α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶高产菌株的筛选

在啤酒酿造中,双乙酰（ｄｉａｃｅｔｙ１）是影响啤酒风味成熟和熟化期长短的主要因素,当其含量超过域值０．１５ｍｇ／Ｌ时,产生令人难以接受的"馊饭味"。酵母在主发酵期间形成乙酰乳酸,经非酶氧化脱梭形成双乙酰,酵母在熟化期间将其转化为３－羟基丁醇。乙酰乳酸转...     

α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的整合型表达

α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶在啤酒生产中能加快啤酒成熟,有重要的应用价值。本研究将枯草芽孢杆菌启动子P43克隆到质粒pUC19-ALDC中的α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因之前,得到重组质粒pUC19-P43-ALDC。重组质粒pUC19-P43-ALDC与质粒pMLK83-BN同源重组,筛选得到枯草芽孢杆菌整合质粒pMLK83-ALDC。用此整合质粒转化枯草芽孢杆菌1A751,挑选出新霉素抗性且无淀粉酶活性的重组菌株。此菌株用LB培养基在37℃、220r/min摇瓶培养过夜,测得α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶活力为15.6U/mL,说明整合的α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因能够在重组菌株中稳定传代和表达。本研究首次在枯草芽孢杆菌中用整合型的方式重组表达了α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶,提出了一种有潜力的生产α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶的新方法。     

α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶加速啤酒成熟的研究进展与应用

较详细地介绍了国内外α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（ALDC）的分子生物学研究,细菌ALDC基因在酵母菌中的克隆和表达,以及ALDC酶制剂加速啤酒成熟的应用。     

α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶在大肠杆菌中的克隆表达

根据已知的α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（ALDC）的基因序列,通过PCR获得了枯草芽孢杆菌168的ALDC基因,将该基因克隆到克隆载体pUC18和表达载体pQE60中,构建了pUC18-ALDC和pQE60-ALDC,经DNA测序证明序列正确。重组大肠杆菌DH5a／pQE60-ALDC经IPTG诱导能够高表达ALDC。对该酶进行了活力测定,结果显示工程菌产酶活力为0．11U／mL。     

代谢工程改造枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产乙偶姻

乙偶姻是枯草芽孢杆菌的主要代谢产物,它作为一种食用香精,广泛应用于食品、烟草、化妆品、清洁剂、酒类等行业。本研究首先在不产芽孢的枯草芽孢杆菌(BSD1,阻断了芽孢的合成途径)中敲除了2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶(BDH)的编码基因bdh A、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的编码基因ldh和乙酸激酶的编码基因(ACK)ack A,随后克隆了来自菌株B.subtilis168的α-乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)和α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶(ALDC)基因als S和als D,并将其在上述敲除菌中过量表达,结果表明阻断副产物合成途径和加强乙偶姻合成途径关键酶的表达,会显著提高乙偶姻的产量,最终乙偶姻产量达到38.08 g/L,产率为0.45 g·L~(-1)·h~(-1),产率提高了约87.5%。     

啤酒生产中双乙酰形成的分子遗传学及其控制

双乙酰是啤酒中的重要风味物质,也是影响啤酒成熟和质量的关键因素之一。双乙酰是由酵母缬氨酸生物合成的中间产物α－乙酰乳酸经氧化脱羧产生的。目前,可以通过改良传统发酵工艺,添加酶制剂以及利用基因工程手段选育酵母工程菌等方法降低双乙酰在啤酒中的含量,缩短啤酒后酵期,以加速啤酒成熟。     

α-乙酸乳酸脱羧酶高产菌株的优化培养条件的研究

α-乙酸乳酸脱羧酶（α－acetolactatedecarboxylase,简称ALDC,EC,4．1．1．5）用于啤酒生产中,可将啤酒酵母在主发酵期间形成的α-乙酰乳酸直接转化为3-羟基丁醇,由此可大大缩短啤酒熟化期,从而提高设备利用率,增加产值．我们通过反复诱变已筛选到一株ALDC高产菌株（编号为ZIT-6-1－2）。为了进一步提高酶产量,对该菌株进行了发酵条件的优化组合研究．通过对发酵培养基组分、碳氮比、培养基起始pH值、通气量、培养温度、培养时间和微量元素等进行了一系列研究．结果表明上述诸因素对该ALDC高产菌株的酶产量均有不同程度的…     

一种新型酿酒酵母附加型分泌表达载体的构建

用化学法合成克鲁维酵母的菊粉酶基因的信号肽序列(INU),将其嵌入酵母附加型表达质粒pYES2,得到一套新型的分泌表达载体pYES2I,pYES2Ⅱ,pYES2Ⅲ。然后用PCR方法分别扩增大肠杆菌的天冬酰胺酶基因(ASN)和短芽孢杆菌α乙酰乳酸脱羧酶(ALDC)基因,连接到INU下游,得到重组质粒pASN和pALDC。分别将这两个重组质粒转化酿酒酵母菌株INVScⅠ中表达,胞内和胞外的酶活分析表明ASN和ALDC基因都能在酿酒酵母中分泌表达,表明菊粉酶信号肽序列能很好地将酿酒酵母中的重组蛋白分泌到胞外。稳定性分析表明,重组酵母菌株在没有选择压力的条件下连续接种培养100h,未发现重组质粒的不稳定性。     

α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶的研究

从细菌中筛选出１４株α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶产生菌。从其中的一株α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶产生菌提取粗酶,将粗酶样品分别加到主发酵的啤酒和主发酵后的啤酒中,在两种情况下均能明显降低啤酒中的总双乙酰量。     

α—乙酰乳酸脱羧酶的研究

从细菌中筛选出１４株α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶产生菌。从其中的一株α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶产生菌提取粗酶,将粗酶样品分别加到主发酵的啤酒和主发酵后的啤酒后,在两种情况下均能明显降低啤酒中的总双乙酰量。     

瑞氏木霉内切葡聚糖酶基因在工业啤酒酵母中的整合和表达

用PCR合成的瑞氏木霉（T.reesei）β-内切葡聚糖酶Ⅰ（EGⅠ）的cDNA, 构建了由酵母醇脱氢酶 （ADH1）启动子和终止子引导表达、β-内切葡聚糖酶自身信号肽序列引导分泌、由酵母rDNA序列引导同源整合的酵母YIP型β-内切葡聚糖酶表达分泌质粒pA15PET。采用pA15PET与酵母YEP型G418抗性表达质粒的共转化,将EGⅠ表达单元整合到已整合有α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（α-ALDC）表达单元的啤酒酵母工程菌BE9711的染色体rDNA序列中,获得同时表达胞内α-ALDC和胞外β-内切葡聚糖酶的啤酒酵母工程菌。     

Application of a ribosomal DNA integration vector in the construction of a brewer's yeast having alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activity

An integration plasmid, pIARL28, containing the ribosomal DNA gene as a homologous recombination sequence was constructed for introduction of the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene into brewer's yeast. The transformation efficiency of pIARL28 was 20- to 50-fold higher than those of the other YIp vectors, as yeast cells had approximately 140 copies of the ribosomal DNA gene. All transformants showed very high alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activity due to the multiple integrated copies of the plasmid. The transformants were grown in nonselective conditions, and segregants which had maintained the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase expression cassette but no other vector sequences were isolated. Southern analysis showed that these marker-excised segregants contained more than 20 copies of the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene and were stably maintained under nonselective conditions. Fermentation tests confirmed that the diacetyl concentration was considerably reduced in wort fermented by these marker-excised segregants. The degree of reduction was related to the copy number of the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene.     

Application of a ribosomal DNA integration vector in the construction of a brewer's yeast having alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activity.

An integration plasmid, pIARL28, containing the ribosomal DNA gene as a homologous recombination sequence was constructed for introduction of the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene into brewer's yeast. The transformation efficiency of pIARL28 was 20- to 50-fold higher than those of the other YIp vectors, as yeast cells had approximately 140 copies of the ribosomal DNA gene. All transformants showed very high alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activity due to the multiple integrated copies of the plasmid. The transformants were grown in nonselective conditions, and segregants which had maintained the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase expression cassette but no other vector sequences were isolated. Southern analysis showed that these marker-excised segregants contained more than 20 copies of the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene and were stably maintained under nonselective conditions. Fermentation tests confirmed that the diacetyl concentration was considerably reduced in wort fermented by these marker-excised segregants. The degree of reduction was related to the copy number of the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene.     

Chromosomal Integration and Expression of Two Bacterial alpha-Acetolactate Decarboxylase Genes in Brewer's Yeast

A bacterial gene encoding alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase, isolated from Klebsiella terrigena or Enterobacter aerogenes, was expressed in brewer's yeast. The genes were expressed under either the yeast phosphoglycerokinase (PGK1) or the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) promoter and were integrated by gene replacement by using cotransformation into the PGK1 or ADH1 locus, respectively, of a brewer's yeast. The expression level of the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene of the PGK1 integrant strains was higher than that of the ADH1 integrants. Under pilot-scale brewing conditions, the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activity of the PGK1 integrant strains was sufficient to reduce the formation of diacetyl below the taste threshold value, and no lagering was needed. The brewing properties of the recombinant yeast strains were otherwise unaltered, and the quality (most importantly, the flavor) of the trial beers produced was as good as that of the control beer.     

Nucleotide sequence and expression of the Enterobacter aerogenes alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene in brewer's yeast

The nucleotide sequence of a 1.4-kilobase DNA fragment containing the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene of Enterobacter aerogenes was determined. The sequence contains an entire protein-coding region of 780 nucleotides which encodes an alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase of 260 amino acids. The DNA sequence coding for alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase was placed under the control of the alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a plasmid capable of autonomous replication in both S. cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. Brewer's yeast cells transformed by this plasmid showed alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activity and were used in laboratory-scale fermentation experiments. These experiments revealed that the diacetyl concentration in wort fermented by the plasmid-containing yeast strain was significantly lower than that in wort fermented by the parental strain. These results indicated that the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activity produced by brewer's yeast cells degraded alpha-acetolactate and that this degradation caused a decrease in diacetyl production.     

Nucleotide sequence and expression of the Enterobacter aerogenes alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene in brewer's yeast.

The nucleotide sequence of a 1.4-kilobase DNA fragment containing the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase gene of Enterobacter aerogenes was determined. The sequence contains an entire protein-coding region of 780 nucleotides which encodes an alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase of 260 amino acids. The DNA sequence coding for alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase was placed under the control of the alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a plasmid capable of autonomous replication in both S. cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. Brewer's yeast cells transformed by this plasmid showed alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activity and were used in laboratory-scale fermentation experiments. These experiments revealed that the diacetyl concentration in wort fermented by the plasmid-containing yeast strain was significantly lower than that in wort fermented by the parental strain. These results indicated that the alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase activity produced by brewer's yeast cells degraded alpha-acetolactate and that this degradation caused a decrease in diacetyl production.     

Diacetyl and alpha-acetolactate overproduction by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis mutants that are deficient in alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase and have a low lactate dehydrogenase activity

Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis strains are utilized in several industrial processes for producing the flavoring compound diacetyl or its precursor alpha-acetolactate. Using random mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, we selected mutants that were deficient in alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase and had low lactate dehydrogenase activity. The mutants produced large amounts of alpha-acetolactate in anaerobic milk cultures but not in aerobic cultures, except when the medium was supplemented with catalase, yeast extract, or hemoglobin.     

人sTNFR1基因的克隆以及在NIH3T3细胞中的稳定表达

以He1a细胞的总RNA为模板,用RT—PCR方法扩增sTNFR1全编码区基因片段,构建含有目的片段的T载体克隆及真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（-）重组质粒亚克隆,将重组质粒和脂质体共同转染NIH3T3细胞系,G418筛选稳定转染细胞株．经核苷酸序列测序和酶切鉴定,成功构建了pcDNA3．1（-）-sTNFR1真核表达质粒,脂质体法建立了高效表达sTNFRI的稳定转染细胞系,并经RT—PCR和Western Blotting鉴定．人sTNFR1基因能在NIH3T3细胞系中稳定表达,为今后的研究打下了基础．     

高SO2产量啤酒酵母工业菌株的构建

二氧化硫在啤酒中具有抗氧化的重要功能,而在其形成过程中APS激酶(MET14编码)起着非常重要的作用。以二氧化硫产量较高的青岛啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)YSF-5的总DNA为模板,用PCR方法克隆得到MET14基因。为使目的基因在酿酒酵母中表达,以大肠杆菌-酿酒酵母穿梭质粒YEp352为载体,以PGK1强启动子为调控元件,构建了重组表达质粒pPM,并转化酿酒酵母YS58。转化子在YNB添加亮氨酸、组氨酸和色氨酸的选择性培养基上筛选鉴定,盐酸副玫瑰苯胺法测得转化子的SO2产量是受体菌的2倍左右。在重组表达质粒pPM的基础上添加铜抗性标记基因构建了重组表达质粒pCPM,并转化青岛啤酒工业酵母菌株YSF-38,转化子在YEPD 4mmol/L CuSO4的选择性培养基上筛选鉴定,实验室条件下培养后,测得转化子YSF-38(pCPM)的SO2产量是受体菌的3.2倍。用该转化子在青岛啤酒厂进行小型发酵实验,结果表明在发酵结束时,YSF-38(pCPM)转化子的SO2产量是受体菌的1.4倍。因此,MET14基因的有效表达可以提高啤酒工业酵母的SO2产量。     

Improved performances and control of beer fermentation using encapsulated alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase and modeling

The use of the enzyme alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase allows the acceleration of beer fermentation/maturation because it shunts diacetyl formation, whose elimination is the rate-limiting step of the process. To obtain a cost reduction by using this exogenous enzyme, we propose a new process involving recoverable encapsulated alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase. The performance of traditional and new processes was investigated by a modeling approach. A simple model, focused on alpha-acetolactate and diacetyl profiles during beer fermentation, was set up. The simulated profiles are consistent with literature data. This study shows also that encapsulated alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase allows the acceleration of beer fermentation as efficiently as free alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase. The advantage of immobilized alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase versus free enzyme is that it is recoverable and reusable, which means a process cost reduction.