血卟啉衍生物——组蛋白系统照光后光动力学效应的观察:一种新荧光物质的生成

血卟啉衍生物(Hpd)和组蛋白经照光产生一种新荧光物质.其发射波长为460nm,激发波长为370nm.当照光在43℃高温情况下进行时,高温对Hpd的光动力学效应有协同作用.用牛血清白蛋白、血红蛋白,核糖核酸酶、胰蛋白酶及培养的中国仓鼠细胞代替组蛋白均能生成新荧光物质.而所测试的半胱氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸中.唯有组氨酸可产生相似的荧光物质.这种荧光物质推测是Hpd与组蛋白中组氨酸所形成的一种加成物.形成新荧光物质的光化学反应机制主要是单线态氧(~1O_2)的氧化作用.     

血啉甲醚对斜纹夜蛾SL细胞的氧化损伤

通过研究血啉甲醚（hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether, HMME）对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura (SL)细胞的增殖抑制率IC₅₀、处理后细胞内丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）的生成量、细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione, GSH）水平和细胞器超微结构的变化,明确血啉甲醚对SL细胞的氧化损伤,并探讨将血啉甲醚及其衍生物拓展应用到农业害虫防治领域的可行性。用MTT法测定血啉甲醚光照处理下对SL细胞24 h和48 h的IC₅₀值分别为8.35 μg/mL和7.66 μg/mL。硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）法测定表明,血啉甲醚光活化后能导致胞内MDA含量明显升高,且MDA的生成量与其浓度呈正相关;当血啉甲醚浓度为50.000 μg/mL,光照处理48 h时,细胞内MDA生成量达到173.08±3.51 nmol/L。5,5′-二硫代双 (2-硝基)苯甲酸（DTNB）法对处理后细胞内GSH水平测定结果表明,光活化后的血啉甲醚处理SL细胞能导致细胞内还原型GSH相对含量随血啉甲醚浓度升高而显著降低;当血啉甲醚浓度为50.000 μg/mL,处理48 h时,光照处理组细胞内GSH相对含量较之同浓度黑暗处理下降了39.59%。扫描电镜观察显示,6.250 μg/mL的HMME处理细胞并光照后,细胞膜表面出现了明显的孔洞,有的细胞出现了花样皱褶和内陷。这些结果表明在血啉甲醚的试验剂量下,SL细胞受到了氧化损伤。     

血卟啉衍生物光敏产生的单线态氧量子产额的测定及其影响因素的研究

用色氨酸降解法测定了给定条件下含血卟啉衍生物(Hpd)的溶液系统中产生的单线态氧相对量子产额,并由单线态氧相对量子产额与色氨酸浓度之间的关系推算出单线态氧的实际产额及单线态氧与色氨酸反应的速率常数(1.0×10~8M~(-1)S~(-1)。研究了溶液pH、温度、Hpd浓度、光照波长等因素对单线态氧产额的影响。实验结果表明,单线态氧量子产额随温度升高而增大;随pH值升高而增大;随Hpd浓度增加而减小;并与光照波长有关。讨论了各个因素影响单线态氧量子产额的可能原因。     

"激光成像式活检定位肿瘤的原理与技术研究"通过评审

2007年1月8日在福建省科技厅主持下,在福州对谢树森教授主持的福建省自然科学基金重大项目(2002F008)“激光成像式活检定位肿瘤的原理与技术研究”进行了评审,一致认为:1.该项目在理论研究方面取得了如下具有创新性的成果(1)首次利用三维荧光光谱比较研究了二磺基二邻苯二甲酰亚胺甲基酞菁锌、癌光啉和血啉甲醚等3种国内第二代新型光敏剂,以及第一代光敏剂血卟啉衍生物的光谱特性,得到了在不同激发波长下的发射波长强度分布曲线,以及最佳的激发和发射波长;(2)研究了用于鼻咽癌光活检的光敏剂血啉甲醚的超快时间分辨光谱特性,得到了其荧光寿…     

肽链及蛋白质N-末端喹喔啉类荧光衍生物的形成

蛋白质及肽链N-末端经Dixon转氨后的羰酰基与邻苯二胺作用可形成喹喔啉类荧光衍生物.形成这一发色团的过程较为缓慢;喹喔啉短肽的激发(Ex 293-305nm)与发射(Em 360-365nm)波长随肽链氨基酸残基组成不同而有一定变化;喹喔啉胰岛素荧光衍生物的激发光波长为Ex318nm,发射波长为Em 353nm.喹喔啉三肽的荧光在乙二醇溶液中的变化因其氨基酸残基组成的不同而有差异.以上结果提示:喹喔啉类荧光衍生物可能作为研究蛋白和肽结构与功能的一种手段.     

金属酞菁光敏剂的三阶非线性光学性能研究

从光动力治疗癌症的疗效着眼研究酞菁配合物的三阶非线性光学性能。用时间分辨简并四波混频方法测量苯硫基钛菁锌(C56H32S4Zn),苯硫基铝酞菁(C56H32AlN8O4)以及烷氧基铝酞菁(C56H32AlN8O4)的三阶非线性光极化率;测量四波混频响应的衰减过程;研究时间响应的超快过程和慢过程及其动力学机制,它们分别对应于单态和三线态的寿命。在荧光显微成像系统中观察三种酞菁光敏剂对人肝癌细胞杀伤的形态变化,并用MTT方法检测细胞存活率。对三种酞菁配合物的三线态量子产率和寿命进行测定,结果与它们对人肝癌细胞的光动力杀伤作用相关联。     

水葫芦及菠菜光合作用原初光反应的超快光谱研究

采用相同的分离技术,从水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes(Mart)Solms.)和菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)叶片中提取叶绿体.利用吸收光谱和低温荧光光谱及皮秒荧光单光子计数技术对它们的光谱性质和光系统Ⅱ荧光寿命进行了研究.这两种叶绿体吸收光谱相似,暗示着它们都能高效吸收不同波长的光子.低温荧光光谱显示,水葫芦叶绿体两个光系统之间激发能分配平衡状态差,表明不利于该植物叶绿体高效利用吸收的光子能.采用三指数动力学模型对测定的光系统Ⅱ荧光衰减曲线拟合,水葫芦叶绿体光系统Ⅱ荧光衰减寿命分别是:138,521和1 494 ps;菠菜叶绿体荧光寿命分别是:197,465和1 459ps.并且归属了荧光组分,慢速度荧光衰减是由叶绿素堆积造成的,中等速度荧光衰减源于PSⅡ反应中心重新结合电荷组分,快速度荧光衰减归属于PSⅡ反应中心组分.基于20ps模型计算的水葫芦和菠菜叶绿体PSⅡ反应中心激发能转能效率分别是87%和91%.该结果与转能效率为100%的观点不一致.实验结果支持PSⅡ反应中心电荷分裂20 ps时间常数模型.根据转能效率,水葫芦生长速度不大于菠菜生长速度,但是,水葫芦叶绿体中含有丰富的胡萝卜素成分,其单位质量叶绿体吸收光能大于单位质量菠菜叶绿体吸收的量.实验结果还暗示植物叶绿体体系传能高效,接近于100%.     

钙调蛋白拮抗剂—小檗胺及其衍生物对正常牛胚肾细胞毒性的影响

本文研究了4种小檗胺类化合物对正常牛胚肾细胞(MDBK)生长增殖和细胞内钙调蛋白(CaM)水平的影响。结果发现,小檗胺及其衍生物对MDBK细胞的增殖都有抑制作用,但小檗胺的影响大于衍生物,而衍生物中,结构略复杂的EBB对MDBK细胞影响最小。实验结果还发现四种化合物均能不同程度地降低MDBK细胞内CaM的水平。     

YHPD及其分离组份在溶液中和CHO细胞内的吸收和荧光特征

本文报道了YHPD及其用HPLC方法分离得到的四种主要组份在溶液中和CHO细胞内的吸收和荧光特性.YHPD分离组份d在稀溶液状态(0.5μg/ml)与其它三种组份不同,表现出较稳定的聚集态性质,YHPD及组份摄入细胞后,荧光光谱和Soret吸收峰明显红移,荧光量子产额增高.同时看到YHPD的吸收和荧光特性受环境中H~ 浓度的影响     

竹红菌乙素光敏作用对于小鼠肝癌细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

本文用Quin 2/AM荧光探针作为细胞内部钙离子指示剂,研究了竹红菌乙素光敏损伤后引起小鼠腹水肝癌细胞的钙离子浓度变化。实验结果表明,细胞内的钙离子浓度随着乙素光敏作用增强而上升。并且钙离子浓度的升高与细胞的存活率下降呈正比关系;用数种单线态氧淬灭剂(L-His,NaN_3);羟自由基清除剂(PABGA)观察了乙素光敏过程中产生的活性氧与细胞内的钙离子浓度增加相关。用膜去极化方法研究了细胞在光敏损伤过程中钙离子浓度变化与去极化的关系。     

Haematoporphyrin and OO'-diacetylhaematoporphyrin binding by serum and cellular proteins. Implications for the clearance of these photochemotherapeutic agents by cells.

Haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), a mixture of porphyrins, is currently used as a photochemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of neoplasias. The interaction of purified components of HpD with serum and cellular proteins was investigated using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The interactions of haematoporphyrin and OO'-diacetylhaematoporphyrin with human albumin and with haemopexin, the two major serum porphyrin-binding proteins, show stoichiometries of 1 mol of porphyrin bound per mol of protein. The apparent dissociation constants, Kd, are in the range of 1-2 microM for albumin and 3-4 microM for haemopexin. These two major components of HpD would, after intravenous injection, bind to albumin and circulate in serum as albumin complexes. Free porphyrin rather than porphyrin bound to albumin interacts with Morris hepatoma tissue culture cells. A rapid high-affinity saturable transport system operates at free porphyrin concentrations of less than 2 microM. In addition, fluorescence spectra show that components in rat liver cytosol can bind haematoporphyrin and OO'-diacetylhaematoporphyrin and distinguish these binders from those present in rat serum.     

The effect on photohaemolysis of variation in the structure of the porphyrin photosensitizer.

A comparison of the photosensitizing ability of a variety of porphyrins for photohaemolysis gives the following order of activity: protoporphyrin greater than deuteroporphyrin, mesoporphyrin, haematoporphyrin dimethyl ester much greater than haematoporphyrin diacetate, haematoporphyrin greater than haematoporphyrin monoacetate, coproporphyrin III, haematoporphyrin derivative, coproporphyrin III tetramethyl ester greater than uroporphyrin I, meso-tetra-(N-methyl-4-pyridinium)porphyrin tetratoluene-p-sulphonate, meso-tetra-(p-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin, protoporphyrin dimethyl ester, meso-tetra-(p-hydroxy-sulphonylphenyl)porphyrin tetrasodium salt, uroporphyrin III, deuteroporphyrin-3,8-disulphonic acid and protohaemin. The results for the metal-free porphyrins are rationalized in terms of solubility and partition properties, and a model is proposed for the incorporation of amphipathic porphyrins into the membrane lipid bilayer. Experiments with erythrocytes from patients with erythropoeitic protoporphyria and with normal erythrocytes to which porphyrin was added in a deuterium oxide medium do not lead to an increase in the rate of photohaemolysis. A possible explanation for this somewhat surprising observation is outlined.     

Time-resolved fluorescence and circular dichroism of porphyrin cytochrome c and Zn-porphyrin cytochrome c incorporated in reversed micelles

Interactions between fluorescent horse heart cytochrome c derivatives (e. g. porphyrin cytochrome c and Zn-porphyrin cytochrome c) with surfactant interfaces in reversed micellar solutions have been studied, using different spectroscopic techniques. Anionic [sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, AOT] and cationic (cetyltrime-thylammonium bromide, CTAB) surfactant solutions have been used in order to investigate the effects of charge interactions between proteins and interfaces. Circular dichroism reveals that much of the protein secondary structure is lost in AOT-reversed micelles, especially when the molar water/surfactant ratio, wo, is high (wo = 40), whereas in CTAB-reversed micelles secondary structure seems to be preserved. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements of the porphyrin in the cytochrome c molecule yields information about the changes in structure and the dynamics of the protein upon interaction with surfactant assemblies both in aqueous and in hydrocarbon solutions. With AOT as surfactant a strong interaction between protein and interface can be observed. The effects found in aqueous AOT solution are of the same kind as in hydrocarbon solution. In the CTAB systems the interactions between protein and surfactant are much less pronounced. The measured effects on the fluorescence properties of the proteins are different in aqueous and hydrocarbon solutions. In general, the observations can be explained by an electrostatic attraction between the overall positively charged protein molecules and the anionic AOT interface. Electrostatic attraction can also occur between the cytochrome c derivatives and CTAB because there is a negatively charged zone on the surface of the proteins. From the fluorescence anisotropy decays it can be concluded that in the CTAB-reversed micellar system these interactions are not important, whereas in an aqueous CTAB solution the proteins interact with surfactant molecules.     

The importance of life-time changes in fluorescence depolarization

The rotational relaxation time, rho, calculated from measurements of fluorescence depolarization, is clearly dependent on the assumed mean life-time, tau, of the excited state. However, variations in tau with experimental conditions (temperature and solvent composition) occur and the effect of such alterations in tau is demonstrated. In particular it should be noted that, unless life-time changes can be excluded, the occurrence of linear plots of reciprocal degree of polarization against the temperature/viscosity ratio does not necessarily indicate the absence of intramolecular freedoms. An attempt to correct for such life-time changes by measurement of the fluorescence intensity is made for the bovine serum albumin-1-dimethyl-aminonaphthalene-5-sulphonyl chloride system. The value of rho/3tau thus obtained for this system at 20 degrees is approx. 4.7, as against approx. 3.4 obtained by several workers in the absence of life-time corrections.     

Substituted 4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]pyridinium salt as a fluorescent probe for cell microviscosity

In aqueous solution, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]pyridine (DMASP) derivatives displayed dual fluorescence, in which excitation at either 469 or 360 nm produced an emission band near 600 nm. Increasing the viscosity of the environment intensified the fluorescence emission obtained at the longer wavelength of excitation, whereas the emission at the lower wavelength of excitation showed little change in intensity. Thus, using the ratio of the 600 nm emission obtained by exciting at 469 nm to that obtained with 360 nm excitation, it is possible to obtain a value related to the local viscosity that does not depend on the system parameters. The fluorescence emission of the dye in aqueous solution, as well as in living cells, is well suited for use with visible fluorescence spectroscopy. The N-carboxymethyl butyl ester DMASP derivative (1) was found to be irreversibly loaded into living smooth muscle cells, presumably because it is hydrolyzed by cellular esterases, transforming it into a membrane-impermeable fluorescent carboxylate DMASP derivative. (2) After calibrating 2 against glycerol/water and sucrose/water mixtures of known viscosity, the fluorescence ratio generated from cultured smooth muscle cells in dual-excitation mode gave an average intracellular viscosity of 4.5 cP. This value corresponds to those reported in the literature.     

On the origin of heterogeneity of fluorescence decay kinetics of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

The fluorescence lifetimes of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and other dihydronicotinamide derivatives were measured by picosecond laser excited time correlated single photon counting technique. All the dihydronicotinamide derivatives (including the simple model compound N-methyl-nicotinamide) had fluorescence decay profiles which could be fitted to double and triple exponentials in neutral aqueous solutions and in dimethyl sulfoxide respectively. It was concluded that the heterogeneity in the measured lifetimes arises from the inherent photoprocess of the dihydronicotinamide chromophore and not due to any intramolecular interaction as assumed in earlier studies. Some of the possible schemes for the fluorescence decay are discussed.     

Studies on the magneto-optical rotation of porphyrins, hemins and methemoglobin compounds]

Using the method of magneto-optical rotation (MOR) various porphyrin derivatives, hemin and heme compounds, and a number of methemoglobin complexes were investigated. The spectra were recorded from 450-600 nm; with methemoglobin also in the Soret region. 1. The metalfree porphyrin derivatives (deutero-, meso-, hemato- and protoporphyrins) were measured in strongly acidic aqueous solution. The derivatives thus present as di-cations yield highly resolved MORspectra, where the Q-bands (Oo leads to; Oo leads to 1) originated from the pi-pi transitions of the porphyrin display the curve shape characteristic of an A-term, this proving the presence of the D4h symmetry. An exception is the protoporphyrin, in which the pi-electron system of the porphyrin is perturbed by the influence of pi-electrons of the vinyl group, causing poor resolution, line broadening, and shift of the Q-bands into the lower-energy spectral region. 2. With iron porphyrins (hemin, heme and their complexes) the charge of the iron and the nature of axial ligands determine the position and intensity of the O-bands in the MOR spectrum. Low-spin complexes have a higher symmetry than the high-spin complexes. Whereas with hemin (S = 5/2), the iron located outside the heme plane strongly disturbs the porphyrin pi-system, the high symmetry of porphyrin is greatly retained in the case of heme. This can be explained by the enhanced binding distance between the bivalent iron and the porphyrin to great for a strong coupling between the microsymmetry of the iron and the macrosymmetry of the porphyrin pi-system.     

Positional effects of the hydroxy substituent on the photochemical and photophysical behavior of 3- and 4-hydroxystilbene.

The photophysical and photochemical behavior of meta- and para-hydroxy- and methoxystilbene are reported and compared to the aminostilbenes. Absorption spectra of all four studied compounds in organic solution display a featureless, intense long-wavelength absorption band around 300 nm. In basic aqueous solution, meta-hydroxystilbene displays a less intense band with a long-wavelength shoulder, a consequence of configuration interaction from the O(-) substituent. Emission from the meta-substituted stilbenes is much stronger than from the para isomers, with an especially large effect for the hydroxystilbenes in solvents that are good hydrogen bond acceptors. Emission from the hydroxystilbenes is weak in aqueous solution, and even weaker in basic solution, a consequence of facile nonradiative decay. The excited state lifetimes of the meta isomers are longer than those with para substituents. Ground and excited state acidity constants are reported for the hydroxystilbenes. In the ground state, the para derivative is an order of magnitude more acidic than the meta isomer, however, its short excited state lifetime precludes excited state deprotonation. In contrast, 3-hydroxystilbene does exhibit deprotonation in its excited state.     

Cytochrome c interaction with membranes. Absorption and emission spectra and binding characteristics of iron-free cytochrome c.

A cytochrome c derivative from which iron is removed has been prepared and characterized. Several lines of evidence indicate that native and porphyrin cytochrome c have similar conformations: they have similar elution characteristics on Sephadex gel chromatography; in both proteins the tryptophan fluorescence is quenched and the pK values of protonation of the porphyrin are identical. Porphyrin cytochrome c does not substitute for native cytochrome c in either the oxidase reaction or in restoring electron transport in cytochrome-c-depleted mitochondria. It does however competitively inhibit native cytochrome c in these reactions, the Ki for inhibition being larger than the Km for reaction. The absorption and emission spectra, and the polarized excitation spectrum of the porphyrin cytochrome c are characteristic of free base porphyrin. The absence of fluorescence quenching of porphyrin cytochrome c when the protein is bound to cytochrome oxidase suggests that heme to heme distance between these proteins is larger than 0.5 to 0.9 nm depending upon orientation. Binding of the porphyrin cytochrome c to phospholipids or to mitochondria increases the fluorescence polarization of a positively polarized absorption band, which indicates that the bound form of the protein does not rotate freely within the time scale of relaxation from the excited state.     

The phthalocyanines: a new class of mammalian cells photosensitizers with a potential for cancer phototherapy

Phthalocyanines, porphyrin-like compounds with maximum absorption in the red, which were previously reported to localize selectively in tumours, have been shown to be efficient photosensitizers of mammalian cells in culture, thus making them possible candidates to replace haematoporphyrin derivatives in cancer phototherapy.