中国副蟑跳小蜂属分类研究及两新种记述（膜翅目：跳小蜂科）

记述了分布于中国的副蟑跳小蜂属Parablatticida的6 种,其中有2 新种：P. orientalis sp. nov.和P. scapata sp. nov.;P. brevicornis (Dalman),P. magniclava Hayat和 P. terebrata (Trjapitzin) 为中国新记录种。文中提供了分种检索表、形态特征图。模式标本及其他研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国菲寄蝇属分类研究(双翅目: 寄蝇科)

经研究发现中国菲寄蝇属现共有9种,其中包括4新种：金额菲寄蝇Phebellia aurifrons sp. nov.,褐粉菲寄蝇Ph. fulvipollinis sp. nov.,宽叶菲寄蝇Ph. latisurstyla sp. nov.和毛基节菲寄蝇Ph. setocoxa sp. nov.。我国新记录3种：叶蜂菲寄蝇Ph. clavellariae (Brauer & Bergenstamm),灰粉菲寄蝇Ph. glauca (Meigen)和拟灰粉菲寄蝇Ph. glaucoides Herting。本文除详细描述新种特征及绘制特征图外,还提供中国菲寄蝇属已知种类的分种检索表。     

棉铃虫细胞色素P450 CYP6B7基因的克隆与融合表达

细胞色素P450 CYP6B7被推测与棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性有关,但至今尚无CYP6B7参与杀虫剂代谢方面的直接证据。为揭示CYP6B7的代谢功能,作者以棉铃虫幼虫基因组DNA 为模板,以CYP6B7基因设计特异性引物,扩增出包含321 bp内含子的CYP6B7基因。用反向PCR的方法消除内含子,获得包含完整的CYP6B7基因的开放阅读框。将CYP6B7基因与pMAL-c2X载体连接,并转化E.coli TB1细胞,在IPTG诱导下,CYP6B7能与载体基因编码的麦芽糖结合蛋白（MBP）在大肠杆菌中融合表达,表达产物经直链淀粉（amylose） 柱亲和层析分离洗脱后,得到SDS-PAGE电泳纯的融合蛋白。     

感染稻水象甲的Wolbachia基因组中插入序列的鉴定与分析

共生细菌Wolbachia对宿主的生殖起多种调控作用。以往研究表明, Wolbachia基因组中广泛存在插入序列(insertion sequence, IS), 它们对宿主基因组的可塑性、 多样性和进化起重要作用。稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel在东亚是一种外来水稻害虫, 在原产地北美营两性生殖, 而在所有入侵地均营孤雌生殖。本研究采用PCR法从河北唐海孤雌生殖型稻水象甲体内克隆获得了Wolbachia的2条IS序列, 即ISWosp4和ISWosp6; 从美国德克萨斯州两性生殖型稻水象甲成虫体内克隆获得了Wolbachia的2条IS序列, 即ISWosp3和ISWosp5。碱基序列比对显示: ISWosp3和ISWosp4属于IS3家族IS3组成员, ISWosp5为IS4家族IS231组成员, ISWosp6为IS5家族IS1031组成员。对这些IS的ORF结构、 所编码氨基酸序列的结构等进行了分析, 推测ISWosp5具有潜在转座活性。所得结果增进了我们对Wolbachia IS3, IS4和IS5家族插入序列的认识, 同时为今后从IS的角度探讨Wolbachia与稻水象甲生殖的关系奠定了基础。     

铃刺蛾属在中国的首次发现及七新种记述（鳞翅目：刺蛾科）

首次报道铃刺蛾属Kitanola Matsumura及环铃刺蛾K. uncula (Staudinger)在中国有分布，并记述7新种，即针铃刺蛾K. spina sp. nov.，小针铃刺蛾K. spinula sp. nov.，线铃刺蛾K. linea sp. nov.，灰白铃刺蛾K. albigrisea sp. nov.，蔡氏铃刺蛾K. caii sp. nov.，短颚铃刺蛾K. brachygnatha sp. nov.和宽颚铃刺蛾K. eurygnatha sp. nov.。编制了本属中国已知种的检索表，提供了成虫彩色照片和外生殖器特征图。新种模式标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

棉铃虫性染色体两种分子标记的克隆及序列分析

为了建立棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera性染色体的特异性分子标记,利用RAPD-PCR技术对雌雄棉铃虫基因组DNA进行筛选,从500种随机引物中筛选到1 条引物（Operon编号为AF-18）,可扩增出1条约450 bp 的雌性特异片段。经克隆测序并合成特异引物进行验证,表明该片段为棉铃虫雌性特异分子标记,位于W染色体上。利用家蚕、果蝇等昆虫Kettin基因序列,克隆了棉铃虫的同源基因HaKettin片段,并采用荧光定量PCR技术,以棉铃虫的DH-PBAN基因为参照基因,检测棉铃虫雌雄不同个体间HaKettin基因与DH-PBAN基因的拷贝数之比,结果表明：雄体HaKettin∶DH-PBAN=1.0,雌体HaKettin∶DH-PBAN=0.5,据此推断HaKettin基因位于棉铃虫Z染色体上。     

大豆蚜细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ基因的克隆及其在捕食性天敌昆虫鉴定中的应用

利用通用引物,对大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura的细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ（COⅡ）基因序列进行克隆和测序。测得的序列长度为810 bp,并与已在GenBank上登录的其他蚜虫COⅡ基因序列进行比较分析,验证其同源性,同时将该序列在GenBank进行了登记 (登录号为DQ265743)。根据此片段的碱基序列设计了1对大豆蚜特异引物,其扩增片段约为270 bp;种特异性检验结果表明,该引物只对大豆蚜具有扩增能力,对其他相关蚜虫种类不具有扩增效果;并用此引物对大豆蚜捕食性天敌进行定性检测,结果表明,在取食过大豆蚜的异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata幼虫以及小花蝽Orius similes 成虫和幼虫等捕食性昆虫的中肠中均能检测到大豆蚜的DNA片段; 而在未取食蚜虫的上述天敌中却未能扩增出来。     

米蛾体内Wolbachia的wsp基因序列测定与系统发育分析

Wolbachia是广泛分布于节肢动物体内的一类共生菌, 它们参与多种调控寄主的生殖活动机制。通过对wsp基因的特异性扩增和测序,发现了Wolbachia在米蛾Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton)体内的感染。利用所测序列和其他已发表的序列建立系统树,结果表明米蛾体内Wolbachia属于B大组的Pip类群,与其寄生物茧蜂及赤眼蜂中的Wolbachia各株系遗传距离相差较远。据此推测米蛾体内感染的Wolbachia不是由寄生物（茧蜂、赤眼蜂）水平传播所致。     

家蚕核型多角体病毒egt基因的分子进化分析

过PCR方法获得家蚕核型多角体病毒（Bombyx mori nuclearpolyhedrosis virus，BmNPV）的蜕皮甾体尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖基转移酶基因（egt）片段，序列分析表明该片段带有EGT的完整ORF，推测的多肽可形成EGT结构域的高级结构。为了研究egt的起源，利用家蚕基因组数据库，电子克隆了多个家蚕尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶（UGT）基因，在此基础上进行了进化分析，表明BmNPV的EGT为antennal-enriched型UGT；推测核型多角体病毒（nucleopolyhedrivirus，NPV）和颗粒体病毒（granulovirus，GV）的egt基因在进化上来源于昆虫的UGT基因，但GV的egt基因在进化上的起源可能要早于NPV的egt基因；可能在昆虫祖先种进化形成不同昆虫目的某一时期，杆状病毒的祖先种从昆虫中获得了antennal-enriched型UGT基因，并进化为egt基因。家蚕的部分UGT基因与转座子元件连锁的基因组结构特点反映了杆状病毒的egt基因可能通过转座子的传递而获得。     

家蚕细胞色素P450基因Bmcyp6u1的克隆、序列分析与表达谱

细胞色素P450第6亚家族基因为昆虫所特有,与抗性相关。为了检测家蚕Bombyx mori cyp6u1基因是否与耐氟性相关,首先克隆了cyp6u1基因。采用生物信息学方法获得与黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster cyp6u1基因同源的家蚕B. mori cyp6u1基因序列, 预测该序列的开放阅读框（ORF）为1 476 bp, 编码491个氨基酸, 推定的蛋白质分子质量为56.15 kD, 等电点为9.23。以家蚕5龄第3天幼虫精巢cDNA为模板, 设计特异引物PCR扩增出一条约1 500 bp的条带, 大小与家蚕cyp6u1序列的ORF预测值接近, 命名为Bmcyp6u1基因（GenBank登录号：HM130560）。同源性分析表明, Bmcyp6u1基因与蜜蜂Apis mellifera的同源基因cyp6AS13的相似性为56%, 与拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana的cyp72A82的相似性为48%, 与人Homo sapiens的cyp3A7基因的相似性为50%。芯片数据分析表明, Bmcyp6u1基因在家蚕5龄第3天幼虫各组织表达量很低, 只在精巢组织(5龄第3天)稍有表达, 推测该基因具有组织特异性。     

Three new species of Tricorythopsis (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from southeastern Brazil

Three new species of Tricorythopsis Traver (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) are described and illustrated based on nymphs from southeastern Brazil. These new species can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the following characters: Tricorythopsis araponga sp. n.: (1) femora with long setae; (2) abdominal segments 5–7 with dorsal tubercles; (3) tarsal claws with 4–6 marginal denticles and 7 + 4 submarginal denticles. Tricorythopsis baptistai sp. n.: (1) tarsal claws with 4–5 large marginal denticles and one submarginal denticle on each side; (2) abdominal colour pattern; (3) abdomen without tubercles; (4) coxae without projections. Tricorythopsis pseudogibbus sp. n.: (1) abdominal segments 6–8 with small dorsal tubercles; (2) tarsal claws with four large marginal denticles, and 3 + 1 or 2 submarginal denticles; (3) coxae dorsally projected; (4) femora broad and with short setae; (5) pronotum with anterolateral projection.     

Determining aphid taxonomic affinities and life cycles with molecular data: a case study of the tribe Cerataphidini (Hormaphididae:Aphidoidea: Hemiptera)

Aphid taxonomy is often frustrated by the host alternation and extensive polyphenism displayed by many species. Here we examine the utility of using molecular data to assist in life cycle and taxonomic determination. We found that a relatively small amount of DNA sequence data can greatly assist in these tasks. Molecular data have identified the synonymy of five species: Tuberaphis plicator (Noordam) is a junior synonym of T.takenouchii (Takahashi), T.taiwana (Takahashi) is a junior synonym of T.coreana Takahashi, Hamiltonaphis styraci (Matsumura) is transferred to Tuberaphis Takahashi, Astegopteryx roepkei Hille Ris Lambers is transferred to Ceratoglyphina van der Goot, and A.vandermeermohri Hille Ris Lambers is transferred to Cerataphis Lichtenstein. We have elucidated the complete life cycles of five species: A.basalis (van der Goot) alternates between Styrax benzoin and bamboos, Ceratoglyphina bambusae van der Goot alternates between S.benzoin and bamboos, Pseudoregma sundanica (van der Goot) alternates between S.paralleloneura and Zingiberaceae, T.coreana alternates between S.formosana and Loranthaceae, and T.takenouchii alternates between S.japonica and Loranthaceae. In all cases the molecular data agreed with available morphological data. This analysis demonstrates the utility of DNA sequence comparisons for elucidating complex life cycles and the taxonomy of difficult insect groups.     

不同寄主上桃粉大尾蚜的取食偏好及形态变异研究

【目的】桃粉大尾蚜Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy是一种常见的农业害虫,分布广泛。本文对采自上海地区粘核毛桃Amygdalus persica L.var.scleropersica(Reich.)Yüet Lu、紫叶李Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f.atropurpurea(Jacq.)Rehd.和芦苇Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.ex Steud.3种植物上桃粉大尾蚜的取食偏好和形态变异进行了研究。【方法】通过叶碟法观测桃粉大尾蚜对3种寄主叶片的取食偏好,同时测量体长、体宽、触角各节长、喙末端长和宽、各足节长等30个形态指标,基于对形态数据的统计分析,包括主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析,研究不同寄主植物上桃粉大尾蚜的形态变异。【结果】饲以3种寄主植物叶片时,来自粘核毛桃和芦苇上的桃粉大尾蚜对各寄主叶片的总体喜食程度依次为芦苇>粘核毛桃>紫叶李,来源于紫叶李上的个体对3种叶片的喜食程度为芦苇>粘核毛桃=紫叶李;形态数据分析发现粘核毛桃和紫叶李上的桃粉大尾蚜各指标间均无显著差异(P>0.05),但二者与芦苇上的个体在触角节Ⅱ、触角末节鞭部长、喙末端长和中足胫节的长度间差异显著(P<0.05),紫叶李与芦苇上的个体前足跗节Ⅰ长这一指标差异显著(P<0.05),此外,主成分分析筛选的体长、头宽、触角各节和各足长度等特征构成的前四个主成分对总体方差的累计贡献率达到66.206%,其中贡献率较高的特征为触角和各足节长度,系统聚类和典型判别分析的结果显示采自芦苇上的桃粉大尾蚜区别于粘核毛桃和紫叶李上的,归为一类,同为蔷薇科植物的紫叶李和粘核毛桃上的桃粉大尾蚜克隆有小部分重叠。【结论】禾本科植物上的桃粉大尾蚜种群形态特征与蔷薇科植物上的相比,触角节Ⅱ和末节鞭部、喙末端长、中足胫节的长度存在一定的分化,初步推测造成桃粉大尾蚜形态分化的原因主要为寄主植物营养成分及其表面特征,其种内变异的具体机制仍需进一步探索。     

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON MYZUS PERSICAE IN CHINA

Abstract  Experiments were carried out to study the morphological characters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on tobacco, rape and peach from different localities of China. The results showed that the number of accessory hairs on ultimate rostral segment had no difference among all samples in 14 morphological characters used by Blackman in this study. Cluster analysis indicated that the morphological differences between samples from peach and samples from other host plants was the biggest, the next was the samples from Changchun on tobacco. Compared with peach, the aphid from rape was more similar to that from tobacco in morphology. For the samples on tobacco from the central and southern China, they can be clustered into yellowish-green group and reddish-brown group. It shows unlikely to separate successfully the aphids on tobacco from those on non-tobacco host plants only by morphological characters.     

麦双尾蚜形态结构的扫描电镜观察*

在扫描电镜下,系统观察了麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 的触角初生感觉器、触角次生感觉器、复眼、喙端感觉器、前跗节端部感觉器以及腹部末端的外部形态超微结构,并就其形态和功能的关系进行了探讨。     

3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化

桃蚜是一种重要的农业害虫,寄主广泛,种下分化复杂。以采自黄土高原旱作区桃树、烟草、甘蓝上的桃蚜为研究对象,通过叶片选择法、传统比较形态测定法研究了3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化。结果表明:在3种寄主同时存在的情况下,烟草上的桃蚜嗜食烟草,表现为63.5%的桃蚜选择烟草叶,13.8%选择甘蓝叶,8.2%选择桃叶,而甘蓝和桃树上的桃蚜对原寄主没有表现出明显的嗜好性;从形态指标来看,3种寄主上的桃蚜在体长、触角末节长度、后足腿节长度、触角与体长的比例方面存在显著差异(P0.05),说明这几个特征可以作为区分这3种寄主上桃蚜的依据。综合分析可以初步认为黄土高原旱作区烟草上的桃蚜可能形成了寄主专化型-烟草型。     

桑粉虱形态研究

研究描述了容易与杨梅粉虱混淆的重要害虫桑粉虱Pealius mori(Takahashi)成虫、卵、1～4龄若虫及蛹的形状、分类特征,包括成虫的体长、体色、触角、单眼、复眼、口器、翅、足及雌雄外生殖器;卵的形状、大小、卵色及卵柄;1～4龄若虫及蛹的形状、大小、体色、体周的刚毛、触角、口器、足、管状孔、盖瓣、舌状器及腹沟等。并比较桑粉虱与杨梅粉虱的主要分类特征。     

Detecting substrate engagement: responses of tarsal campaniform sensilla in cockroaches

Sensory signals of contact and engagement with the substrate are important in the control and adaptation of posture and locomotion. We characterized responses of campaniform sensilla, receptors that encode forces as cuticular strains, in the tarsi (feet) of cockroaches using neurophysiological techniques and digital imaging. A campaniform sensillum on the fourth tarsal segment was readily identified by its large action potential in nerve recordings. The receptor discharged to contractions of the retractor unguis muscle, which engages the pretarsus (claws and arolium) with the substrate. We mimicked the effects of muscle contractions by applying displacements to the retractor apodeme (tendon). Sensillum firing did not occur to unopposed movements, but followed engagement of the claws with an object. Vector analysis of forces suggested that resisted muscle contractions produce counterforces that axially compress the tarsal segments. Close joint packing of tarsal segments was clearly observed following claw engagement. Physiological experiments showed that the sensillum responded vigorously to axial forces applied directly to the distal tarsus. Discharges of tarsal campaniform sensilla could effectively signal active substrate engagement when the pretarsal claws and arolium are used to grip the substrate in climbing, traversing irregular terrains or walking on inverted surfaces.     

A remarkable new genus of Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from the Neotropics

An unusual species of Leptophlebiidae is described based on males, females, and nymphs from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. As a consequence of its distinct characteristics on all stages, a new genus is established. The new genus can be distinguished from other South American Leptophlebiid genera mostly by: Adults: vein MA of fore wings asymmetrical; hind wings with costal projection well developed, Sc ending at cross vein near costal projection; tarsal claws dissimilar, one blunt other acute; projections of styliger plate forming two well developed lobes with rounded apex, ventrally obstructing view of the penes; penes fused on basal half, each lobe with a ventral furrow and a long and slender spine directed anteriorly. Nymphs: Head prognathous, wider than labrum; labrum with prominent median emargination, with three subtle crenulations; body flattened; hind wings pads present; tarsal claws with over 20 denticles, subapical denticle much larger than remaining denticles; gills long and narrow, present on abdominal segments I-VII; posterolateral projections present on abdominal segments VIII-IX. Phylogenetic analyses conducted based on a previously published data matrix that included other South America leptophlebiid genera placed Poranga nessimiani gen. nov. et sp. nov. as sister to Bessierus + Perissophlebioides. In most analyses this clade was recovered within the Farrodes complex. Nymphs of the new taxa are particularly similar to Bessierus, whereas adults share the very acute costal projection on hind wings seen in non-dipterous members of the Farrodes complex.     

Observations on the honey bee tracheal mite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acarapis woodi</Emphasis> (Acari: Tarsonemidae) using low-temperature scanning electron microscopy

Observations were made of cryo-preserved honey bee tracheal mites Acarapis woodi (Rennie) using scanning electron microscopy. We describe various new morphological attributes of A. woodi based on the ability of the cryo-technique to capture live mites in natural positions and observe the Low-Temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy (LT-SEM) photographs under a 3-D viewer. Most striking was the observation that each leg has the ability to independently twist its segments with the ambulacrum rotating a minimum of 180° during locomotion; this is a more sophisticated form of locomotion than has been proposed for the Acari. Adult daughter mites are known to be the dispersal instar moving from the tracheal tube to the thoracic hairs of the bee and then transferring to a new bee. We hypothesize that adult tarsal claws and setae on the legs play a role in attachment to hairs during dispersal. However, our evidence is that none of the life stases use their tarsal claws within the tracheal tubes. Larvae were observed to be freely moving within the tracheal system, their tarsal claws rendered inoperative due to an enlarged swollen pulvillar pad. The solenidia of leg I are now known to have striations and the famulus is bifurcated. The bifurcated famulus, solenidial striations, and segmentation of leg IV of females may have taxonomic implications in the family Tarsonemidae. The body and leg setae of adults appear to be used as a tactile tool to sense the amount of space within the tracheal tubes; most of the setae are oriented distally and may help the mite to measure the space or radius of the tracheal tubes. The modified caudal region of the male revealed remnants of the h ₁ and h ₂ setae and a smooth clean surface, void of a film, supporting that pharate nymphs are not attached in this species.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with a corrected cover date.