植物细胞程序死亡的机理及其与发育的关系

细胞程序死亡（PCD）是在植物体发育过程中普遍存在的,在发育的特定阶段发生的自然的细胞死亡过程,这一死亡过程是由某些特定基因编码的“死亡程序”控制的。PCD是细胞分化的最后阶段。细胞分化的临界期就处于死亡程序执行中的某个阶段。PCD包含启动期、效应期和清除期三个阶段,其间caspase家族起着重要作用。PCD在细胞和组织的平衡、特化,以及组织分化、器官建成和对病原体的反应等植物发育过程中起着重要作用。PCD中的形态学变化和生物化学变化都有着严格的时序性。植物的PCD和动物的PCD有许多共性,包括细胞形态和DNA降解等变化。也有一些不同,植物PCD的产物既可被其它细胞吸收利用;也可用于构建自身的次生细胞壁。     

植物发育性细胞程序死亡的发生机制

细胞程序死亡是多细胞生物体在内源发育信号或外源环境信号作用下在特定时间和空间发生的细胞死亡过程, 在植物的生长发育过程中起着重要作用。该文介绍了植物细胞程序死亡类型的几种划分方法、植物发育性细胞程序死亡研究常用的实验体系, 并着重概述有关植物发育性细胞程序死亡发生机制的研究进展。     

植物体细胞胚发生中抗氧化系统代谢动态和程序性细胞死亡

在胚性细胞分化过程中ＳＯＤ活性明显高于对照,同时ＳＯＤ活性与胚性细胞分化密切相关,表明胚性细胞具有较强的抗氧化能力。低浓度的Ｈ２Ｏ２对胚性细胞的分化有促进作用,并认为Ｈ２Ｏ２可能是作为一种细胞信号物,通过细胞信号系统调节相关基因表达,或通过提高细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度而促进细胞分化。在胚性细胞分化和发育过程中存在程序性细胞死亡（ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｄ ｃｅｌｌ ｄｅａｔｈ,ＰＣＤ）。活性氧在诱发植物ＰＣ     

粉纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（TnNPV）p35基因功能的研究

细胞凋亡（Ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ）或细胞程序性死亡（Ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｄｃｅｌｄｅａｔｈ,ＰＣＤ）,最早被定义为一种有秩序、受控制并按某种预定程序发展的生理性自然死亡过程〔１〕。诱导细胞发生凋亡的因素很多,而病毒感染是常见的导致细胞凋亡的重要因素之一。由...     

Wnt信号通路在毛细胞分化和再生过程中的作用

Wnt信号通路在生物发育和维持内环境稳态过程中起着重要作用。Wnt配体通过与Frizzle受体结合参与体轴的形成、细胞分化和细胞命运决定等生命活动。在小鼠内耳发育过程中,Wnt信号通路扮演了重要角色:在内耳发育早期阶段,参与听基板的特化和听泡的形成;在内耳发育后期阶段,调控毛细胞分化及毛细胞纤毛束的定向。本文综述了Wnt信号通路在内耳毛细胞发育分化及再生过程中的研究进展,以期为从事相关领域的科研人员提供参考。     

小麦HMW-GS1Dx5基因的克隆及其特异性表达

显微切割了普通小麦钢８２－１２２（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ２ｎ＝４２）具有１Ｄｘ５＋１Ｄｙ１０亚基的１Ｄ染色体长臂端,利用ＰＣＲ扩增得到了ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５亚基的５（端４００ｂｐ序列片段．以此作为探针从基因的组织特异性和特定发育阶段的表达两个方面研究了ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５基因表达的规律．结果表明,干种子及萌发种子中存在此基因,而在发育的幼苗中此基因未表达．ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５基因可能从开花初期开始表达．ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５基因在籽粒成熟期表达,然而在营养器官如叶片中未表达,其表达存在组织特异性．ＨＭＷ－ＧＳ１Ｄｘ５基因在蜡熟期籽粒表达水平最高,其次是乳熟期籽粒．从开花１５ｄ至蜡熟期籽粒,表达趋于增加．开花１５ｄ其ｍＲＮＡ水平是蜡熟期籽粒ｍＲＮＡ的２８％,灌浆期为４０％、乳熟期为７２％、完熟期为５４％．这为进一步研究其表达调控和改善小麦品质打下基础     

编程性细胞死亡的研究现状及展望

编程性细胞死亡（ＰＣＤ）是多细胞生物体内广泛存在的一种生理过程,对维持机体的正常发育和内环境稳定起重要作用。但是,这种有益的生理过程也可产生病理作用。本文较详细地叙述了ＰＣＤ的细胞形态学改变、基因调控、ＰＣＤ与疾病等方面的研究现状,并对ＰＣＤ今后研究的重点进行了展望。     

植物细胞分化的启动控制和分化过程的阶段性

位置效应决定着细胞分化的方向,不同部位位置效应的确切内涵不同。细胞分化过程由不同阶段组成,其间有一个阶段为临界期,此期前的过程是可逆的,即可脱分化,临界期一过就成为不可逆的了。无论是细胞的分化过程;还是脱分化过程,都是一个阶段一个阶段地有序通过,中间过程不可逾越。程序性死亡是细胞分化的最后阶段,此程序的开启就是临界期的结束。细胞分化过程中还可能存在一种临界状态,在此状态下最容易改变细胞分化的方向。     

人胸腺上皮细胞培养上清液促进鼠胸腺细胞和细胞株增殖的研究(英文)

胸腺是细胞分化发育的场所,源于骨髓的前Ｔ细胞。在以胸腺上皮细胞为主体的基质细胞作用下,增殖、分化、成为成熟Ｔ细胞,迁移至外周。胸腺基质细胞通过细胞与细胞之间的直接接触和分泌细胞因子影响细胞分化发育的各个阶段。本文探讨了人胸腺上皮细胞培养上清液（ＴＥＣＳＮ）对鼠胸腺细胞、８５、Ｂｅ１３、ＨＤＭａｒ、Ｍｏｌｔ４、Ｒｅｈ以及Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞株增殖的影响。取人胸腺组织,用０．１５％的胰酶消化组织块后,将其接种到培养瓶中进行培养,收集上清液。将ＴＥＣＳＮ加到鼠胸腺细胞悬液中,２ｈ后加３ＨＴｄＲ,观察鼠胸腺细胞自发性掺入３ＨＴｄＲ有无改变。同时将ＴＥＣＳＮ＋ＣｏｎＡ加入鼠胸腺细胞悬液中培养４８ｈ,收获细胞前１８ｈ加入３ＨＴｄＲ,测定ＣＰＭ值。此外,ＴＥＣＳＮ加入８５细胞株及其它细胞株悬液中,观察ＴＥＣＳＮ对这些细胞株增殖的影响。上述各实验均设有对照组（Ｔａｂ．１）。结果表明：ＴＥＣＳＮ本身能增强鼠胸腺细胞３ＨＴｄＲ自发掺入,其３ＨＴｄＲＣＰＭ值明显大于对照组（Ｆｉｇ．１）。ＴＥＣＳＮ单独使用不影响胸腺细胞增殖,ＣｏｎＡ单独作用能促进鼠胸腺细胞增殖反应,而ＴＥＣＳＮ与ＣｏｎＡ共同使用,胸腺     

高等植物细胞凋亡的分子生物学研究

高等植物细胞凋亡 (ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ)是生物体生长发育、细胞分化及病理反应过程中细胞主动的、有序的死亡过程 ,是高等植物与环境及自身的新陈代谢过程中正常的生理反应[2 ,18-2 2 ,3 6] 。高等植物细胞凋亡又称程序性细胞死亡 (ｐｒｏ ｇｒａｍｍｅｄｃｅｌｌｄｅａｔｈ ,ＰＣＤ) ,是多细胞生物体中部分细胞在一定的病理或生理条件下 ,为维持内环境的稳定及适应生存环境而采取的一种由基因调控的主动死亡方式[6,8-16,3 0 ] 。由于ＰＣＤ的研究对于揭示高等植物生长发育及与环境相互作用机制和指导育种实践等方面有着重要而广泛的意义 ,…     

植物细胞程序性死亡(PCD)的研究进展

细胞死亡是动、植物生长发育过程中常见的一种生命现象 ,而细胞程序性死亡 (PCD)是细胞遵循自身生命活动程序 ,并受多种因子调控的一种积极的死亡方式。近年来随着动物中PCD研究的深入 ,植物PCD亦得到相应的研究。植物细胞程序性死亡研究不仅可揭示植物衰老、死亡的内部变化规律 ,而且可为其生长发育的调控提供依据和技术。该文试对有关PCD的特点、研究意义及近年来的研究概况与方法进行简述与评价。     

被子植物有性生殖过程中的细胞程序死亡

细胞程序死亡是植物发育过程中的一种普遍现象。早就认识到高等植物生殖器官中一些细胞的死亡对植物有性生殖具有重要作用。这些细胞的死亡过程与动物组织中的细胞程序死亡基本相同。但植物体内诱导生殖细胞程序死亡的信号及其传导系统则显示出其特点 ,有些还表现出雌、雄性细胞的相互作用。探索植物生殖过程中的细胞程序死亡现象将有利于澄清植物生殖过程中的一些机理问题 ,使过去的细胞学研究结果深入到分子水平进行探讨     

Programmed cell death remodels lace plant leaf shape during development

Programmed cell death (PCD) functions in the developmental remodeling of leaf shape in higher plants, a process analogous to digit formation in the vertebrate limb. In this study, we provide a cytological characterization of the time course of events as PCD remodels young expanding leaves of the lace plant. Tonoplast rupture is the first PCD event in this system, indicated by alterations in cytoplasmic streaming, loss of anthocyanin color, and ultrastructural appearance. Nuclei become terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling positive soon afterward but do not become morphologically altered until late stages of PCD. Genomic DNA is fragmented, but not into internucleosomal units. Other cytoplasmic changes, such as shrinkage and degradation of organelles, occur later. This form of PCD resembles tracheary element differentiation in cytological execution but requires unique developmental regulation so that discrete panels of tissue located equidistantly between veins undergo PCD while surrounding cells do not.     

Endosperm degradation during seed development of Echinocystis lobata (Cucurbitaceae) as a manifestation of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an active, genetically controlled process that ultimately leads to elimination of unnecessary or damaged cells from multicellular organism. It occurs during normal growth and development or in response to a variety of environmental triggers and is indispensable for survival of the organism. In Echinocystis lobata the endosperm, an ephemeral tissue in angiosperm plants, undergoes distinct cytological, physiological and molecular changes during seed development and maturation. As a result, mature seeds are deprived of this tissue. The endosperm was analyzed at the consecutive stages of seed development. The morphological changes of cells were studied at light and electron microscope levels. In this paper we report that endosperm cells undergo morphological and biochemical changes characteristic of apoptosis, a particular type of PCD, i.e. cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and cytoplasm degradation, while the ultrastructure of mitochondria seems to be less changed. Furthermore, the progression of DNA degradation has been shown by agarose gel electrophoresis (ladder pattern of DNA fragmentseparation), TUNEL and comet assay. It isconcluded that during seed maturation, endosperm degradation process is accompanied by typical PCD-related changes of cell morphology and internucleosomal DNA cleavage.     

Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and of responses to abiotic stress or pathogens. Although the morphology of plant PCD is, in some cases, well characterised and molecular mechanisms controlling plant PCD are beginning to emerge, there is still confusion about the classification of PCD in plants. Here we suggest a classification based on morphological criteria. According to this classification, the use of the term 'apoptosis' is not justified in plants, but at least two classes of PCD can be distinguished: vacuolar cell death and necrosis. During vacuolar cell death, the cell contents are removed by a combination of autophagy-like process and release of hydrolases from collapsed lytic vacuoles. Necrosis is characterised by early rupture of the plasma membrane, shrinkage of the protoplast and absence of vacuolar cell death features. Vacuolar cell death is common during tissue and organ formation and elimination, whereas necrosis is typically found under abiotic stress. Some examples of plant PCD cannot be ascribed to either major class and are therefore classified as separate modalities. These are PCD associated with the hypersensitive response to biotrophic pathogens, which can express features of both necrosis and vacuolar cell death, PCD in starchy cereal endosperm and during self-incompatibility. The present classification is not static, but will be subject to further revision, especially when specific biochemical pathways are better defined.     

Programmed cell death of tracheary elements as a paradigm in plants

Plant development involves various programmed cell death (PCD) processes. Among them, cell death occurring during differentiation of procambium into tracheary elements (TEs), which are a major component of vessels or tracheids, has been studied extensively. Recent studies of PCD during TE differentiation mainly using an in vitro differentiation system of Zinnia have revealed that PCD of TEs is a plant-specific one in which the vacuole plays a central role. Furthermore, there are recent findings of several factors that may initiate PCD of TEs and that act at autonomous degradation of cell contents. Herein I summarize the present knowledge about cell death program during TE differentiation as an excellent example of PCD in plants.     

Programmed cell death and tissue remodelling in plants

The use of programmed cell death (PCD) to remodel plants at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels is particularly fascinating and occurs in such processes as tracheary element differentiation, lysigenous aerenchyma formation, development of functionally unisexual flowers from bisexual floral primordia, and leaf morphogenesis. The formation of complex leaf shape through the use of PCD is a rare event across vascular plants and occurs only in a few species of Monstera and related genera, and in the lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis). During early development, the lace plant leaf forms a pattern of equidistantly positioned perforations across the surface of the leaf, giving it a lattice-like appearance. Due to the accessibility and predictability of this process, the lace plant provides highly suitable material for the study of developmentally regulated PCD in plants. A sterile lace plant culture system has been successfully established, providing material free of micro-organisms for experimental study. The potential role of ethylene and caspase-like activity in developmentally regulated PCD in the lace plant is currently under investigation, with preliminary results indicating that both may play a role in the cell death pathway.