光周期对棉铃虫羽化、生殖和飞行的影响

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是世界上重要的农业害虫,探讨光周期变化对其羽化节律、生殖和飞行能力的影响,可为准确预测该虫种群动态的季节性变化提供理论依据。本文报道了,在温度为22℃±1℃,相对湿度为75%±5%的条件下,不同光周期(L∶D=24∶0、L∶D=16∶8、L∶D=12∶12、D∶L=12∶12、L∶D=8∶16和L∶D=0∶24)对棉铃虫羽化节律、成虫生殖力和飞行能力的影响。结果表明:棉铃虫的羽化活动具有节律性,不同光周期条件下棉铃虫的羽化高峰均集中在暗期,羽化活动均随光周期的光暗交替而变化。蛹期感受不同长短的暗期也会影响棉铃虫的羽化节律,暗期缩短,羽化有提前的趋势。光周期对棉铃虫产卵前期、卵孵化率和交配次数也有显著影响,但对单雌产卵量、产卵历期和交配率均无显著影响。另外,光周期对棉铃虫成虫的飞行距离和飞行时间也有显著影响,而对平均飞行速率影响不显著。上述结果表明光周期是影响棉铃虫羽化、生殖和飞行的重要环境因子。     

光周期对小菜蛾羽化节律的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究光周期对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(Linn.)羽化节律的调控作用,为小菜蛾的季节性种群动态预测提供理论基础。【方法】在自然光周期和逆转光周期条件下,观察小菜蛾每日的羽化情况。【结果】在自然光周期和逆转光周期条件下,小菜蛾蛹在24 h均可以羽化。正常光周期下,羽化行为表现为近似抛物线形昼夜节律,雌成虫通常在黑暗阶段羽化（18:00-6:00）,而雄成虫大多在光照阶段羽化（6:00-18:00）。在逆转光周期下,小菜蛾蛹的羽化无明显规律。在正常光周期下,雌成虫的羽化频率在光期和暗期没有显著差异,但是,相比于暗期,雄成虫在光期羽化率较高;在逆转光周期后,雌成虫在暗期（6:00-18:00）的羽化数量比光期（18:00-6:00）高,雄成虫暗期的羽化数量比光期低。【结论】光周期逆转后小菜蛾雌成虫和雄成虫的羽化节律明显改变,这将有助于阐明害虫光周期变化与生物钟之间的关系。     

内蒙古锡林河流域三种草原蝗虫对植物高度选择的观察

在实验条件下,观察了发生期及个体大小不一致的3种草原蝗虫对植物高度选择情况．结果表明：蝗虫对植物高度的选择与其本身发生时期及个体大小相关,是物种长期进化的结果,同时,还探讨了蝗虫对植物高度的选择与温度、温度及光照强度之间的关系．     

光周期对国槐尺蠖生长发育状况的影响

在温度(25±1)℃,RH65%～75%条件下,对国槐尺蠖Semiothisa cinerearia Bremer et Grey各龄幼虫分别采用0:24、10:14、12:12、14:10、1:85种光周期处理。结果表明,以14:10处理的国槐尺蠖1～5龄幼虫历期最短;以16:8处理的幼虫发育历期最短,且随着光照时间的增加,幼虫发育历期逐渐缩短;不同光周期对于6～7龄幼虫存在显著的影响,但是对于1～5龄影响不大。成虫53%～56%在夜间羽化,越冬蛹在8～14h光照范围内,随光照长度增加发育历期延长,在14～16h光照范围内,历期随光照延长而缩短。以0:24处理的蛹羽化率最高,发育历期最短。     

荒漠草原三种蝗虫成虫种内和种间竞争的研究

荒漠草原三种蝗虫成虫种内和种间竞争的研究贺达汉方成郑哲民（宁夏农学院农学系,永宁７５０１０５）（陕西师范大学动物研究所,西安７１００６２）Ｉｎｔｒａ＿ａｎｄＩｎｔｅｒｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃＣｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅＡｄｕｌｔｓｏｆＴｈｒｅｅＧｒ...     

光周期和温度对虎斑蝶卵、幼虫及蛹存活的影响

通过在人工气候箱内设定不同光周期和温度梯度单虫饲养观察个体发育史,研究了光周期和温度对虎斑蝶Danaus genutia幼期存活的影响,研究结果可为该高观赏价值蝶种的规模化养殖提供依据。结果表明,在长光照(L∶D=15∶9)条件下,17.5、20.0、22.5、25.0、27.5、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为63.72%、71.67%、65.75%、75.00%、67.12%、59.56%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.67%、85.96%、91.19%、89.20%、80.86%、68.78%,蛹的存活率分别为82.76%、100.00%、96.00%、97.06%、100.00%、100.00%;在短光照(L∶D=9∶15)条件下,17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0℃时虎斑蝶卵的孵化率分别为86.36%、67.06%、75.00%、77.50%,幼虫的存活率分别为85.05%、84.59%、85.74%、80.78%,蛹的存活率分别为93.30%、94.12%、100.00%、100.00%。结果表明,17.5℃和30.0℃均不利于虎斑蝶幼期的存活,20.0～27.5℃是其幼期生长发育适宜的温度范围。长光照利于幼虫的存活,短光照利于卵的孵化和蛹的羽化;在17.5～30.0℃内,较高的温度利于蛹的羽化,而较低的温度利于卵的孵化和幼虫的存活;温度对虎斑蝶卵的孵化、幼虫的存活及蛹的羽化影响大于光周期;在养殖生产上,建议将幼期养殖温度控制在20.0～27.5℃,幼虫期饲养在长光照下为宜,卵和蛹期置于短光照下为宜。     

内蒙古11种主要草原蝗虫16S rDNA序列分析

测定了内蒙古11种主要草原蝗虫的线粒体基因组16S rDNA序列,并构建了其分子系统树。在获得的505 pb序列中,G+C占302%,A+T占698%,表现出A/T偏向性。在505 bp个碱基中检测到156个多态性位点,占碱基总数的309%。156个多态性位点中包括50个单变异多态性位点（占总位点数的321%）和106个简约信息位点（占总位点数的679%）。分别采用NJ、ME、MP和UPGMA聚类方法构建系统发生树。结果表明,4科的17种蝗虫共聚为6支,其中槌角蝗科、斑腿蝗科与网翅蝗科3个科的蝗虫先聚在一起,再与斑翅蝗科相聚。4种聚类方法中UPGMA聚类法更为符合传统的以形态学为基础的分类体系。     

变化光周期对丽斗蟋(Velarifictonus ornatus)若虫发育的影响

为弄清湖南株洲丽斗蟋若虫的季节适应策略,研究了恒定及变化光周期对其若虫发育的调控。结果表明,丽斗蟋若虫发育明显受变化光周期的影响。25℃温度条件下,3个光周期条件下的若虫发育都较慢,羽化也极不整齐,长日条件(LD 16∶8h)、中间日照条件(LD 14∶10h)和短日条件(LD 12∶12h)的若虫发育历期(mean ± SD)分别为(206.2± 44.0)d、(236.6±93.3)d和(230.3±47.4)d,若虫从开始羽化到供试个体全部完成羽化所需时间分别为216、301和156d,经历短日条件的若虫转移至长日条件后能够促进其快速发育,羽化也很整齐,反方向转移则会抑制若虫发育,且羽化也不整齐。30℃温度条件下,恒定长日条件下的若虫发育明显快于短日条件,变化光周期对若虫发育的调控与25℃相类似。变化光周期对若虫发育的影响与光周期的变化方向及低龄若虫感受的光周期类型有关。丽斗蟋若虫复杂的光周期反应模式的生态意义在于调节其生活史与季节同步。     

变化光周期对丽斗蟋(Velarifictonus ornatus)若虫发育的影响

为弄清湖南株洲丽斗蟋若虫的季节适应策略,研究了恒定及变化光周期对其若虫发育的调控.结果表明,丽斗蟋若虫发育明显受变化光周期的影响.25℃温度条件下,3个光周期条件下的若虫发育都较慢,羽化也极不整齐,长日条件(LD 16:8h)、中间日照条件(LD 14:10h)和短日条件(LD 12:12h)的若虫发育历期(mean±SD)分别为(206.2±44.0)d、(236.6±93.3)d和(230.3±47.4)d,若虫从开始羽化到供试个体全部完成羽化所需时间分别为216、301和156d,经历短日条件的若虫转移至长日条件后能够促进其快速发育,羽化也很整齐,反方向转移则会抑制若虫发育,且羽化也不整齐.30℃温度条件下,恒定长日条件下的若虫发育明显快于短日条件,变化光周期对若虫发育的调控与25℃相类似.变化光周期对若虫发育的影响与光周期的变化方向及低龄若虫感受的光周期类型有关.丽斗蟋若虫复杂的光周期反应模式的生态意义在于调节其生活史与季节同步.     

蝗虫微孢子虫病在草原蝗虫优势种种群及空间的分布

在采用蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae防治过的草场中进行抽样调查,研究了草原蝗虫优势种类、混合种群平均密度与蝗虫微孢子虫疾病分布之关系,以及该疾病的空间分布。在防治后的当年,蝗虫微孢子虫疾病的感染率随着混合种群平均密度及靶标蝗虫亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus的感病率的下降而降低。但是,次靶标蝗虫如宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettixpalpalis(一种中后期发生的种类)其感病率呈上升趋势,表明该疾病可在不同发生期种类蝗虫之间进行有效地传播。病蝗虫在防治后第7d其空间分布呈随机分布(Poisson),第28d 则是聚集分布,第40d时也呈聚集分布。于1993年、1994年对1988年(样区Ⅱ)、1989 年(样区Ⅲ)采用微孢子虫防治过的草场进行抽样调查。结果表明,在二个样区中,二年混合种群平均虫口密度与混合种群的平均感病率呈正相关(相关系数分别为r=0.289, r=0.479)。蝗虫微孢子虫病在主要优势种,如亚洲小车蝗、宽须蚁蝗、白边痂蝗Bryode maluctuosumluctuosum、皱膝蝗Angaracris /I>spp.、毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes均有分布。二个样区中的混合蝗虫种群的平均感病率在1994年显著低于1993年。混合蝗虫种群的种类组成也有所变化,与1993年相比,1994年宽须蚁蝗及白边痂蝗的比例上升较大,而亚洲小车蝗的比例下降。经过5—7年的扩散,蝗虫微孢子虫病至少可扩散距防治区1 000m,其扩散方向可能与风及地势等有关。     

Effects of temperature on the post-diapause embryonic development and the hatching time in three grasshopper species (Orth., Acrididae)

A study was conducted to determine the effects of six constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C) on the post‐diapause embryonic development and the hatching time in three grasshopper species –Omocestus haemorrhoidalis (Charp.), Calliptamus abbreviatus Ikonn. and Chorthippus fallax (Zub.) – from the Inner Mongolian steppe. The results indicate that the species differ in the developmental rates, survival curves and cumulative hatching probabilities. The eggs of O. haemorrhoidalis had the fastest developmental rate with a low developmental threshold temperature of 9.9°C and the sum of effective temperature (SET) 211.2 degree‐days (DD). The corresponding values were 10.9°C and 210.6 DD for C. abbreviatus, 10.5°C and 240.2 DD for Ch. fallax respectively. The SET at which 50% of post‐diapause eggs hatched were 252.0 DD for O. haemorrhoidalis, 262.8 DD for C. abbreviatus, and 273.3 DD for Ch. fallax. The predicted maximal hatch ability of O. haemorrhoidalis (91.17%), C. abbreviatus (75.67%) and Ch. fallax (94.07%) occurred at 23.7, 29.0 and 31.3°C, respectively. The thermal death points of each species were reached at 43.3, 45.0 and 48.6°C. The optimal temperature ranges were 12.2–35.2°C for O. haemorrhoidalis, 21.7–36.3°C for C. abbreviatus and 20.9–41.7°C for Ch. fallax respectively. These results suggest that O. haemorrhoidalis adapt to hatch at a lower temperature range, C. abbreviatus adapt to mid‐temperature range, while Ch. fallax adapt to hatch at a higher temperature range. Although the SET of Ch. fallax is more than that of the other two species, it is not sufficient to explain the hatching sequence of the species in springtime. The results also indicate that Ch. fallax and O. haemorrhoidalis have wider adaptive temperature range than C. abbreviatus.     

The influence of temperature and photoperiod on the development, survival and reproduction of the sowthistle aphid, Hyperomyzus lactucae

The development time, survivorship and age-specific fecundity of apterous and alate virginoparae of the sowthistle aphid, Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae), reared on Sonchus oleraceus L., were measured under various temperature and light regimes. Within the temperature range of daily means of 12.5–24°C, speed of development and reproductive rate increased, while life span and total fecundity decreased, with an increase in temperature. The relationship between temperature and rate of development was nearly linear, with a notional development threshold estimated at about 2°C. The intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) was positively correlated with temperature when calculated on a daily basis, but was inversely related to temperature when measured on a physiological time scale. Alatae generally had a longer development time, and achieved a lower reproductive rate and life-time fecundity, than apterae reared under identical conditions.Comparison of aphid performance under constant and alternating temperature regimes, and between successive generations under the same regime, showed that (1) the conditions experienced by the aphid as an embryo within its mother are important in determining survival and development and (2) tolerable temperature limits vary with the pattern and amplitude of the fluctuations of temperature.At 22°C, changes of photoperiod within the range of 12D:12L to 8D:16L had little effect on aphid performance.

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Résumé La durée du développement, le taux de survie et la fécondité en fonction de l'âge ont été suivis chez les virginipares aptères et ailés du puceron: Hyperomyzus lactucae L., élevé sur Sonchus oleraceus L., et soumis à différentes conditions de température et de lumière. A l'intérieur de la gamme de températures moyennes de 12,5 à 24°C, la vitesse de développement et le rythme de reproduction augmentent, tandis que la longévité et la fécondité totale diminuent. La relation entre la température et la durée du développement est presque linéaire, avec un seuil théorique de développement évalué à environ 2°C. Le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement est lié positivement à la température calculée sur une base quotidienne, mais la relation est inversée quand la température est mesurée sur une échelle physiologique. Pour des conditions d'élevage identiques, les ailés ont eu, dans l'ensemble, une durée de développement plus longue, un taux de reproduction et une fécondité totale plus faibles que les aptères.La comparaison des performances des pucerons sous thermopériodes ou températures constantes, ou entre les générations en conditions identiques, a montré (1) que les conditions subies par l'embryon dans la mère conditionnent la survie et le développement; (2) que les limites des températures tolérables changent en fonction du type et de l'amplitude des fluctuations de température.A 22°C, des modifications de la photopériode, dans la gamme; 12D:12L à 8D:16L, ont eu peu d'effet sur les performances des pucerons.

     

Effect of photoperiod and temperature on the development of frost hardiness in three Alnus species

The influence of short day and low temperature on cold acclimation of A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh, A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. and A. rubra Bong, was investigated. Two clones of each species originating from in vitro propagation were exposed to three daylength/temperature treatments. Periodically plantlets were exposed to controlled freezing temperature in order to evaluate their level of frost hardiness.
Short day (SD) and cold temperature (CT) and long day (LD) and cold temperature (CT) were the most effective treatments for the development of frost hardiness in shoots and roots of the three species tested. Short day (SD) and warm temperature (WT) induced a significant increase in hardiness in shoots of all three species. However, this treatment did not trigger root hardening. A. crispa was found to be the hardiest species followed by A. glutinosa and A. rubra . Intraspecific variation was observed between the two A. glutinosa clones. A glutinosa clone AG8, a Russian provenance, showed a greater freezing resistance than A. glutinosa clone AG2, a German provenance.     

Role of photoperiod in the development and reproduction of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera,Coccinellidae)

To improve the laboratory mass rearing and the winter greenhouse use of the multicoloured Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), the effects of photoperiod on the development and fecundity of H. axyridis were investigated at 20°C and photoperiods ranging from 0L:24D to 24L:0D. We foun'd photoperiod to significantly affect the pre-imaginal development and reproduction of H. axyridis. The development of the pre-imaginal stage was significantly faster at shorter photoperiods (0–14?h) than at longer ones (16–24?h). The proportion of females laying eggs within the first 30 days after eclosion, the mean number of eggs per ovipositing female, and the long axial length of the first oocyte were all lower at shorter photoperiods (6–12?h) than at longer ones (14–24?h). These results suggest that adult H. axyridis may encounter problems in preying and reproducing in the winter conditions of unheated and unilluminated greenhouses in areas with temperatures lower than 20°C and day lengths shorter than 12?h.     

The effect of artificial photoperiod on growth and reproduction in the land snail Cepaea nemoralis

Summary

Specimens of Cepaea nemoralis were raised from egg to adult in the laboratory for 15.5 months in two artificial photoperiods: short-day (LD 8:16) and long-day (LD 16:8). Over 20% of the snails in each photoperiod were functional adults by the end of the experiment and had fully developed male and female reproductive systems as determined both by dissection and by oviposition. A total of 925 eggs were laid by animals reared in a long-day photoperiod, whereas animals in a short-day photoperiod laid 677 eggs. Animals reared in a long-day photoperiod grew slightly faster (2.04 mg/day compared to 1.73 mg/day), began laying eggs about 18 days sooner, and suffered higher mortality (19% compared to 11%) than animals reared in a short-day photoperiod. These results clearly establish for C. nemoralis that gametogenesis and the development of a functional hermaphroditic reproductive system are neither prevented nor significantly retarded by exposing the animals to a short-day photoperiod for their entire pre-reproductive life.     

Effect of photoperiod on the maternal induction of an egg diapause in the grasshopper Chorthippus bornhalmi

The effect of the photoperiod experienced maternally on the induction of an egg diapause was studied in the grashopper Chorthippus bornhalmi Harz (Acridoidea: Gomphocerinae), which lives on the southern Balkan peninsula. Photoperiods used ranged from L12:D12 to L20:D4 and were kept constant, or were increased or decreased after the imaginal ecdysis in other experiments. Under most conditions in the study, the females laid almost only diapause eggs (not less than 93%). Using constant day-lengths, only at L14:D10 the percentage of non-diapause eggs was somewhat higher (20%). An increase in day-length from moderately long (L14:D10) to long day (L16:D8) was necessary for non-diapause eggs to predominate. However, the percentage of non-diapause eggs decreased with the age of the females, except when the day-length was raised a second time. An increase from short day (L12:D12) to moderately long day (L14:D10) or from long day (L16:D8) to extremely long day (L18:D6) as well as a decrease of day-length, all resulted in the production of diapause eggs. The consequences for the life cycle are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Der einfluß der Photoperiode auf die maternelle Induktion einer Eidiapause beim Grashüpfer Chorthippus bornhalmi wurde untersucht. Die Art lebt auf der südöstlichen Balkanhalbinsel. Die getesteten Photoperioden reichten von L12:D12 bis L20:D4. In einem Teil der Versuche wurde die Photoperiode während des gesamten Lebens der Grashüpfer konstant gehalten, in anderen nach der Imaginalhäutung erhöht oder erniedrigt. Unter den meisten Bedingungen legten die Grashüpfer-Weibchen fast ausschließlich Diapause-Eier (mehr als 93%). Bei konstanten Tageslängen stieg der Anteil der Subitaneier lediglich nach einer Eiablage bei L14:D10 auf 20%. Eine Erhöhung der Photophase von 14 auf 16 Stunden war notwendig, damit der Anteil an Subitaneier überwog. Aber auch unter diesen Bedingungen nahm ihr Anteil mit dem Alter der Weibchen ab, außer wenn die Photophase noch ein zweites Mal (auf 18 Stunden) verlängert worden war. Eine Zunahme der Tageslänge von Kurztag (L12:D12) auf mäßigen Langtag (L14:D10) oder auch von Langtag (L16:D8) auf extremen Langtag (L18:D6) sowie eine Abnahme der Tageslänge hatten zur Folge, daß die Weibchen fast ausschließlich Diapause-Eier legten. Auf grund der spezialisierten Form der Diapause-Induktion können die Grashüpfer im Freiland nur im Frühjahr Subitaneier legen.

     

光周期和温度对枯叶蛱蝶幼虫生长发育的影响

在人工气候箱中研究不同光周期和温度条件下枯叶蛱蝶Kallima inachus Doubleday幼虫的生长发育情况。结果表明,20℃时,光周期对枯叶蛱蝶幼虫发育历期影响明显,25℃和30℃时无明显影响。20,25和30℃,12.5~14h光照下,幼虫发育历期分别为31.7~36.0,26.3~27.4和21.0~21.5d,最长和最短历期分别相差4.3,1.1和0.5d。随着温度升高,在相同光照下,幼虫发育历期缩短。20,25和30℃12.5~14h光照下幼虫存活率分别为80%~92%、75%~95%和55%~85%,随温度上升,不同光周期下幼虫存活率差异加大。30℃时大部分光周期下存活率较低,已对幼虫生长发育不利,人工养殖时温度不宜超过30℃。     

The relationship between plant acceptability and suitability for survival and development of the polyphagous grasshopper,Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The feeding behavior of final-instar nymphs ofSchistocerca americana was observed when they first encountered plants that ranged in acceptability from being eaten in large amounts to not being eaten at all. Growth and survival on the same plants through the last stadium were also studied and the results combined as a suitability index to facilitate comparison with the behavior. Although the plants that were eaten most gave the highest suitability index and those that were not eaten permitted no survival, there was no simple relationship between the amounts eaten and the suitability for growth and survival. The possibility that the insects might become habituated to plants that were initially unacceptable was investigated, but no habituation was found over a 3-day period. It is suggested that food intake is largely determined by the presence of deterrent compounds in the less acceptable foods and that nutritional differences between the plants are likely to have been of minor importance. The behavior on some foods suggests that food aversion learning may be involved. It is concluded that the variability of the insects' behavior makes it impossible to predict the suitability of a plant from their immediate behavioral responses. In the field, insects may sometimes reject foods that would be suitable for survival and development, and feed on plants that are nutritionally deficient or even toxic.     

Larval stop,delayed development and survival in overcrowded cultures of Drosophila melanogaster: Effect of urea and uric acid

Uric acid and urea added to non-crowded cultures of D. Melanogaster are able to reproduce the larval stop (cessation in development) detected in highly competitive situations. The quantitative analysis of media as well as of larvae and pupae reveals the presence of both compounds as natural waste products of nitrogen metabolism in Drosophila. The nature of their effect is discussed in terms of larval intoxication as a mechanism which may account for the effects usually observed in crowded cultures: development delay, lower survival and also larval stop (which can only be detected by interrupting the competitive process by an overfeeding technique).     

Effect of photoperiod and thermoperiod on the eclosion rhythm ofTrichogramma evanescens

The dynamics of adult eclosion inTrichogramma evanescens Westw. were studied under (1) constant light and temperature of 20 °C, (2) photoperiods L12:D12 and L16:D8 at 20 °C, (3) thermoperiod 4 h 27 °/20 h 20 °C at constant light, (4) joint action of photo- and thermoperiod. The emergence was arhythmic in constant light combined with constant temperature, while a sharp monophasic rhythm was observed with the isolated action of photo- or thermoperiod. The ‘light-on’ and ‘temperature step-up’ signals were shown to act in one direction. When both signals were combined, they manifested themselveses competing entraining stimuli which, in turn, revealed an apparent individual variation in relative reactivity to the light and temperature signals. Some perspectives which follow from these observations are discussed.