产提供一条安全和廉价的新途径。主要概述了近年来国内外转基因植物生产诸如疫苗、抗体和其他药用蛋白或多肽等的研究进展 ,并着重探讨了存在的问题和解决策略。     

植物气孔的类型、分布特点和发育

植物气孔控制着植物蒸腾和光合两个基本生命过程,影响着陆生植物的生产和生命.气孔不仅是植物形态学上的重要特征,而且在研究植物间的亲缘关系、系统进化和分类、染色体倍性鉴定、估价植物的抗病性和生存环境以及生理等方面均具有重要的意义.对植物气孔的分类、气孔的分布特点、气孔的发育过程以及其影响因素进行了综述.     

植物口服疫苗的研究进展

植物口服疫苗是通过转基因植物生产,通过口服的方式预防疾病的生物制品。作为一种新型疫苗,其研究开始于三十几年前。由于植物口服疫苗可以最大程度地降低传统疫苗的潜在风险,在疫苗生产中具有优势,因此拥有良好的商业生产前景。植物疫苗价格低廉,生产过程安全,可产生与注射疫苗相似效价效果,无论是在控制养殖业抗生素滥用的情况下作为替代方法,还是在某些经济发展水平不高、卫生条件较差的发展中国家用于预防和控制某些传染病,都是十分理想的。该文对植物口服疫苗生产方法、候选生物反应器、疫苗有效性、适用范围和发展前景进行了概述。此外,还着重对目前开展的植物口服疫苗在病毒、细菌、寄生虫引起的人畜共患病中的应用研究,以及其在人类肿瘤预防中所开展的应用研究进行了较为详细的综述。虽然植物疫苗的研究及应用在植物外源基因表达量、免疫剂量、免疫接种途径等方面还存在很多挑战,但依然为传统疫苗学的研发提供了一条充满希望的新途径。     

植物生物反应器表达药用蛋白研究新进展

植物生物反应器被称为"分子农田",它具有无限生产重组蛋白的巨大潜力。利用转基因植物表达的重组蛋白具备原有的理化性质和生物活性,从而为人类提供了一种大量生产药用蛋白的安全可靠、经济、方便的新生产体系。目前已广泛运用于工业、农业尤其是生命科学以及医学制造领域。用植物生物反应器产重组疫苗、重组抗体和其他药用蛋白已成为国内外基因工程研究热点之一。然而,转基因植物产物的表达量、下游加工等问题却也成为利用植物生物反应器应用的限制因素。本文就其优势、近三年内国内外转基因植物生产药用蛋白的研究进展、存在问题及对策作一综述。     

黄原胶寡糖生物活性的研究

利用黄原胶降解菌Cellulom onassp.XT11生产的黄原胶降解酶,对黄原胶进行生物降解,生产具有不同粘度/还原末端比的黄原胶寡糖,并研究了黄原胶寡糖在清除羟基自由基、植物防卫反应中激活因子活性和对植物病原菌抑制能力等方面的生物活性,结果表明黄原胶寡糖具有清除羟基自由基能力,并能激活植物防卫系统以抵御病原菌的侵染,同时对野油菜黄单孢菌也具有抑菌活性。     

Molecular farming of pharmaceutical proteins

Molecular farming is the production of pharmaceutically important and commercially valuable proteins in plants. Its purpose is to provide a safe and inexpensive means for the mass production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins. Complex mammalian proteins can be produced in transformed plants or transformed plant suspension cells. Plants are suitable for the production of pharmaceutical proteins on a field scale because the expressed proteins are functional and almost indistinguishable from their mammalian counterparts. The breadth of therapeutic proteins produced by plants range from interleukins to recombinant antibodies. Molecular farming in plants has the potential to provide virtually unlimited quantities of recombinant proteins for use as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in health care and the life sciences. Plants produce a large amount of biomass and protein production can be increased using plant suspension cell culture in fermenters, or by the propagation of stably transformed plant lines in the field. Transgenic plants can also produce organs rich in a recombinant protein for its long-term storage. This demonstrates the promise of using transgenic plants as bioreactors for the molecular farming of recombinant therapeutics, including vaccines, diagnostics, such as recombinant antibodies, plasma proteins, cytokines and growth factors. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Sowing the seeds of success: pharmaceutical proteins from plants

Among the many plant-based production systems that have been developed for pharmaceutical proteins, seeds have the useful advantage of accumulating proteins in a relatively small volume and in a stable environment in which they are protected from degradation. Several seed crops, including cereals, grain legumes and oilseeds, have been explored as production platforms, and the first commercial products -- all technical proteins and enzymes -- have already reached the market. Recent studies have explored the use of seeds for the production of pharmaceutical proteins, particularly replacement human proteins, recombinant antibodies and (oral) vaccines.     

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Recombinant proteins have become more and more important for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry. Although various systems for protein expression have been developed, there is an increasing demand for inexpensive methods of large-scale production. Eukaryotic algae could serve as a novel option for the manufacturing of recombinant proteins, as they can be cultivated in a cheap and easy manner and grown to high cell densities. Being a model organism, the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been studied intensively over the last decades and offers now a complete toolset for genetic manipulation. Recently, the successful expression of several proteins with pharmaceutical relevance has been reported from the nuclear and the chloroplastic genome of this alga, demonstrating its ability for biotechnological applications.     

转基因植物表达药用蛋白的研究进展

基因工程技术的进步使得转基因植物广泛应用于工业、农业各个领域,尤其在医药制造领域。研究成果表明,转基因植物作为生物反应器在制备药用蛋白,如重组疫苗、重组动物抗体、细胞因子等方面较其他表达系统,如微生物及动物表达系统具有成本低、应用安全等优势,但在工业化技术方面仍存在障碍。     

Plant-made pharmaceuticals: leading products and production platforms

The number of approaches to recombinant protein production in plants is greater than ever before. Development of these new and improved technologies as production platforms for plant-made pharmaceuticals has and will continue to create new commercial opportunities in the pharmaceutical sector. However, it is inevitable that no single system will be optimal for the production of all recombinant proteins of interest in plants due to both the physical characteristics and the envisaged therapeutic application of each product. Here, we review a range of promising product/platform pairs emphasizing synergies during production and in clinical trials.     

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Mammalian cell culture is the major platform for commercial production of human vaccines and therapeutic proteins. However, it cannot meet the increasing worldwide demand for pharmaceuticals due to its limited scalability and high cost. Plants have shown to be one of the most promising alternative pharmaceutical production platforms that are robust, scalable, low-cost and safe. The recent development of virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient expression of recombinant proteins in plants. To further optimize the utility of the transient expression system, we demonstrate a simple, efficient and scalable methodology to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium into plant tissue in this study. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with both syringe and vacuum methods have resulted in the efficient introduction of Agrobacterium into leaves and robust production of two fluorescent proteins; GFP and DsRed. Furthermore, we demonstrate the unique advantages offered by both methods. Syringe infiltration is simple and does not need expensive equipment. It also allows the flexibility to either infiltrate the entire leave with one target gene, or to introduce genes of multiple targets on one leaf. Thus, it can be used for laboratory scale expression of recombinant proteins as well as for comparing different proteins or vectors for yield or expression kinetics. The simplicity of syringe infiltration also suggests its utility in high school and college education for the subject of biotechnology. In contrast, vacuum infiltration is more robust and can be scaled-up for commercial manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins. It also offers the advantage of being able to agroinfiltrate plant species that are not amenable for syringe infiltration such as lettuce and Arabidopsis. Overall, the combination of syringe and vacuum agroinfiltration provides researchers and educators a simple, efficient, and robust methodology for transient protein expression. It will greatly facilitate the development of pharmaceutical proteins and promote science education.     

Microalgae as platforms for production of recombinant proteins and valuable compounds: progress and prospects

Over the last few years microalgae have gained increasing interest as a natural source of valuable compounds and as bioreactors for recombinant protein production. Natural high-value compounds including pigments, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polysaccharides, which have a wide range of applications in the food, feed, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, are currently produced with nontransgenic microalgae. However, transgenic microalgae can be used as bioreactors for the production of therapeutic and industrially relevant recombinant proteins. This technology shows great promise to simplify the production process and significantly decrease the production costs. To date, a variety of recombinant proteins have been produced experimentally from the nuclear or chloroplast genome of transgenic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. These include monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, hormones, pharmaceutical proteins, and others. In this review, we outline recent progress in the production of recombinant proteins with transgenic microalgae as bioreactors, methods for genetic transformation of microalgae, and strategies for highly efficient expression of heterologous genes. In particular, we highlight the importance of maximizing the value of transgenic microalgae through producing recombinant proteins together with recovery of natural high-value compounds. Finally, we outline some important issues that need to be addressed before commercial-scale production of high-value recombinant proteins and compounds from transgenic microalgae can be realized.     

Production of prone-to-aggregate proteins

Expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains the most popular and cost-effective method for producing proteins in basic research and for pharmaceutical applications. Despite accumulating experience and methodologies developed over the years, production of recombinant proteins prone to aggregate in E. coli-based systems poses a major challenge in most research applications. The challenge of manufacturing these proteins for pharmaceutical applications is even greater. This review will discuss effective methods to reduce and even prevent the formation of aggregates in the course of recombinant protein production. We will focus on important steps along the production path, which include cloning, expression, purification, concentration, and storage.