浙江武义森林植被区系的地理成分研究

提供了浙江武义的森林植被区系。该区系具有丰富的植物种类、古老植物和珍稀濒危植物,温带－温亚热带成分占优势,地理成分与世界各地植物区系有广泛的联系。该区系有１４个类型的成分,东亚成分、泛热带成分及东亚－北美间断成分具有较多的属,而地中海、西亚及中亚成分、温带亚洲成分及世界成分具有较少的属。     

云南罗平多依河景区苔藓植物区系研究

为了解云南罗平多依河景区的苔藓植物多样性和区系特征,对该区苔藓植物进行了调查,并对其区系地理成分进行了统计分析。结果表明,该区有苔藓植物34科59属116种(含变种和亚种),其优势科、属均反映了该苔藓区系以温带成分为主,并有部分热带亚热带成分。苔藓区系的地理成分复杂,以北温带分布型(27.03%)、热带亚洲分布型(25.23%)、东亚分布型(19.82%)和中国特有分布型(10.81%)占优势;以热带成分、北方温带成分和东亚成分为主导,分别占34.23%、35.14%和30.63%;反映了该苔藓植物区系温热并存且具有较高特有性的特征。与邻近13个地区的苔藓区系进行对比分析,多依河苔藓植物区系的物种丰富度较高(排第8位),与贵阳香纸沟的亲缘关系最近,这与两地相近的地理位置、海拔高度,以及相同的喀斯特河谷环境是分不开的。     

陕西木本种子植物区系属的热带地理成分研究

对陕西境内木本种子植物区系属一级的热带地理成分进行了研究,全省木本种子植物区系中的热带地理成分共包括泛热带成分、热带亚洲和热带美洲间断成分、旧世界热带成分、热带亚洲至热带大洋洲成分、热带亚洲至热带非洲成分及热带亚洲成分6种类型,共95属,归属于53科。在各种热带地理成分中,陕西木本植物区系与泛热带成分联系最为密切,各类热带地理成分主要分布于陕西秦岭以南地区。从科、属、种的分布区格局以及木本热带区系成分的群落学作用等方面分析,陕西植物区系具有明显的温带性质,同时,区系也呈现一定的热带—温带过渡性特点。     

赣北云居山植物区系地理探讨

本文探讨了云居山植物区系的起源和演化,对种子植物科、属、种的各个分布类型进行了统计分析,并与其它地区植物区系作了对比研究。该区系具有热带亲缘、温带衍生的性质;区系相当古老,残遗植物众多;地理成分复杂,特有类群丰富;区系联系广泛,间断分布多样;华东特征明显,南北区系过渡。该区系尤以华东成分最多,是华东区系的重要组成部分,与华中区系联系密切,具有中亚热带向北亚热带过渡的特点。     

海南五指山地区种子植物区系的特点

五指山地区共有种子植物 1 77科、82 1属、1 882种 (含变种 )。区系组成及地理成分分析表明 :该区系是海南岛区系的重要组成部分 ;其热带性质强烈 ,其中热带亚洲和泛热带成分最占优势 ,各占非世界属总数的 2 6.78%和 2 6.40 % ;讨论了该地区与邻近 6个不同纬度山区植物区系的关系 ,认为五指山区系与大陆区系联系紧密 ,本质上是华夏植物区系不可分割的一部分。     

秦岭种子植物区系中的热带地理成分研究

对秦岭种子植物区系中的热带地理成分进行了研究,本区的热带地理成分共包括泛热带成分,热带亚洲和热带美洲间断成分,旧世界热带成分,热带亚洲至热带大洋洲成分,热带亚洲至热带非洲成分及热带亚洲成份等6种类型,共283属,648种,属数和种数分别占秦岭种子植物总属数及总种数的30．27％,18．80％,它们是秦岭植物区系组成的一个重要方面,在各类地理成分中,秦岭植物区系与泛热带成分联系最为密切,从热带地理成分的类型,分布以及在秦岭植被组成中的作用来分析,本区植物区系具有明显的温带性质,热带区系成分仅处于从属地位,多分布于低海拔地段或秦岭南坡,但本区植物区系的起源则带有强烈的热带渊源,而各类热带成分内部均有一定数量的属或分布至亚热带,或分布到北温带,又从一个侧面反映了秦植物区系的过渡性特点。     

中条山木本植物区系地理成分分析

中条山位于山西省南部 ,有木本植物 478种 ,隶属于 73科 1 6 4属。其中裸子植物 5科 1 0属 1 8种 ;单子叶植物 2科 2属 6种 ;双子叶植物 6 6科 1 5 2属 45 4种。分析结果表明 ,科、属、种的区系地理成分复杂多样 ,科的分布区类型以热带—亚热带—温带分布占优势 ,其次是温带分布 ;属的分布区类型以温带成分占优势 ,其中北温带分布型所占百分数最高 ,反映出该区系的温带性质 ;种的分布区类型中国特有分布的种数最多 ,其次是东亚分布、温带亚洲分布。该区系木本植物的起源具有古老性 ,区系地理成分的渗透性、交汇性和过渡性较明显。中条山是华北木本植物区系中珍稀濒危植物较为集中的地区 ,有国家级重点保护植物 1 5种。     

广东种子植物区系地理成分研究

广东种子植物区系共有２１９科１４３４属４９８６种。其中：①热带区系成分占有较大的比例,约占非世界属的６２．３％,表明广东区系受到热带区系的强烈渗透,次之为亚热带（至亚热带山地）成分约占３２．２％,及中国特有分布占５．６％;②以单型属（７２属）,单种属（５８５属）和寡种属（５６２属）占绝对优势,共占８５．０％,充分显示了广东区系的古老性和过渡性特点;③从区系组成和植被结构的特征成分来看,以华夏植物区系成分为主,包括：亚热带分布,亚热带山地分布,中国特有分布,东亚—北美间断分布,及一些亚洲热带分布中以亚热带为主的属：④在这些属中有东亚特有属１３２属,中国特有属７５属以及华南—西南—中南半岛特有属６８属等;这些属的存在毫无疑问地说明,广东区系是华夏植物区系的核心地区之一,同时也显示了热带区系与亚热带区系有着不可分隔的统一性。     

井冈山自然保护区蕨类植物资源

井冈山国家级自然保护区地处江西省中部,属罗霄山脉中段. 在野外调查和查阅有关资料的基础上,对该区蕨类植物资源进行了初步研究.结果表明:1)井冈山国家级自然保护区分布有蕨类植物共44科,包括101属、304种(含变种和变型);2)该保护区中的蕨类植物资源优势科、优势属均表现明显,优势科为:鳞毛蕨科,水龙骨科,蹄盖蕨科,金星蕨科;优势属为鳞毛蕨属、铁角蕨属、复叶耳蕨属、凤尾蕨属和耳蕨属;3)科的分布区类型只有7个,且均为热带分布型,以泛热带分布、热带亚洲至热带非洲间断分布和热带亚洲分布为主,它们分别占本区总科数的66.67%、 12.12%和12.12%;4)属的地理成分组成复杂,具有14个分布区类型,其中热带成分占属数的68.54%,且以泛热带和热带亚洲分布型属为主;温带成分占25.84%,且以东亚和北温带分布为主.在中国植物区系的分区上属泛北植物区,中国-日本森林植被亚区,处于华东植物地区和华南植物地区的过渡区域;5)本蕨类植物区系与庐山、武夷山、天目山等地有密切联系,可划为同一自然区,均处于上述过渡区域内;6)本区的蕨类植物资源具有较高的开发和利用价值,可分为指示植物、药用、食用、观赏用、工业用等类型.     

江西木本植物区系成分及其特征的研究

江西位于我国中亚热带东部,地史悠久,自然地理条件优越,植物种类相当丰富。本文根据笔者历年的调查研究,在前人的基础上探讨了江西木本植物区系的起源和演化过程,该区系主要起源于中生代的古热带植物区系和泛北极植物区系。并对该区系各类地理成分进行了统计和分析,江西的野生木本植物计有102科430属约2000种(含种下单位),木本植物以热带亚洲、泛热带、东亚和北温带分布型成分为主体。将该区系的特征初步归结为如下几点:(1)地理成分复杂,区系联系广泛;(2)区系起源古老,子遗树种众多;(3)热带成分占优势,特有现象较显著;(4)南北区系交汇过渡,具明显的中亚热带华东区系特点;(5)珍稀濒危树种繁多,森林区系急待保护。     

云南省小黑山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

小黑山自然保护区有野生种子植物170科787属2195种。分析表明该区种子植物区系的地理成分复杂,联系广泛。热带性质的属有506属,占总属数的68.6%,温带性质的属有224属,占总属数的30.4%。热带性质的种890种,占总种数的40.9%,温带性质的种有1267种,占总种数的58.3%。表明该地区植物区系具有明显的亚热带性质,同时深受热带植物区系的影响。植物区系来源主要由东亚成分、热带亚洲成分(印度—马来西亚成分)、中国特有成分三部分融合而成。特有现象明显,有东亚特有科5科,中国特有属6属,中国特有种778种,占种总数的35.8%,而云南特有种有355种,占中国特有种的45.6%。保护区还拥有众多的珍稀濒危植物。     

思茅菜阳河自然保护区植物区系研究——兼论热带亚洲植物区系向东亚植物区系的过渡

云南省思茅地区菜阳河自然保护区地处联系滇南热带与滇中亚热带的中间位置,在植被地理和生物地理上十分重要,其植物区系计有野生种子植物1 920种, 隶属于836属及178科。该植物区系以兰科( 69属/223种)、茜草科(37/100)、菊科(47/86)、蝶形花科(33/82)、唇形科（28/62）、大戟科(25/59)、荨麻科(13/52)、禾本科(34/47)、樟科(12/44)、桑科(6/44)、爵床科(26/36)等为优势科。属的分布区类型组成以热带亚洲分布型最多, 约占总属数的31%;其次是泛热带分布,占23.4%;热带分布合计占总属数的83.3%。种的分布区类型组成仍以热带亚洲分布最多, 占总种数的60.6%;其次是中国特有分布, 占21.6%;热带分布种合计占70.0%以上。这些特征均表明该植物区系热带性质显著,并具有印度—马来西亚植物区系特点,在植物区系分区上属于印度—马来西亚植物区系的一部分。由于菜阳河自然保护区在地理上位于热带亚洲植物区与东亚植物区的交汇地带,该植物区系中的许多热带植物均是在其分布的北界,植物区系又有明显的热带北缘性质。通过与滇南西双版纳和滇中无量山植物区系的比较,菜阳河自然保护区植物区系与西双版纳植物区系在区系组成及属的地理成分构成上很接近, 它们同为热带亚洲植物区系的北缘类型。在云南南部,从热带亚洲植物区系到东亚植物区系的过渡与转变,显然发生在思茅菜阳河地区以北。从热带亚洲植物区系过渡到东亚植物区系,在诸属的分布区类型中,热带亚洲分布型显著减少,北温带分布型和东亚分布型显著增加。     

试论中国种子植物特有属的分布区类型

中国种子植物特有属是局限分布于中国行政区域范围内的植物成分,就其分布特点看,集中分布于中国南部亚热带广阔区域。由于中国地域广袤,虽然大多数特有属分布在东亚自然地域范围内,但南部特有属的分布范围已进入古热带植物区的马来亚森林植物亚区的北部,而西部的特有属的分布范围已进入青藏高原地区。局限于不同地域分布的特有属,各自的起源发生、所经历的地质历史过程存在一定差别。本文以自然地理区划作为研究中国种子植物特有属分布区类型的依据,将中国特有属分布区类型划分为中国东部和中部特有分布变型、中国南部特有分布变型、中国西部特有分布变型和中国北部特有分布变型4类。其中中国南部特有分布变型所含特有属为热带区系成分,其它3个特有分布变型所含特有属为温带区系成分。这样能较客观地反映中国特有属的自然地理特征,有利于研究局部地区植物区系的地质历史演变过程。     

广西十万大山蕨类植物区系特征及垂直分布的数量研究

十万大山植物区系位于北回归线以南,蕨类植物非常丰富,现已发现５２仲、１１３属、２６４种。区系地理成分复杂多样,属可以划分１１种类型（变型）,可种可以划分为１４种类型（变型）。本区系具有明显的热带亲缘,热带分布属占８１．４２％,热带分布种占６６．７７％。亚洲热带分布及其变型占有较大的比例,表明本区系与亚洲热带植物区系特别是中南半岛区系有密切的亲缘关系。区系地理成分有明显的垂直分布规律,聚类分析的结果     

Phylogeny and biogeography of Crinum L. (Amaryllidaceae) inferred from nuclear and limited plastid non-coding DNA sequences

The genus Crinum L. is the only pantropical genus of the Amaryllidaceae. Phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses of nrDNA ITS and plastid trnL-F sequences for all continental groups of the genus Crinum and related African genera are presented, with the genus Amaryllis used as outgroup. ITS indicates that C. baumii is more closely related to Ammocharis and Cybistetes than to Crinum sensu stricto . Three clades are resolved in Crinum s.s. One unites a monophyletic American group with tropical and North African species. The second includes all southern African species and the Australian endemic C. flaccidum . The third includes monophyletic Madagascar, Australasian and Sino-Himalayan clades, with southern African species. The trnL-F phylogeny resolves an American and an Asian/Madagscar clade, and confirms the relationship of C. flaccidum with species endemic to southern Africa. The salverform, actinomorphic perianths of subg. Crinum appear to have evolved several times in the genus from ancestors with zygomorphic perianths (subg. Codonocrinum ), thus neither subgenus is monophyletic. Biogeographical analyses place the origin of Crinum in southern Africa, as the region is optimized at all ancestral nodes in the tree topology, and in basal interior nodes of all but one of the major clades. The genus underwent three major waves of radiation corresponding to the three main clades resolved in our trees. Two entries into Australia for the genus are indicated, as are separate Sino-Himalayan and Australasian dispersal events.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 141 , 349–363.     

Biogeography and speciation patterns of the golden orb spider genus Nephila (Araneae: Nephilidae) in Asia

The molecular phylogeny of the globally distributed golden orb spider genus Nephila (Nephilidae) was reconstructed to infer its speciation history, with a focus on SE Asian/W Pacific species. Five Asian, two Australian, four African, and one American species were included in the phylogenetic analyses. Other species in Nephilidae, Araneidae, and Tetragnathidae were included to assess their relationships with the genus Nephila, and one species from Uloboridae was used as the outgroup. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed from one nuclear (18S) and two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) markers. Our molecular phylogeny shows that the widely distributed Asian/Australian species, N. pilipes, and an African species, N. constricta, form a clade that is sister to all other Nephila species. Nested in this Nephila clade are one clade with tropical and subtropical/temperate Asian/Australian species, and the other containing African and American species. The estimated divergence times suggest that diversification events within Nephila occurred during mid-Miocene to Pliocene (16 Mya-2 Mya), and these time periods were characterized by cyclic global warming/cooling events. According to Dispersal and Vicariance Analysis (DIVA), the ancestral range of the Asian/Australian clade was tropical Asia, and the ancestral range of the genus Nephila was either tropical Asia or Africa. We conclude that the speciation of the Asian/Australian Nephila species was driven by Neogene global cyclic climate changes. However, further population level studies comparing diversification patterns of sister species are needed to determine the mode of speciation of these species.     

Phylogenetic divergence of the Australian allodapine bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Allodapine bees are most diverse in Africa but are distributed throughout the Old World tropical and Austral regions. They are considered useful for studies into the evolution of social behaviour since they exhibit the full range of social organisation from solitary to highly eusocial (sensu; ). Five genera are found in Australia, namely Braunsapis, Exoneurella, Exoneura, Brevineura, and Inquilina. Sociality and life histories are well documented for the exoneurine genera (review in ) and Inquilina is an obligate social parasite of species of Exoneura (). In this paper, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods using molecular sequence data from two mitochondrial gene regions (cyt b and COI) and a single nuclear gene region (EF-1alpha) are used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of the Australian allodapine genera. Results suggest that the exoneurine group (Brevineura, Exoneurella, and Exoneura+Inquilina) diverged very rapidly and are monophyletic to the exclusion of other (primarily African) allodapine genera. A clade containing Australian species of Braunsapis is also monophyletic to the exclusion of African congeners. Braunsapis is not phylogenetically close to, and is a more derived group than the exoneurine group and probably came to occupy the Australian plate via a later dispersal through the southern Asian region. It is unclear at this point how the exoneurine group came to occupy the Australian plate and possible scenarios are discussed.     

Biogeographical Divergence of the Flora of Yunnan,Southwestern China Initiated by the Uplift of Himalaya and Extrusion of Indochina Block

The floral composition of Yunnan is conspicuously linked to the biogeographical history of this extremely species-rich province in southwestern China. The floristic compositions of three representative regions in Yunnan were compared to reveal their variation with geography. From southern Yunnan, 4150 native species (including subspecies and varieties) from 1240 genera and 183 families of seed plants were recognized. From central Yunnan 3389 native species from 1095 genera and 167 families of seed plants were recognized. From northwestern Yunnan 6807 native species from 1296 genera and 166 families of seed plants were recognized. Although these three floras across Yunnan are similar in familial composition, similarities between the floras of southern and northwestern Yunnan are low at the generic and specific levels. The flora of northwestern Yunnan is dominated by families and genera with cosmopolitan and north temperate distributions, while the flora of southern Yunnan is dominated by tropical families and genera. Northwestern Yunnan is composed largely of temperate genera, of which the highest proportion has a north temperate distribution. In contrast, southern Yunnan has mainly tropical genera, of which most have a tropical Asian distribution. The flora of central Yunnan is a combination of southern and northwestern Yunnan. These three floras might be derived from a common Tertiary tropical or subtropical East Asian flora, but the geological history of each region has influenced its flora, and they have remained divergent since the late Tertiary. The flora of northwestern Yunnan has evolved with the uplift of the Himalayas and by gradual proliferation of mainly cosmopolitan and north temperate floristic elements, while the flora of southern Yunnan has evolved with extrusion of the Indochina block and the influence of mainly tropical Asian elements.     

元宝山冷杉群落学特点的研究

元宝山冷杉群落3000m^2样方统计到107种,隶属52科,81属。种类组成中,单种科、少种属占的比例相当大,含单种的科有27科,占51．9％。单种的属有63属,占77．8％;含两种的属为12属,占14．8％,两者共占92．6％。乔木层种类除了南方铁杉外,其它优势种类都为稳定型种群。乔木层的优势区系成分相当稳定,表明该群落为一种顶极群落。71个种子植物属只有11个分布区类型和8个变型,仅占所有变型的26．7％,地理成分不复杂,其中热带分布27属,占39．7％,温带分布38属,占55．9％。热带分布以泛热带和热带亚洲为主,温带分布与东亚、东亚和北美洲间断分布密切相关。乔木层16个优势种中,属中亚热带地理分布类型的有13种,占81．3％,其中重要值排列前4位的种类均为中亚热带类型,所以元宝山冷杉群落为亚热带性质。元宝山冷杉不同群丛元宝山冷杉种群结构的差异反映了群落的演替过程。107种组成种类中,常绿成分占62．6％,落叶成分占37．4％,其中矮高位芽植物最多,占20．6％,叶级以小型叶为主,占57．9％,叶型以单叶比例最大,占81．6％。各样地的物种多样性水平均较高,表明元宝山冷杉群落是一个处于稳定地位的顶极群落。     

Phytogeography and Floristic Affinities of the Limestone Flora of Mt. Exianling,Hainan Island,China

The limestone forest of Mt. Exianling on Hainan Island, China, was inventoried, and their floristic composition and biogeographical affinities discussed. Botanical surveys recorded 1121 vascular plant species belonging to 620 genera and 171 families; of which 81 represented significant records including 11 new species. Mt. Exianling is characterized by phanerophytes making up ca. 79% of the total flora, and those with mesophyllous leaves comprising ca. 64%. Ecological species groups were discerned from field observations: species exclusive to limestone habitats make up 2.4% of the total flora. Based on their distributions, 11 biogeographic elements at the generic level are recognized. Our work on Mt. Exianling revealed closer affinity to tropical Asian floras than to temperate elements of eastern Asian floras, with ca. 90% of the seed plant genera being tropical; this limestone forest is essentially tropical and is part of the tropical Asian flora at its northern margin. Unfortunately, Exianling has been subject to environmental threats from mining activities in the past two decades. Kadoorie Conservation China has heavily involved in the conservation of Exianling limestone forest and partially financed the above floristic studies. A nature reserve station was constructed in 2009, and now Exianling is being gazetted as a formal provincial nature reserve. Recently, activities in exploiting of the gold mining in Exianling has been stopped by the nature reserve.