酸性硫酸盐土中的硫及其形态演变探讨

研究了酸性硫酸盐土中S及其形态演变。结果表明,酸性硫酸盐土S含量高,以无机态为主;S积累和S形态演变与酸性硫酸盐土形成、发育与利用密切相关。与红树林盐渍沼泽土(潜在酸性硫酸盐土)比较,酸性硫酸盐水稻土黄钾铁矾S含量较高,但FeS2含量较低。酸性硫酸盐水稻土S形态剖面分布明显,其氧化层的黄钾铁矾S含量较高,pH值较低;其还原层的FeS2含量较高。防治酸害是酸性硫酸盐土持续利用要解决的关键问题。     

不同保鲜剂对百合切花衰老的影响

新铁炮百合(LiliumlongiflorumThunb.)采自武汉花卉开发中心,选取含苞待放、单头、健壮、大小均匀一致长约70cm的花枝为材料。瓶插前修枝,保留顶端一片小叶,水下修剪成35cm。5种保鲜剂处理:处理1为40mg·L-1苯甲酸+20g·L-1蔗糖(S)+200mg·L-18-羟基喹啉(8-HQ)+200mg·L-1柠檬酸(CA)+50mg·L-1Al2(SO4)3;处理2为100mg·L-1水杨酸+20g·L-1S+200mg·L-18-HQ+200mg·L-1CA+50mg·L-1Al2(SO4)3;处理3为20g·L-1S+200mg·L-18-HQ+200mg·L-1CA+50mg·L-1Al2(SO4)3;处理4为20g·L-1S+200mg·L-18-HQ;将各处理的pH值调至4.5～5…     

叶片喷施甲醇对铝胁迫下黑大豆抗氧化酶活性的影响

在营养液水培条件下,分析叶片预喷施5％ (V/V)甲醇对50μmol·L-1的AlCl3胁迫下黑大豆叶和根中H2O2和MDA含量以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT活性的影响,为进一步研究甲醇及抗氧化酶在响应铝胁迫应答中的调控机制奠定基础.结果显示:(1)在铝胁迫下,随着铝处理浓度的升高根尖吸收的铝越多,且根的生长被抑制越严重.(2)铝胁迫能诱导黑大豆叶和根中可溶性总蛋白、H2O2和MDA含量的增加,POD和CAT活性增强,但SOD活性变化不明显.(3)当叶片喷施5％甲醇预处理后再进行50 μmol·L1 AlCl3胁迫,随着处理时间增加黑大豆叶和根中可溶性总蛋白含量及POD和CAT活性显著增加,而H2O2和MDA含量显著下降,SOD活性变化亦不显著.研究结果表明,在铝胁迫下叶片喷施5％甲醇能够增强黑大豆叶和根中POD和CAT活性,降低H2O2和MDA的积累,这可能是甲醇通过抗氧化酶参与铝胁迫应答的一种重要机制.     

酸度和铝对马尾松生长的影响

用溶液培养法研究了铝对马尾松 ( Pinus massoniana)幼苗生长的影响。马尾松耐酸性较强 ,在 p H为 3.5— 5 .5范围内均能正常生长。马尾松对铝中度敏感 ,在 p H4 .0条件下 ,铝毒害的阈值浓度为 4 .0 ppm。铝在溶液中存在的状态依 p H值而变化 ,不同形态的铝离子对马尾松的毒性不同 :Al3 的毒性大于 Al( OH) 2 和 Al( OH) 2 。极低浓度 ( <0 .1 5 mmol/L)的 Al3 对马尾松生长有刺激作用。 Ca2 对 Al3 的毒性有拮抗作用 ,对马尾松产生抑制作用的 Al/Ca摩尔比小于 1     

磺化铝酞菁的磺化程度对光敏活性的影响

磺化铝酞菁为新一代的光敏剂,为了研究其平均磺化程度对光敏活性的影响,本文比较测定了平均磺化度为三的铝酞菁Alpcs(3)及平均磺化度为二的铝酞菁A1pcs(2)的单态氧(~1O)产率,细胞的吸收及光敏杀伤。结果表明,磺化度的不同并不影响~1O_2的生成及细胞的吸收动力学规律,但人体肝癌细胞对Alpcs(2)的摄入量比Alpcs(3)高出5倍左右,且Alpcs(2)比Alpcs(3)对癌细胞有更强的光敏杀伤效应。提示,可通过调节降低磺化程度,增进细胞吸收,获得更佳的光敏效率。     

铝毒胁迫诱导菜豆柠檬酸的分泌与累积

水培试验结果表明 ,铝毒诱导菜豆柠檬酸的分泌与累积存在着显著的基因型差异 .Al3 + 浓度 <5 0 μmol·L-1时 ,柠檬酸分泌量随Al3 + 浓度的增大而增加 ;Al3 + 浓度在 5 0～ 80 μmol·L-1时 ,柠檬酸分泌量随Al3 + 浓度的增大而减小 .不同菜豆基因型以G1984 2的柠檬酸分泌量最大 ,单位干重Al吸收量最小 .铝毒胁迫时 ,不同菜豆基因型叶片柠檬酸累积量无明显差异 ,根系柠檬酸累积量为G1984 2 >AFR >ZPV >G5 2 73.菜豆柠檬酸分泌量缺P处理 <铝毒胁迫 ,5 0 μmol·L-1LaCl3 不能诱导菜豆分泌柠檬酸 ,表明柠檬酸的分泌与累积是菜豆抗铝毒胁迫的重要生理反应     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨种子营养化学成分的研究

对不同居群的胡杨、灰叶胡杨种子营养化学成分进行分析,结果表明,胡杨种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉的含量分别为9～12g·kg-1、38～44g·kg-1、21～62g·kg-1、1.9～2.3g·kg-1;灰叶胡杨种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉的含量分别为9～10g·kg-1、38～48g·kg-1、14～41g·kg-1、2.3～2.5g·kg-1.胡杨、灰叶胡杨不同居群种子中大量元素含量均以N最高,分别为6.0～6.9g·kg-1、6.3～7.6g·kg-1;微量元素含量排序一致,依次为Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>Ni>Cd.统计分析表明,不同居群种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量均呈现极显著差异;而淀粉与微量元素含量除一些差异不显著外,其余均达显著或极显著水平.     

菌根真菌对酸铝胁迫的响应

酸性环境中活性铝浓度升高可能抑制菌根真菌生长,为探讨酸性条件下菌根真菌对活性铝的响应机制,以拟青霉(Simplicillium sp.,Si)、细长孢霉(Mortierella elongate,Me)、木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.,Tr)、瓶头霉(Phialocephala,Ph)和葡萄状穗霉(Stachybotrys chartarum,Sc)5种菌根真菌为供试材料,采用PDA液体培养基单种纯培养以pH值为5.5设定3个Al3+浓度梯度,分别为对照(0 mmol·L^-1)、低铝(0.2 mmol·L^-1)和高铝(1.0 mmol·L^-1),研究酸性条件下不同活性铝浓度对菌根真菌的生物量、有机酸分泌以及N、P、K含量等的影响。结果表明:(1)除拟青霉(Si)外,其他菌株均不同程度受活性铝浓度影响,Si生物量随活性铝浓度增加而增加,低铝时比对照增加了238%(P<0.05),而细长孢霉(Me)、木霉菌(Tr)、瓶头霉(Ph)和葡萄状穗霉(Sc)生物量均降低,其中,Ph和Sc分别比对照降低了38.1%和72.5%(P<0.05)。(2)5种菌根真菌分泌有机酸存在显著性差异,Si、Me、Tr和Sc的H+分泌量在高铝浓度时均低于对照,对Si产生显著性差异(P<0.05);仅Me分泌草酸,对照的分泌量是高铝时的1.12倍。(3)5种菌根真菌N、P、K含量随不同活性铝浓度胁迫存在显著性差异,Si和Sc的P、K含量随活性铝浓度增加而显著增加(P<0.05);Me和Ph的N含量随活性铝浓度增加而显著降低(P<0.05),Me的P、K含量分别在低铝和高铝时达到峰值,Tr和Ph的N、P、K含量在低铝时达到峰值而在高铝时受到抑制。(4)Si、Me和Tr受酸铝影响不显著,属耐酸铝型菌株,Ph和Sc属酸铝敏感型菌株。本工作可为天山雪岭云杉森林更新与幼苗存活问题研究的深入开展提供基础依据。     

活性铝对小麦根生长及酶活性的影响

利用铝形态分布与环境pH的相关性,通过改变染毒液pH条件,研究了不同浓度活性铝对小麦根生长、蛋白质含量及酸性磷酸酶活性的影响,并探讨了不同形态活性铝植物毒性的差异.本实验染毒液中总铝浓度设置为0(CK)、25(T₁)和75μmol·L^-1(T₂)3组,各组pH分别调至4.0、4.5、5.0和5.5.结果表明,微量Al_a与Al_b对小麦根生长均具有抑制作用.但随染毒液中活性铝组分的改变,小麦根蛋白质含量和酸性磷酸酶活性显现相反变化趋势:T₁和T₂组在pH4.0,活性铝主要成分为Al_a时(Al_a浓度高于活性铝浓度的90%),小麦根细胞蛋白质含量显著下降,酸性磷酸酶活性显著上升;T₁和T₂组在pH5.0,Al_a浓度降低至与Al_b浓度接近,且Al_a和Al_b浓度均低于10μmol·L^-1时,根细胞蛋白质含量显著上升,酸性磷酸酶活性显著下降.     

边缘细胞对荞麦根尖铝毒的防护效应和对细胞壁多糖的影响

以2个荞麦(Fygopyrum esculentum Moench)基因型‘江西荞麦’(耐性)和‘内蒙荞麦’(敏感)为材料,采用悬空培养(保持边缘细胞附着于根尖和去除根尖边缘细胞),研究边缘细胞对根尖铝毒的防护效应以及对细胞壁多糖组分的影响。结果表明,铝毒抑制荞麦根系伸长,导致根尖Al积累。去除边缘细胞的根伸长抑制率和根尖Al含量高于保留边缘细胞的根。去除边缘细胞使江西荞麦和内蒙荞麦根尖的酸性磷酸酶(APA)活性显著升高,前者在铝毒下增幅更大。同时,铝毒胁迫下去除边缘细胞的根尖果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性和细胞壁果胶、半纤维素1、半纤维素2含量显著高于保留边缘细胞的酶活性和细胞壁多糖含量。表明边缘细胞对荞麦根尖的防护效应,与其阻止Al的吸收,降低根尖细胞壁多糖含量及提高酸性磷酸酶活性有关,以此缓解Al对根伸长的抑制。     

酸性硫酸盐土中硫的形态含量分布和酸化特征

对广东省台山市南部滨海平原酸性硫酸盐土(以下简称ASS)S的形态、含量、分布和酸化特征的研究表明,ASS全硫含量高达0.615%,比咸田高2～6倍,比砂泥田高3～9倍;其硫以无机硫为主,占全硫的82.3%～90.4%,其中,黄铁矿硫的含量最高,占全硫的30.3%～46.2%,黄铁矿硫在剖面中的分布与全硫含量同步。ASS硫含量的空间变异和剖面内部的分异十分显着。ASS发育过程中,适合黄铁矿累积的环境及其持续时间与地形地貌(山)的关系十分密切。ASS的主要致酸物质是黄铁矿的氧化,酸化的ASS的pH一般在5.5以下,最低达2.83.ASS可氧化总酸度一般比实际总酸度高2～3倍,潜在的环境风险极.     

Seasonal variation of water extractable aluminium forms in acidified forest organic soils under different vegetation cover

The Jizera Mountains area is affected by natural and anthropogenic acidification processes. The effect of acidification is reflected by presence of elevated amount of different Al forms in soil horizons. Changes of water extractable forms of Al (total $ {\text{Al}}_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}} $ , species: Al(X)¹⁺, Al(Y)²⁺ and Al³⁺) and other soil characteristics (e.g. DOC, pH) were investigated in forest soils from April to October 2008. Seasonal changes of Al forms were identified in organic F and H soil horizons. No significant effect of the soil type on Al forms was documented. Nevertheless, influence of vegetation cover (beech and spruce forest, clear-cut area) on Al(X)¹⁺, Al(Y)²⁺ forms was proved. The results show that binding and mobility of Al forms are controlled mostly by pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC).     

铝对荞麦根系的影响

以荞麦为试材,用五种剂量的铝进行土培,发现低浓度(0.435+0.6gAl3+/kg土)的铝能增加荞麦的总根长、根尖数和根系活力,减小根平均直径,降低根质膜透性,对荞麦生长有一定的促进作用;高浓度的铝(0.435+1.2gAl3+/kg土)会使荞麦的根变短、变粗、侧根减少,根系活力下降,根质膜透性升高,明显不利于荞麦的生长发育。     

Effects of the administration routes and chemical forms of aluminum on aluminum accumulation in rat brain

An experimental rat model of aluminum accumulation in the brain was developed to aid in determining neurotoxity of aluminum (Al). Al was administered orally, intravenously, and intraperitoneally, in the absence or presence of citric acid or maltol. Oral administration of Al hydroxide [Al (OH)₃] or aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) with citric acid for 7 wk was not found to increase brain Al levels. Similarly, a single intravenous injection of AlCl₃ in the presence or absence of either citric acid or maltol did not alter brain Al levels after 48 h. Only daily intraperitoneal injections of AlCl₃ (8 mg Al/kg body weight) and an equimolar amount of maltol over a 14-d period enhanced accumulation of Al in rat brain. No significant increases were observed for the experimental groups receiving intraperitoneal AlCl₃ alone or with citric acid. This result suggests that the chemical form of Al strongly influences its bioavailability and that intraperitoneal administration of the Al-maltol complex appears to be useful in creating subacute model of Al accumulation in brain tissue.     

The effect of aluminum chloride on some steps of heme biosynthesis in rats after oral exposure

Certain disturbances in heme biosynthesis induced by aluminum chloride were examined. The experiment was performed on female rats that received AlCl₃ orally at the dose 100 mg Al/kg daily for 21 d. The effects of aluminum on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S), dehydratase (ALA-D), and heme oxygenase (O.H.) were observed on 3, 7, 14, and 21 d in liver and kidneys of rats. Also the activity of ALA-D in blood and the concentration of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) in urine were observed. Orally administered aluminum caused increase in the activity of ALA-D in the liver and blood, and parallel decrease of ALA-U in urine (r=−0.85) of rats. Aluminum chloride also induced an increase of ALA-S and O.H. in the liver but not in the kidneys. The changes of the enzymes activity participating in heme biosynthesis after administration of aluminum may be correlated with anemia and iron metabolism in rats.     

Phosphorus transformations along a soil/vegetation series of fire-prone, dolomitic, semi-arid shrublands of southern Spain Soil P and Mediterranean shrubland dynamic

Models of P transformations duringpedogenesis and with succession have developed fromstudies in temperate humid regions with neutral toacidic soils. Little is known about P biogeochemistryand P availability in semi-arid Mediterranean-typeshrublands with alkaline soils. We studied Ptransformations in a series of semi-arid, dolomiticshrublands in southeastern Spain, ranging from afrequently-burned, open gorse-scrubland on erodedTypic Xerorthents to a long-unburned, mature garrigueon Entic Haploxerolls. In contrast to the commonpattern of decreasing total P concentrations in thesoil profile with soil development due to leaching,total P increased markedly in this system. This is dueto concentration increases of relatively insolubleelements (P, Al, Fe, Ti) as karstification of parentmaterial (dolomitic marbles with up to 94% Ca-Mgcarbonate) during pedogenesis released bicarbonateand, subsequently, Ca and Mg leached from the profileat a higher rate. The total element to Ti ratiosindicated that the relative ion weathering losssequence, from easily weathered to resistant ions, wasCa>Mg > > > Fe>=Al>Ti, showing that P islost from these shrublands at an intermediate rate. Inone extreme of the series (the open gorse-scrubland),most soil P was Ca bound and organic P concentrations,organic matter content and phosphatase activity werevery low, as predicted by the model of Walker andSyers for the initial stages of soil development.However, this site showed the highest inorganic soilsolution P concentration, low soil P fixation capacityand the lowest foliar N:P ratios. Soils from theintermediate stages of the series showed the highestlabile inorganic and labile organic P concentrations.At the other extreme of the series (the maturegarrigue), a high proportion of soil P was in occludedinorganic and organic forms as predicted by the Walkerand Syers'; model. However, Ca bound P still accountedfor the largest single P fraction. Soils showed veryhigh sorption capacity (and high extractable Fe and Alconcentrations) and released very little P tosolution. Increasing values for NaOH extractable Po,organic matter and phosphatase activity indicate thatcycling of P through organic matter is increasinglyimportant with ecosystem development through theseries.     

Biogeochemical controls on aluminum chemistry in the O horizon of a red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) stand in central Maine,USA

This study examined the biotic and abiotic processes controlling solution chemistry and cycling of aluminum (Al) in the organic horizons of a northern coniferous forest ecosystem. A mass balance budget indicated that aboveground inputs of Al to the O horizon averaged 0.9 kg ha^–1 1 yr^–1, with major inputs accounted for by litterfall (69%), followed by precipitation (21%), and net canopy throughfall plus stemflow (10%). Estimated leaching losses of Al from the O horizon averaged 2.1 kg Al ha^-1 yr1. We hypothesize that the difference between measured Al inputs and outputs can be accounted for by Al release from weathering of soil minerals admixed into the O horizon. Variations in O horizon solution Al chemistry were influenced by a number of factors, including pH, Al equilibria with different solid-phase organic exchange sites, and Al complexation with humic ligands in soil solution.     

有机肥中可溶性有机碳、氮含量及其特性

测定了7种不同种类、不同腐熟程度有机肥中可溶性有机氮（SON）和可溶性有机碳（SOC）的含量,结果表明：有机肥的水和0．01mol／LCaCl2溶液提取液中SON含量分别平均为105．2mg／L和91．6mg／L;每千克干样平均含SON分别为1188mg和1037mg;SON占可溶性总氮（TSN）和全氮（TN）的比例分别在70．5％～74．7％和4．3％～4．9％之间。水和0．01mol／LCaCl2溶液提取液中SOC含量分别平均为695mg／L和622mg／L;每千克干样平均含SOC分别为7873mg和7054mg;SOC占有机肥有机碳（TOC）比例分别平均为2．1％和1．9％;SOC／SON平均分别为6．7和6．9。SON与SOC间的相关性较高,SON与NO3^--N含量呈现负相关关系。有机肥料中的可溶性氮素绝大部分以SON形式存在,如此高的SON和SOC含量可能会成为氮、碳养分流失和环境污染的潜在来源。     

The effect of phosphate rock dissolution on soil chemical properties and wheat seedling root elongation

Soils of the Appalachian region of the United States are acidic and deficient in P. North Carolina phosphate rock (PR), a highly substituted fluoroapatite, should be quite reactive in these soils, allowing it to serve both as a source of P and a potential ameliorant of soil acidity. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of PR dissolution on soil chemical properties and wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Hart) seedling root elongation. Ten treatments including nine rates of PR (0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg P kg^-1) and a CaCO₃ (1000 mg kg^-1) control were mixed with two acidic soils, moistened to a level corresponding to 33 kPa moisture tension and incubated for 30 days. Pregerminated wheat seedlings were grown for three days in the PR treated soils and the CaCO₃ control. Root length was significantly (P<0.05) increased both by PR treatments and CaCO₃, indicating that PR dissolution was ameliorating soil acidity. The PR treatments increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca, and soil solution Ca while lowering exchangeable Al and 0.01 M CaCl₂ extractable soil Al. Root growth in PR treatments was best described by an exponential equation (P<0.01) containing 0.01 M CaCl₂ extractable Al. The PR dissolution did not reduce total soil solution Al, but did release Al complexing anions into soil solution, which along with increased pH, shifted Al speciation from toxic to nontoxic forms. These results suggest that North Carolina PR should contribute to amelioration of soil acidity in acidic, low CEC soils of the Appalachian region.     

Aluminum and iron chemistry in the O horizon changed by a shift in tree species composition

In the present study we characterized the buffering system including aluminum in the organic surface horizon (O) of field experiments with replicated plots of pure Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and replicated plots of spruce with a birch (Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh.) admixture. Our results show that a change in tree species composition may have a rather large, short-term (12 years) effect on the concentration of organically bound aluminum in the humus layer (H) of the O horizon. The pure spruce plots had a significantly higher concentration of exchangeable aluminum (Al_e) and organically bound (pyrophosphate extractable) aluminum (Al_P) in the H layer and a lower concentration of each base cation. Furthermore, our results confirm earlier findings that aluminum has base cation properties in acidic organic horizons. Thus, the change in tree species composition did not affect the pH in spite of a change in base saturation, because base cations were mainly compensated for by aluminum. The change in organically bound aluminum was accompanied by a similar change in organically bound pyrophosphate extractable iron (Fe_P). The observed differences between the mixed and pure spruce plots in the amounts of Al_P and Fe_P in the H layer could not be explained by estimated differences in biocycling of Al and Fe either by above-ground litterfall or by root turnover.