急性致死性对虾病的杆状病毒病原研究

近年来,上海郊区饲养中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｃｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｓｉｓ ｏｓｂｅｃｋ）的虾塘发生大面积的流行病。经对病虾的鳃、肝、胰腺或中肠组织进行超薄切片处理及电镜观察。发现在这些组织的细胞核内存在大量有囊膜包裹的杆状病毒,有时一个囊膜还可同时包裹两个病毒的核衣壳。经有机溶剂处理、差速离心及密度梯度离心,可以获得部分提纯的病毒和病毒核衣壳制剂。超薄切片中,病毒粒子大小约为４４０－５００×１７０－１８０ｎ     

养殖对虾病毒致病性的初步研究

用从日本对虾分离的杆伏病毒扣长毛对虾分离的球伏病毒分别感染健康无病毒的日本对虾,对虾死亡率分别为６５％（杆状病毒组）和５０％（球状病毒组）,而对照组的死亡率仅为２５％,在诸环境因素中,温度的上升和低压可能是对虾病毒病发作的最重要诱因之一。     

养殖对虾一种新杆状病毒的研究

应用超薄切片、负染色和蔗糖梯度超离心技术,在自然发病和人工感染的对虾肝、肠、淋巴样器官、鳃和肌肉组织中,发现并纯化了一种新杆状病毒.该病毒直径96～112nm,是已知对虾病毒中最粗的一种.中央是高电子密度的核心,外裹衣壳和囊膜,两膜之间有宽阔的间隙,这是已报道的任何一种对虾杆状病毒所没有的.纯化的病毒核衣壳表面有螺旋排列的亚单位,这也是本病毒特有的.主要靶细胞是淋巴样细胞,未在肝、肠和鳃上皮细胞中观察到,这与对虾杆状病毒无一例外地侵染某一种上皮细胞迥然不同.病毒仅在靶细胞核内增殖,不形成封入体或包涵体,它是一种迄今未曾报道的新病毒,称之为“淋巴样细胞核型杆状病毒”.     

生态制品对提高中国对虾出池仔虾成活率和生长率的初步研究

根据微生态平衡原理,应用三种微生物菌群（系从中国对虾成虾消化道中分离筛选出来的）制成生态制品作为饲料添加剂,对中国对虾出池仔虾进行投喂,实验结果表明：三种生态制品不汉都能显著地提高仔虾的成活率,而且对仔虾的生长也有一定的促进作用。本文对出池仔虾死亡率较高的原因,微生态制剂的促生长机理,以及直接利用出池仔虾进行养成或放流的可能性等问题进行了讨论。     

中国对虾非包涵体杆状病毒在体内的感染与发生

在感染发病成虾的肝胰腺和中肠上皮细胞的胞核内,出现大量病毒发生基质,核衣壳,套膜和完全的病毒粒子。病毒粒子为短杆状,两端呈钝园形,平均大小约为２５０－３００×ｌ１０ｎｍ,在核内无包涵体形成。在胞质内发现伴随病毒拉子并具有双层膜的蛋白质结构,这种结构建议称为该病毒的“封入体”。同时,我们认为这种无包涵体的杆状病毒,有可能应归属于杆状病毒科的第三个亚组。     

对虾病毒病病毒和细菌合并感染的病理特点和诊断价值

应用电镜超薄切片及光学石蜡切片和环氧树脂薄片技术,观察健康对照组、疾病始发组和濒临死亡组的草虾、中国对虾、日本对虾和长毛对虾的肝胰腺和中肠,结果在３组４种对虾中均检测到病毒,只在濒临死亡组的４种对虾中发现病毒与细菌的合并感染。合并感染的病毒有ＭＢＶ、球形病毒和淋巴样细胞核型杆状病毒。细菌以弧菌为主,其病理变化表现为器官和组织的保护层受损、溶解样坏死和凝固样坏死。仅以病毒和细菌合并感染作为养殖对虾病毒病早期诊断的指标是不够的,仅可作为辅助性诊断指标。但合并感染对评估对虾病毒病的预后以指导捕捞,却有一定意义。     

盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系生长和水分利用的影响

采用营养液水培法,研究了NaCl胁迫对两个耐盐性不同的黄瓜品种幼苗根系生长、活力、质膜透性和叶片生长、蒸腾速率（T_r）、相对含水量（RWC）及水分利用率（WUE）的影响.结果表明,盐胁迫下黄瓜植株根系吸收面积下降,质膜透性升高,叶片数减少,叶片T_r和RWC在盐胁迫2 d后明显下降,根系活力和叶片WUE均先升后降,50、75和100 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫9 d时,耐盐性较弱的津春2号根系活力降低幅度分别比耐盐性较强的长春密刺高18.01%、12.17%和10.95%,胁迫8 d时WUE下降幅度分别比长春密刺高2.74%、5.27%和0.23%.短期盐胁迫下,黄瓜植株通过提高根系吸收能力来补偿根系吸收面积的下降,通过降低叶片T_r和提高WUE来减少水分散失,在一定程度上有利于缓解水分失衡,提高植株耐盐性;盐胁迫5 d后,根系活力和WUE的下降导致水分失衡加剧,表明根系吸收能力的下降是导致水分失衡的重要原因,叶片WUE的下降是水分失衡的反应,两者均与品种的耐盐性关系密切.     

微生态调节剂对提高中国对虾抗病力的研究

应用从健康中国对虾肠道中分离筛选出的无毒、无害菌群（ＪＸ５、ＪＸ６）制成微生态调节剂,将其作为饲料添加剂饲养中国对虾,对感染暴发性流行病的抗病力进行试验研究。结果表明：（１）微生态调节剂能够明显地提高中国对虾感染后的成活率,使死亡高峰时间延迟;（２）感染后的血液病理指标显示,病虾的血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白等指标下降,甘油三酯、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶等指标上升;（３）投喂微生态调节剂的试验组与对照组经感染致病后,其血液指标与健康虾比较变化幅度不同,试验组虾血液指标变化幅度小于对照组。本文同时对微生态调节剂抗病力的作用机制进行了初步探讨。     

对虾暴发性流行病的群体感染及投饲蝇幼的抗病机制研究

通过对虾的室内人工感染和野外群体感染,建立了对虾暴发性流行病的群体感染模型,分析了投饲绳幼的抗病机制。结果表明,合理投饲蝇蛆的对虾,50％死亡时间较对照组延迟3－5倍;病毒感染对虾7－10d前投喂蝇幼,蝇幼激活了对虾酚氧化酶系统,酚氧化酶活力较对照组提高约3倍;对虾群体感染模型的建立,直观地说明了蝇幼在提高对虾抗杆状病毒感染过程中发挥的重要作用。     

基于Ecopath模型的莱州湾中国对虾增殖生态容量

通过增殖放流,增加优质渔业资源、改善种群结构是渔业资源养护的重要手段,而增殖生态容量的研究是科学实施增殖放流的前提.本文根据2009-2010年的渔业资源与生态环境数据,构建了由26个功能群组成的莱州湾生态系统Ecopath模型,利用该模型分析了生态系统的总体特征、营养相互关系与关键种,计算了放流品种中国对虾的增殖生态容量.结果表明：系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸(TPP/TR)为1.53,总初级生产量/总生物量(TPP/B)为24.54,同时具有较低的循环指数(FCI=0.07)、较高的剩余生产量（434.41 t·km^-2·a^-1）和较低的系统连接指数(CI=0.29),该系统目前处于发育的早期阶段.中国对虾目前不是莱州湾生态系统的关键种,当前中国对虾的生物量为0.1143 t·km^-2,有较大的增殖潜力;当生物量增长25.8倍时,仍不会超过增殖生态容量2.9489 t·km^-2.     

克隆植物种子繁殖和营养繁殖的适合度分析和度量

植物种群繁殖的适合度指繁殖行为适应环境变化的能力及其对各群更新发展的贡献,不仅表现在个体水平也表现在基因水平。提出度量种子繁殖和营养繁殖在个体和基因水平的适合度的计算公式,并计算了白三叶草繁殖的适合度,较好地解释了种子繁殖和营养繁殖对克隆植物种群更新发展朱同作用。     

ABIOTIC REGULATION OF INVESTMENT IN SEXUAL VERSUS VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION IN THE CLONAL KELP LAMINARIA SINCLAIRII (LAMINARIALES,PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

Clonal kelp taxa may reproduce both sexually and vegetatively resulting in a potential trade‐off in the allocation of acquired carbon and nitrogen resources. Such trade‐offs may dictate a different response of clonal kelps to varying environmental conditions relative to aclonal kelp taxa. Laboratory temperature and nutrient manipulation experiments demonstrated that investment in sexual and vegetative reproduction in Laminaria sinclairii (Harv. ex Hook. f. et Harv.) Farl., C. L. Anderson et D. C. Eaton was regulated by different abiotic factors. Sorus production (investment in sexual reproduction) and blade growth were significantly higher at 12°C compared to 17°C, regardless of nutrient concentration. Net carbon storage and depletion in rhizomes were observed in the low‐ and high‐temperature treatments, respectively, suggesting that carbon stores were not responsible for increased growth. Rhizome elongation (investment in vegetative reproduction), on the other hand, was significantly higher in 12 μM NO₃^? than in 2 μM NO₃^?, irrespective of temperature. This increase in rhizome growth was concurrent with elevated rhizome percent tissue nitrogen levels also observed in treatments with higher nutrients, again indicating a growth response to treatment independent of previous nutrient stores. These results suggest that regulation of growth and investment in sexual reproduction in L. sinclairii is similar to that in aclonal kelps (i.e., warmer temperatures result in decreased reproductive output). Additionally, depletion of carbon and nitrogen from rhizomes in suboptimal conditions confirms the role of clonal kelp rhizomes in carbon and nutrient storage.     

人工油松种群生长与生殖分配关系的研究

植物种群营养生长和生殖生长的关系是植物生殖生态学研究的重要内容之一,自本世纪70年代,国外已有大量报道,但国内的研究报道很少。本文在种群水平上研究了人工油松种群一年生雌性枝条和雄性枝条在枝长、直径、叶数、叶生物量、枝生物量及新生枝条在大小孢子球生物量、雌雄枝条长度和生物量等方面的差异,结果表明,一年生枝条除在西方向上雌雄枝条直径差异显著和在东、西方向上雌雄枝条生物量差异显著外,其它处理条件下雌雄枝条在长度、直径、叶数、叶生物量和枝生物量等方面差异均不显著;而对新生枝条的取样分析表明同方向上雌雄枝条在大小孢子球生物量、雌雄枝条长度、雌雄枝条生物量等方面差异均显著或极显著。无论是一年生枝条,还是新生枝条,在东、西、南、北四个方向上其各项指标差异显著或极显著。     

POPULATION STRUCTURE OF A CLONAL GORGONIAN CORAL: THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN CLONAL REPRODUCTION AND DISTURBANCE

Clonality is a common feature of plants and benthic marine organisms. In some cases clonal propagation results in a modest increase in population density, while in other cases dense populations may be generated by the propagation of only a few clones. We analyzed the population structure of the clonal gorgonian Plexaura kuna across several reef habitats with a range of disturbance regimes in the San Blas Islands, Panama, and the Florida Keys, U.S.A. Using multilocus DNA fingerprinting to distinguish clones, we estimated that clones ranged in size from single individuals to 500 colonies. The number of genotypes identified on nine reefs ranged from three to 25. Population density and clonal structure varied markedly among reefs with G_O:G_E ranging from 0.03 to 1.00. On some reefs vegetative reproduction transformed P. kuna from a rare species to the numerically most abundant gorgonian. The effect of clonal propagation on P. kuna population structure was dependent on interactions between fragmentation and the reef environment (disturbance regime, substratum). We present a generalized model relating population structure of clonal species to disturbance and the mode of vegetative propagation. Disturbance promotes colony propagation and skews the size-frequency distribution of clones among P. kuna and many species that propagate via fragmentation. Propagation of these species is promoted by disturbance (disturbance sensitive), and they tend to have clones that are dispersed across local sites. Species that fragment and have dispersed clones, have high genotypic diversity in habitats with low levels of disturbance. Genotypic diversity then decreases at intermediate disturbance and increases again at the highest disturbance levels. Clonal species that do not rely on disturbance for vegetative propagation (disturbance insensitive) generally do not disperse and form aggregated clones. Among these taxa disturbance has a greater affect on individual survival than on propagation. Genotypic diversity is directly related to the level of disturbance until very high levels of disturbance, at which time genotypic diversity declines.     

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION OF THE FRESHWATER DINOFLAGELLATE GLOEODINIUM MONTANUM1

The vegetative life cycle of Gloeodinium montanum Klebs was examined. In unialgal cultures G. montanum divided predominantly by binary fission once every 2-3 weeks. Nuclear division was followed by a delayed cytokinesis producing non-motile G. montanum cells. When placed in fresh media 2-4 biflagellated swarmers were formed. The swarmers, although similar in appearance to those of Hemidinium ochraceum Levander (1900), differ from that species in their dimensions. During vegetative reproduction swarmers developed directly into non-motile vegetative cells.     

刺五加的有性生殖与营养繁殖

刺五加 Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.)Maxim,既可进行有性繁殖,又可进行营养繁殖。本文报道其三类花丝长度不同的植株每个花序的花朵数量、座果率、饱满种子率及根茎形态和形态发生的某些特点。通过人工受精,检测了其繁育系统。结果表明:长花丝植株不座果,短花丝植株座果,但不同年份、不同生境中座果率不同,中花丝植株也座果但饱满种子率教低。在正常年份,短花丝植株的座果率接近40％,并且林缘的座果率稍高于皆伐迹地和次生林下的。考虑到中花丝植株在所研究地区居群数很少,我们认为绝大多数刺五加种子是异花传粉的产物,其有性生殖与营养繁殖相配合,在无人为破坏的前提下,该物种不应该濒危。     

盗蜜行为在植物繁殖生态学中的意义

在动植物的相互关系中,盗蜜行为被认为是一种不同于普通传粉者的非正常访花行为。动物之所以要采取这种特殊的觅食策略,有假说认为是由访花者的口器和植物的花部形态不匹配造成的,也有认为是盗蜜行为提高了觅食效率从而使盗蜜者受益。在盗蜜现象中,盗蜜者和宿主植物之间的关系是复杂的。盗蜜对宿主植物的影响尤其是对其繁殖适合度的影响归纳起来有正面、负面以及中性3类。与此同时,盗蜜者的种类, 性别及其掠食行为差异不仅与生境因素密切相关,而且会对宿主植物的繁殖成功产生直接或间接的影响。另外,盗蜜者的存在无疑对其它正常传粉者的访花行为也产生一定的影响,从而间接地影响宿主植物的繁殖成功, 而植物在花部形态上也出现了对盗蜜现象的适应性进化。作者认为, 盗蜜是短嘴蜂对长管型花最有效的一种掠食策略, 它不仅增加了盗蜜者对资源的利用能力, 而且由于盗蜜对宿主植物繁殖成功的不同的影响使其具有调节盗蜜者和宿主之间种群动态的作用, 两者的彼此适应是一种协同进化的结果。     

THE MEASUREMENT THEORY OF FITNESS

In this article, an approach to measure fitness is proposed that considers fitness as a measure of competitive ability among phenotypes or genotypes. This approach is based on pairwise competition tests and is related to measures of “utility” in mathematical economics. Extending the results from utility theory it is possible to recover the classical Wrightian fitness measure without reference to models of population growth. A condition, quasi‐BTL, similar to the Bradley–Terry–Luce condition of classical utility theory is shown to be necessary for the existence of frequency and context‐independent fitness measures. Testing for violations of this quasi‐BTL condition can be used to the detect genotype‐by‐genotype interactions and frequency‐dependent fitness. A method for the detection of genotype by environment interactions is proposed that avoids potential scaling artifacts. Furthermore the measurement theoretical approach allows one to derive Wright's selection equation. This shows that classical selection equations are entirely general and exact. It is concluded that measurement theory is able to give definite answers to a number theoretical and practical questions. For instance, this theory identifies the correct scale for measuring gene interaction with respect to fitness and shows that different scales may lead to wrong conclusions.