施用有机肥环境下盐胁迫小麦幼苗长势和内源激素的变化

在盆栽条件下,研究了不同浓度NaCl处理下,底施不同施用量有机肥小麦品种豫麦49-198幼苗的生长变化,在此基础上,选择出合适的NaCl处理浓度和有机肥施用量区间,并对此情况下小麦幼苗苗和根中内源激素含量和比例的变化进行了测定,以揭示其耐盐差异机制。结果表明,15000-35000 kg/hm²施用量有机肥处理明显减轻NaCl浓度为150 mmol/L的盐胁迫,其中25000 kg/hm²有机肥处理效果最明显;45000 kg/hm²以上的有机肥处理对幼苗生长抑制无明显缓解作用;当NaCl浓度为450 mmol/L时,各种施用量的有机肥处理均不能减轻盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制。150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,不同施用量有机肥处理,分别为对照(不施肥)、低施用量(15000 kg/hm²)、中施用量(25000 kg/hm²)和高施用量(35000 kg/hm²)的有机肥,土壤盐度的增加量随有机肥用量增加而上升,对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用得到缓解,以25000 kg/hm²有机肥处理缓解作用最强。有机肥处理下盐胁迫小麦幼苗苗和根中ABA含量的增加得到显著缓解,IAA和GAs的含量比不施有机肥的对照有不同程度的提高, 说明盐胁迫下有机肥处理小麦幼苗具有较高IAA和GAs合成量。盐胁迫下有机肥处理使苗中ZR的含量较高而根中则较低,说明抗盐性较强的有机肥处理可迅速将根部合成的ZR向苗中转移,促进苗的生长。盐胁迫下有机肥处理的IAA/ABA、GAs/ABA、ZR/ABA的比值也有不同程度提高。在盐胁迫下,有机肥处理尤其是在25000 kg/hm²施用量时,小麦幼苗协调自身激素平衡的能力较强可能是其生长受抑制较小的重要原因。     

四种沙埋深度对羊草种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响

模拟羊草种子自然埋藏深度状况,设计了0、1、2和3cm共4种沙埋深度实验,研究了其出苗率及幼苗生长对沙埋深度的响应。结果表明,羊草种子出苗率随埋深的增加呈下降趋势,0cm时出苗率最高为89.3%,1和2cm时分别为81.5%和78.5%,3cm时最低(73.5%),与前三者具有显著差异。埋深对地上株高生长动态的影响主要表现在,播种后25d,0～2cm处理的羊草幼苗地上株高均高于3cm处理;播种后36d,4种处理的地上株高没有显著差异。此外,随着埋深的增加,羊草幼苗的根长、根数、根冠比呈先上升后下降趋势,叶片数呈下降趋势,绝对株高则呈上升趋势。表明1～2cm沙埋深度更适宜于羊草种子出苗及幼苗生长,而0或3cm埋深不利于其出苗和幼苗生长。     

紫花苜蓿和羊草种子出苗和幼苗生长对土壤含水量的响应

土壤含水量是种子萌发和幼苗生长阶段的关键环境因子。采用室内模拟方法,研究了不同土壤含水量(2.5%、5%、7.5%、10%、20%和30%)对紫花苜蓿和羊草种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:苜蓿和羊草种子的出苗率和幼苗的生长均显著受土壤含水量的影响;随着土壤含水量的增加,苜蓿和羊草的出苗率均呈先上升后下降的趋势;其中,苜蓿种子在土壤含水量为10%~20%时出苗率最高(93%),土壤含水量为30%时最低(2%);在5%土壤含水量时羊草出苗率最大(76%),在30%含水量时最低(9%);随着含水量增加,紫花苜蓿和羊草幼苗根苗长均表现为先上升后下降的趋势,土壤含水量7.5%~10%更适宜于紫花苜蓿种子出苗及幼苗生长,羊草种子的最适土壤含水量为5%~7.5%;综合出苗率和幼苗的生长情况,适宜苜蓿和羊草播种和幼苗生长的土壤水分含量分别为7.5%~10%和5%~7.5%。     

人工模拟降水格局变化对醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

降水格局的变化会影响到植物种子萌发出苗过程及幼苗的更新。本研究以呈扩张趋势的草原毒害草醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)种子为材料,利用环境控制培养箱进行降水量(W-60%,W-30%,W,W+30%,W+60%)和降水间隔(T5,T10)的双因素控制实验,探讨醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长对降水格局变化的响应规律,以期为探索醉马草的发生规律及预测其潜在分布范围提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)在相同降水间隔条件下,醉马草的出苗速度和出苗率随着总降水量的增加而提高;延长降水间隔促进W和W+30%条件下醉马草出苗,加快出苗进程。(2)无论降水间隔是否变化,总降水量增加60%(W+60%)使出苗势和出苗指数显著提高(P<0.05);在W和W+30%条件下,延长降水间隔使出苗率、出苗势和出苗指数显著提高(P<0.05)。(3)无论降水间隔是否变化,总降水量减少30%(W-30%)显著抑制幼根和幼苗的生长,总降水量增加60%(W+60%)显著促进幼苗的生长(P<0.05);但总降水量增加30%(W+30%)和60%(W+60%)均显著降低根苗比(P<0.05)。降水量增加或减少不同程度地影响醉马草的出苗和生长,但在一定降水范围内,延长降水间隔则促进醉马草的出苗和幼苗生长。     

混合盐碱胁迫下裸燕麦的种子萌发和幼苗逆境生理特征

为了解裸燕麦新品种‘定莜6号’对混合盐碱胁迫的生理响应,根据种植区土壤盐分的组成,采用砂培法研究了不同浓度混合盐碱处理对种子萌发和幼苗逆境生理特征的影响。结果表明,随着处理浓度增大,裸燕麦种子萌发率、萌发指数、活力指数及幼苗含水量和生物量明显下降,叶片超氧阴离子、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量及质膜相对透性显著增大;Na~+含量增加,K~+含量和K~+/Na~+降低,质膜H~+-ATP酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量先升后降,超氧化物歧化酶活性及谷胱甘肽、有机酸和脯氨酸含量升高,过氧化氢酶活性和抗坏血酸含量降低,游离氨基酸含量先降后升,可溶性糖含量呈升—降—升趋势变化。表明盐碱胁迫下活性氧代谢失调和Na~+、K~+平衡破坏是裸燕麦生长受抑的重要原因,有机酸和脯氨酸可能是裸燕麦适应盐碱的主要渗透调节物质。     

人工模拟降水格局变化对醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

降水格局的变化会影响到植物种子萌发出苗过程及幼苗的更新。本研究以呈扩张趋势的草原毒害草醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)种子为材料,利用环境控制培养箱进行降水量(W-60%,W-30%,W,W+30%,W+60%)和降水间隔(T5,T10)的双因素控制实验,探讨醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长对降水格局变化的响应规律,以期为探索醉马草的发生规律及预测其潜在分布范围提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)在相同降水间隔条件下,醉马草的出苗速度和出苗率随着总降水量的增加而提高;延长降水间隔促进W和W+30%条件下醉马草出苗,加快出苗进程。(2)无论降水间隔是否变化,总降水量增加60%(W+60%)使出苗势和出苗指数显著提高(P0.05);在W和W+30%条件下,延长降水间隔使出苗率、出苗势和出苗指数显著提高(P0.05)。(3)无论降水间隔是否变化,总降水量减少30%(W-30%)显著抑制幼根和幼苗的生长,总降水量增加60%(W+60%)显著促进幼苗的生长(P0.05);但总降水量增加30%(W+30%)和60%(W+60%)均显著降低根苗比(P0.05)。降水量增加或减少不同程度地影响醉马草的出苗和生长,但在一定降水范围内,延长降水间隔则促进醉马草的出苗和幼苗生长。     

土壤NaCl含量对榉树幼苗生理特性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,用0～0.60% NaCl(占土壤干重)处理1年生榉树幼苗后7～35 d对其形态以及叶片渗透性调节物、抗氧化酶活性等5项生理指标的变化进行观察分析,以明确榉树在不同含量盐胁迫条件下的生理适应性.结果显示:(1)不同浓度NaCl处理对榉树幼苗存活和形态有不同的影响,低盐(0.15%)处理,植株生长正常;在0.30%、0.45%和0.60% NaCl处理下,随NaCl含量的增加和胁迫时间的延长,苗木相继出现叶缘焦枯、萎蔫直至死亡等现象,至胁迫35 d时,植株存活率分别为60%、10%和0;(2)在0.15% NaCl处理下其叶片相对电导率和脯氨酸、MDA含量、以及SOD、POD活性等生理指标与对照无显著差异,而在0.30%～0.60%处理下,叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸和MDA含量均显著升高,而SOD和POD活性则呈先升后降的趋势,且随处理时间的增加均与对照差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01);(3)各处理POD活性峰值出现时间晚于SOD活性的峰值,如第7天后,0.45%、0.60%处理的SOD活性均呈快速下降趋势,而POD的活性则处于逐渐上升之中,表明SOD对NaCl处理反应迅速,POD在高盐处理初期(15 d)可保持较高的水平,有助于降低膜质过氧化对细胞膜系统的损伤.研究表明,榉树幼苗能够在0.15% NaCl的土壤中正常生长,而在0.30% NaCl土壤中生长35 d时幼苗的死亡率达40%,即榉树幼苗耐受NaCl胁迫的临界浓度大约在0.15%～0.30%之间.     

种子大小和干旱胁迫对辽东栎幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

在温室内遮阴条件下,设置80%、60%、40%和20%田间持水量(对照、轻度、中度和重度干旱)4个处理,研究种子大小和干旱胁迫对盆栽辽东栎幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明: 大种子(3.05±0.38 g)幼苗的单株叶面积、总干质量和根冠比在所有处理均显著大于小种子(1.46±0.27 g)幼苗,前者的株高、基径、叶片数、比叶面积、相对生长率和净同化率等生长参数在轻度、中度和重度干旱处理均不同程度大于后者。大种子幼苗叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均高于小种子幼苗,前者叶片丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量和叶绿素总量在部分干旱处理显著大于后者。除根冠比外,其他生长参数均随干旱胁迫增强逐渐减小,重度干旱处理大、小种子幼苗总干质量分别比对照降低19.4%和20.0%。POD、CAT和SOD活性均随干旱胁迫增强先升后降,在中度干旱处理,大、小种子幼苗POD活性分别显著高于对照126.7%和142.1%,CAT活性分别显著高于对照170.0%和151.9%。在重度干旱处理,大、小种子幼苗MDA含量分别显著高于对照86.5%和68.9%。可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量和叶绿素总量均随干旱胁迫增强先升后降,在中度干旱处理,大、小种子幼苗可溶性蛋白含量分别显著高于对照320.7%和352.7%。辽东栎大种子幼苗可依赖其生长和生理方面的优势比小种子幼苗具有更强的干旱耐受性,在退化次生林人工辅助实生更新中应优先选用抗逆性更强的大种子幼苗。     

Cd胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子发芽及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以‘甘农3号’紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.‘Gannong 3’)品种为试验材料,研究不同浓度Cd胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果显示:(1)Cd胁迫显著抑制紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长,种子发芽势、发芽率及幼苗的胚芽长、胚根长和干重均随着Cd处理浓度提高显著降低,且对发芽势的抑制作用大于发芽率,对胚根生长的抑制作用大于胚芽。(2)Cd胁迫第4d时,萌发种子中蛋白水解酶的活性受到显著抑制,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著降低。(3)Cd胁迫第10d时,随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加,苜蓿幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)活性均先升高后降低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性持续下降,超氧阴离子自由基产生速率、H2O2含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著增加。研究表明,低浓度Cd胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗抗氧化系统清除活性氧的能力上升,高浓度Cd胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗抗氧化系统活性下降,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,活性氧的过量积累是Cd伤害苜蓿幼苗和其生物量下降的主要原因。     

亚精胺浸种对番茄幼苗抗盐碱的生理特性研究

以番茄耐盐碱品种‘金鹏一号’和盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’为试验材料,采用营养液水培的方法,设置正常营养液栽培(对照CK)、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫+0.1mmol/L亚精胺(Spd)浸种、100mmol/L盐碱溶液胁迫+0.25mmol/L Spd浸种4种处理,研究外源Spd对番茄幼苗株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系含水量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、叶绿素含量的影响。结果显示:(1)单独盐碱胁迫下,两品种番茄幼苗叶绿素含量、株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系相对含水量较对照均降低,而其MDA、Pro含量、SOD和POD活性显著增加。(2)外源Spd浸种处理较盐碱胁迫下能够增加番茄幼苗的株高和茎粗的相对生长率、叶片和根系的相对含水量、Pro及叶绿素含量,进一步提高SOD和POD的活性,降低其MDA含量,能有效缓解盐碱胁迫对番茄幼苗的伤害。(3)在100mmol/L盐碱胁迫条件下,0.25mmol/L Spd浸种处理对番茄幼苗受到的盐碱胁迫伤害的缓解效果更佳,并且这种缓解作用对盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’幼苗的效果更加明显。研究表明,在盐碱胁迫下,番茄幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但外源Spd浸种能够通过调节渗透调节物质含量、增强抗氧化酶活性来减轻盐碱胁迫的伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而提高番茄幼苗抵抗盐碱胁迫能力,有效缓解盐碱胁迫的伤害,并以0.25mmol/L Spd浸种处理缓解效果更佳,且这种缓解作用对盐碱敏感品种‘中杂9号’幼苗效果更明显。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.