温度对柑橘大实蝇滞育蛹能量结构与代谢的影响

【目的】为从生理生化水平上探讨越冬温度对柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)滞育蛹的调控生理机制。【方法】测定了不同恒温条件下柑橘大实蝇越冬蛹滞育期虫体粗脂肪和糖类物质含量的变化动态。【结果】低温(12℃)越冬促进了虫体粗脂肪的积累,随温度升高,粗脂肪含量逐渐减少;总糖含量随越冬温度升高,趋于倒"U"型变化;虫体海藻糖含量先升后降(24℃除外),随温度上升,海藻糖含量最高值时期逐渐提前,且最大值逐渐降低;虫体糖原含量变化趋势各不相同,随温度升高,糖原含量最高值时期逐渐接近滞育解除期,越冬温度升高促进了柑橘大实蝇越冬蛹滞育期后期糖原的积累。此外,16℃下越冬,同时期各物质的含量均低于其它处理,说明在16℃下越冬加快了虫体能量物质的代谢或转换。【结论】不同恒温越冬,柑橘大实蝇越冬滞育期能量代谢方式不同,表明越冬温度与越冬蛹的能量代谢特点存在密切的关系。本研究结果对深入了解柑橘大实蝇越冬蛹能量代谢生理机制具有一定的参考价值。     

本期重点推介

正麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana是世界重要农业害虫,其特有的越夏滞育、越夏-越冬滞育、越冬滞育、二次滞育和延长多年滞育的滞育多态现象是引起其间歇性猖獗成灾的主要原因之一,也为开展昆虫滞育机理研究提供了良好的材料。脂类与昆虫滞育密切相关。为了明确麦红吸浆虫滞育过程中脂类物质含量的变化规律,探讨滞育与脂类物质变化的关系,西北农林科技大学农业部西北黄土高原作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室李丹和成卫宁等采用香兰素硫酸显     

昆虫滞育与激素调节

<正> 滞育是广泛地存在于昆虫界的一种现象,是昆虫在长期与环境条件斗争中所获得一种特殊生存本领。滞育利于虫体适应不利环境条件及种群同步生长发育。然而,昆虫要实现滞育,还必须通过昆虫体内激素的调节控制。因此,滞育是一个从接收外界环境信号一直到体内激素进行调节复杂的生理过程。激素控制滞育在不同种昆虫中各不相同,下面按虫态滞育类型加以叙述。 一、卵滞育 卵滞育即胚胎滞育,可以发     

昆虫滞育的研究进展

对于大多数昆虫种群,滞育是一个生长发育过程中的选择,生物体具有识别周围环境改变的能力,通过调节昆虫自身内分泌机制,进而决定是否进入滞育状态。滞育可以发生在昆虫生命过程中的任何时期,其中卵期是最适昆虫滞育的时期之一。本文综述昆虫滞育,特别是卵滞育的研究,主要集中在以下方面：个体生态学、环境生理学、内分泌学、生物化学和分子生物学。     

昆虫滞育关联热休克蛋白的研究进展

滞育是昆虫逃避不利环境条件的基本方式之一, 益虫的合理利用和害虫的综合治理, 都离不开对滞育调控机理的研究。滞育可以诱导一些基因表达模式的改变, 如热休克蛋白基因的差异表达, 导致昆虫抗逆性增强。本文综述了与昆虫滞育关联的热休克蛋白的研究概况, 从热休克蛋白与滞育的关联、 不同虫态滞育期间热休克蛋白基因的差异表达和滞育相关的蛋白质组学研究几个方面进行了概述。与其他的胁迫反应均诱导热休克蛋白同步上调表达不同, 热休克蛋白在不同种类昆虫以及同种昆虫的不同滞育生理阶段的表达模式差别很大。热休克蛋白在滞育期间的表达是决定越冬抗逆性和存活的重要因子之一。本文可为昆虫滞育如何应答环境条件刺激的研究提供参考信息。     

昆虫滞育诱导的分子调控机制

滞育是昆虫长期适应不利环境的重要对策之一,对昆虫的生存、繁衍和进化都具有重要意义。滞育一般分为滞育前期、滞育期和滞育后期3个阶段,其中,滞育前期包括滞育诱导期和滞育准备期,是确保昆虫顺利进入滞育的重要时期。本文首先简要概括了光周期、温度、湿度、食料等外界环境因素在不同昆虫滞育诱导中的作用;然后系统综述了滞育激素、保幼激素、蜕皮激素、促前胸腺激素和胰岛素等内分泌激素,生物钟通路的节律基因,以及DNA甲基化、小RNA和组蛋白修饰等表观遗传修饰在昆虫滞育过程,尤其是滞育诱导调控中的作用,并以黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的生殖滞育为例,总结了昆虫滞育诱导调控的分子通路;最后就目前昆虫滞育诱导调控研究中亟待解决的问题和后续重点研究方向进行了探讨,展望了将昆虫滞育研究应用于害虫防控实践的主要策略和前景。     

本期重点推介

正滞育是昆虫在不利环境条件下维持存活的重要机制,涉及体内复杂的生理和生化变化。葱蝇Delia antiqua是为害大葱、大蒜、韭菜等百合科蔬菜的重要地下害虫,具有在夏季和秋季分别响应长光照期和短光照期进入蛹滞育的特性,目前已逐渐成为蛹滞育研究的模式材料。在前期对葱蝇滞育机制进行了大量生物学和分子生物学研究基础上,为明确体内抗氧化系统在葱蝇滞育中的作用,重庆师范大学昆虫与分子     

棉铃虫越冬蛹呼吸代谢的某些特点

在25℃、不同光周期条件下饲养棉铃虫Heliothis armigera幼虫,分别形成滞育的越冬蛹和发育蛹,用Gilson呼吸计研究其呼吸代谢.两组棉铃虫在蛹期的代谢速率(微升氧气/毫克鲜重/小时)都呈U-型曲线变化.越冬蛹呼吸代谢的特征是:代谢速率显著降低;U-型曲线的底线延续很长时间;几乎全部利用脂类作为代谢底物.预计滞育的棉铃虫在6龄幼虫期的代谢速率已明显降低.由于在诱导滞育的条件下蛹并不一定全部进入滞育,滞育与非滞育个体在化蛹初期又没有形态上的区别,所以它们的代谢速率差异可以用作判断蛹是否滞育的标准.根据呼吸资料估测,棉铃虫越冬蛹在长达7个月的越冬期内消耗能量约800(雌)—900(雄)焦耳,只比发育蛹(历期约两周)消耗的能量多70%左右.     

寄主植物与温度对大豆食心虫滞育期间糖类和脂质含量的影响

【目的】本文探究了大豆食心虫Leguminirora glycinioorella(Mats.)Obraztsov进入滞育以后体内糖类、脂质和水分含量的变化,以及不同寄主植物和滞育诱导期温度对大豆食心虫体内糖类、脂质和水分含量的影响。【方法】通过蒽酮硫酸法和氯仿甲醇分离法测定了滞育前后、以大豆Glycine max(L.)Merr和野大豆Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.两种植物为寄主以及不同滞育诱导温度下的大豆食心虫体内脂质、水分、总糖、糖原和海藻糖的含量,结果利用SPSS17.0数据分析软件进行分析。【结果】进入滞育阶段的大豆食心虫体内脂质、总糖、海藻糖和糖原含量显著增加,含水量显著下降。以大豆为寄主的大豆食心虫在滞育阶段体内水分含量、总糖和糖原含量较野大豆寄主的高,海藻糖含量较野大豆的低,差异均显著。不同滞育诱导温度下的大豆食心虫体内生化物质含量基本一致。【结论】滞育前后大豆食心虫体内各种生化物质变化明显,以栽培大豆为寄主和以野大豆为寄主的大豆食心虫体内生化物质含量不同,而滞育诱导温度对大豆食心虫体内生化物质含量影响不大。     

光周期对棉铃虫幼虫发育历期和蛹重的影响

在亚热带和温带地区,棉铃虫HelicoverpaarmigeraHubner以蛹滞育越冬,秋季低温和短光照是诱导滞育的主导因素[1]。对棉铃虫及其近缘种美洲棉铃虫H.zea（Boddie）、澳洲棉铃虫H.punctigera（Harbwick）、烟芽夜娥Heliothisvirescens（Fabricus）的研究表明,滞育蛹和发育蛹在外部形态、呼吸代谢、抗逆性、内部器官发育、生化成分、激素水平等方面均明显不同。由于它们滞育的诱导过程主要发生于幼虫期,故其滞育和非滞育个体的某些生理生态特性差异在幼虫期即有所体现。例如,棉铃虫两类个体的呼吸代谢速率在5龄幼虫期即有所差异,到6龄…     

大斑芫菁滞育幼虫在滞育不同阶段体内糖类和醇类含量的变化

在以卵滞育的昆虫中昆虫滞育时的生理代谢特点已经得到了大量研究。本文对以末龄幼虫（5龄）滞育的大斑芫菁Mylabris phalerate（Pallas）在不同滞育阶段体内糖类和醇类代谢的特征进行了研究。结果表明： 滞育个体血淋巴中的海藻糖含量高于非滞育个体,且随滞育时间的加大逐渐升高,滞育5个月时达到最大值,为5.61 μmol/mL。糖原的含量随滞育的进程逐渐减少,滞育初期（0.5个月）为0.72 mg/mL,到滞育末期（5个月）时仅为0.1 mg/mL。滞育个体脂肪体中的海藻糖含量都高于非滞育个体,滞育1个月时为非滞育个体的3倍,至滞育末期时达非滞育个体的5倍,为2.5 μmol/g脂肪体。糖原含量总体变化趋势是随滞育时间的加大逐渐减少,滞育早期和中期都高于非滞育个体。在滞育过程中血淋巴积累的小分子多元醇主要为甘油,其次是山梨醇;而在脂肪体中主要为甘油,其次是甘露醇,少量积累山梨醇：表明大斑芫菁滞育幼虫主要积累的是海藻糖和一些小分子多元醇。滞育幼虫在准备滞育时储备了大量糖原,这些糖原可能为滞育期间海藻糖、山梨醇和甘油的代谢提供了原料。     

The antioxidant system in diapausing and active red mason bee Osmia bicornis

The red mason bee Osmia bicornis L. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) belongs to a group of insects that undergo an obligatory diapause in the imago stage. Red mason bees (O. bicornis) consume oxygen during overwintering diapause, and reactive oxygen species can be produced despite substantial inhibition of metabolism. These are first studies to investigate the antioxidant system in diapausing red mason bees and to compare the antioxidant systems of overwintering and active imagines. The present study analyzes total antioxidant status, glutathione and ascorbic acid levels, and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in overwintering (October to March) and active (April) female and male O. bicornis. Diapause phases (prediapause, diapause and post‐diapause) cannot be distinguished based on the parameters of the antioxidant system of the bees. During overwintering, a significant decrease is noted only in ascorbic acid content. The remaining antioxidants remain fairly stable, which indicates the absence of oxidative stress in diapausing specimens. The analyzed parameters distinguish diapausing bees from active insects. Excluding total antioxidant status, the evaluated parameters are significantly higher in active individuals than in overwintering specimens. Sex‐related differences are found only for catalase, the level of which is consistently higher in males than in females.     

A trade-off between diapause duration and fitness in female parasitoids

Abstract 1. Diapause allows insects to cope with adverse weather conditions but also poses substantial fitness costs, e.g. through reduced survival of the diapausing stage or sublethal effects in the following season.
2. The energetic costs of diapause in females of the parasitoid Asobara tabida Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were assessed using experimental manipulation of diapause duration.
3. An increase in diapause length not only led to higher mortality among diapausing pupae but also caused a significant decrease in egg load, fat reserves, and dry weight of the emerging adult females.
4. Only larvae with sufficient resources were able to survive the entire diapause period and there was a trade-off between the metabolic costs of diapause and adult fitness components.
5. In contrast, the size (tibia length) of emerging females increased with increasing diapause duration. It is proposed that this may be due to a genetic correlation between larval dry weight and adult size, so that selection for heavier larvae would result in larger adults even when resources are limited.
6. Ultimately, the evolution of diapause duration and its consequences for adult performance will depend on the costs of overwintering and the ecological conditions in the habitat.     

Metabolic dynamics across prolonged diapause development in larvae of the sawfly,Cephalcia chuxiongica (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae)

Nutrient metabolism is crucial for the survival of insects through the diapause. However, little is known about the metabolic mechanism of prolonged diapause. The sawfly, Cephalcia chuxiongica (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae), is a notorious defoliator of pine trees in southwest China. One of the distinguishing biological characteristics of this pest is the prolonged diapause of about 1.5 years. In this study, the body lipid, carbohydrate (total body sugar, glycogen, trehalose, and glucose), protein, and glycerol contents were measured in diapausing larvae of C. chuxiongica. The results showed that the changes of biochemical composition in C. chuxiongica are associated with the diapause initiation, maintenance, and termination phases. During the initiation phase, trehalose, glucose, and glycerol increased significantly, but glycogen decreased sharply. In general, the lipid, carbohydrate, and glycerol levels decreased gradually across the maintenance phase. At termination phase, the contents of glycogen and lipid persistently decreased, while an increase of trehalose, glucose, and glycerol contents were detected. The protein level was significantly higher at maintenance phase than at initiation and termination phases. It was also found that elevation of trehalose, glucose, and glycerol contents occurred in winter. These implies that the metabolites with altered levels in diapausing larvae of C. chuxiongica are responsible for maintaining a prolonged development and overwintering.     

Combined effects of overwintering temperature and habitat degradation on the survival of boreal wood ant

The survival of insects during diapause may be affected by overwintering temperature and other environmental stress, such as anthropogenic habitat degradation. We experimentally studied the effects of overwintering temperature (+1 and +7°C) and commercial forest clear-cutting on the overwintering survival of the forest-dwelling wood ant Formica aquilonia. We found that both the higher overwintering temperature and clear-cutting lowered the overwintering survival and body fat resources of Formica aquilonia. The survival and body fat resources were highest in lower temperature treatment forest nests and lowest in higher temperature treatment clear-cut nests. The overall survival of ants increased with higher body fat resources. It is possible that both forest clear-cutting and higher winter temperature due to possible climate warming may increase the wintertime mortality of wood ants and other forest-dwelling ants.     

取食Bt棉与玉米的越冬代棉铃虫抗寒性特征比较

【目的】针对由Bt棉花和玉米构成的华北农田景观, 探讨不同寄主作物对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera 越冬抗寒的影响。【方法】2013年在河北廊坊科研中试基地的作物田中将棉铃虫幼虫接到Bt棉和玉米上, 比较取食不同作物后棉铃虫的化蛹率、存活率和越冬蛹羽化率;在室内控制条件下分别用棉蕾和鲜玉米粒饲喂棉铃虫幼虫。 测定滞育蛹和非滞育蛹的鲜重、干重、以及脂肪、糖原和低分子物质含量等指标, 比较取食不同作物后棉铃虫的抗寒能力。【结果】取食玉米的棉铃虫滞育蛹干重（117.5 mg）、脂肪含量（457.2 μg/mg DW）以及海藻糖浓度（86.45 μg/g）均显著高于取食Bt棉的棉铃虫滞育蛹干重（56.6 mg）、脂肪含量（239.6 μg/mg DW）以及海藻糖浓度（13.87 μg/g）;取食玉米的棉铃虫冰点(-10.2℃)显著低于取食Bt棉的棉铃虫冰点(-6.5℃)。【结论】结果表明取食玉米更加有利于棉铃虫越冬。 据历史数据, 近年来玉米种植面积不断增加, 这将提高棉铃虫成功越冬比率, 对棉铃虫种群扩张起到促进作用, 因此注重玉米上棉铃虫的防治尤为重要。     

Difference in nutrient accumulation patterns between diapause-destined and non-diapause-destined larvae of Hyphantria cunea

Nutrient accumulation is crucial in insect diapause preparation because insufficient nutrient accumulation can shorten the diapause period, interfere with diapause development completion, and decrease the probability of surviving the overwintering period. The amounts of lipids and carbohydrates stored in diapausing pupae of Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae) are greater than those in the non-diapausing pupae. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that diapause-destined (DD) and non-diapause-destined (NDD) larvae of H. cunea have different nutrient accumulation patterns in penultimate and final instars. The body mass, as well as lipid, carbohydrate, and soluble protein contents, and the efficiency of converting digested food and ingested food into body matter were greater in the DD penultimate and final instars than in the NDD penultimate and final instars. Larger amounts of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins were absorbed by DD penultimate and final instars and the final instar development period in the DD larvae was prolonged relative to NDD larvae. The activities of fatty acid synthase and glycogen synthase of DD penultimate and final instars were significantly higher than those of NDD larvae. These results suggest that the changes in nutrient accumulation patterns between DD and NDD larvae occur in penultimate and final instars, and that the DD larvae increase their nutrient accumulation during diapause preparation by the combined effect of extending their final-instar development period and improving their digestive efficiency; they increase their lipid and carbohydrate stores by increasing the activities of fatty acid synthase and glycogen synthase in the fat body.     

Timing of diapause initiation, metabolic changes and overwintering survival of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana

1. Four groups of spruce budworm larvae, Choristoneura fumiferana , of the same physiological stage (at the beginning of diapause) were exposed to natural temperatures, starting in July, August, September and October. Post-diapause emergence and certain metabolites were monitored throughout the overwintering period.
2. Larval exposure to high temperatures for long periods before winter had a significant effect on temperature requirements for subsequent diapause development and apparently caused a certain amount of mortality, especially for those larvae that entered diapause earlier in the season.
3. Substantial loss of lipid and glycogen reserves was related to intensity of high temperature exposure during the pre-winter period, which in turn was associated with the timing of diapause initiation.
4. Patterns of glycerol accumulation during the winter were also influenced by temperature conditions in the early phase of diapause development.
5. Among several possible mortality factors, an extended cool period in spring was suggested as a potential cause of overwintering mortality, which was closely associated with a deficiency in energy reserves caused by high temperature exposure before winter.
6. These results stress the significant impact of pre-winter conditions on the overwintering process and highlight the importance of an ecophysiological approach to insect overwintering biology.     

Variations of biogenic amine levels in the brain of Pieris brassicae pupae during nondiapausing and diapausing development

The post-embryonic development of Pieris brassicae can either be continuous (under a long photoperiod) or interrupted at the pupal stage (induced by a short photoperiod); this phenomenon is termed facultative diapause. Several studies have indicated that certain brain mechanisms could be directly involved in the perception of variations in the photoperiod and could mediate some physiological effects particular to dormancy. Biogenic amines have been particularly implicated in the response to photoperiod variations and also in the regulation of development, especially in diapause induction and termination. High performance liquid chromatography with dual electrochemical detection has therefore been used to measure several biogenic amines in pupal nervous tissues at various stages of nondiapausing and diapausing development. During direct development, the levels of dopamine (DA) and N-acetyldopamine (NADA: a DA metabolite) in brain were relatively high in 3-day-old pupae and at the end of pupal life (on the 8th day). Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (another metabolite of DA) showed no variation. Serotonin was mainly observed in 2–3-day-old pupae but 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was never detected. In young diapausing insects, similar variations of DA levels were observed even though a slight decrease of DA metabolites was noted. Serotonin appeared somewhat later (4–5 days) and attained higher levels. In late diapausing pupae, a marked increase in DA levels was observed, especially when pupae were kept at low temperature (4°C). During diapause, serotonin levels were reduced or even absent.