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1.
以高产杂交稻‘两优培九’(LYP9)和杂交稻‘汕优63’(SY63)为研究材料,用HC同位素示踪等技术,研究了剑叶的叶片与叶鞘的光合作用与光合产物向叶鞘的分配。结果表明,‘两优培九’剑叶及其叶鞘的净光合速率的均值均高于‘汕优63’;剑叶叶鞘中部群体内透光率均值、倒二叶叶鞘中部群体内的透光率均值高于‘汕优63’;剑叶及其叶鞘的Rubisco初始羧化活性均值、总羧化活性均值和活化率均值都高于‘汕优63’,其差异大多数时期达显著水平。‘两优培九’叶鞘光合产物的输出比‘汕优63’快,其叶鞘光合产物输送到穗部的量即转化为经济产量的量比‘汕优63’高。‘两优培九’叶鞘的光合产物主要输送到穗等部位,对产量有一定的(约为15%)贡献。  相似文献   

2.
比较了超高产杂交稻(Oryza sativa L.)X07S/紫恢100和两优培九与多年来大面积推广的杂交稻汕优63的光合功能和抗光胁迫能力.结果表明,超高产杂交稻X07S/紫恢100和两优培九的净光合速率(Pn)分别比汕优63高9.1%和11.9%,而其蒸腾速率(Tr)分别比汕优63低37.46%和31.42%,此外,其水分利用效率(WUE)分别比汕优63高出74.2%和63.5%;经强光(2 000μmol photons@m-2@s-1)处理2 h之后,X07S/紫恢100和两优培九的光系统Ⅱ光化学量子效率分别上升28.3%和37.0%,荧光光化学猝灭系数分别升高46.2%和18.0%,而汕优63的这两项参数值却变化很小;同时,X07S/紫恢100和两优培九的非光化学猝灭系数均下降50%左右,而汕优63则上升近50%,表明超高产杂交稻较高的光合能力、水分利用效率以及较强的抗光抑制能力可能是其高产的生理基础.  相似文献   

3.
研究了两系超高产杂交稻(Oryza sativa L.)"两优培九"和"华安3号"以及多年来大面积推广的三系杂交稻"汕优63"剑叶的PSⅡ活性和叶黄素循环对强光胁迫及其恢复进程的响应.结果表明,在2 000 μmol photons*m-2*s-1的强光胁迫下,3个杂交稻的PSⅡ光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm)、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率(Fv′/Fm′)和PSⅡ的实际光化学转能效率(ΦPSⅡ)都随着光抑制进程而下降,其中以"汕优63"下降的幅度最大.光抑制过程中,杂交稻叶黄素循环的紫黄素(V)组分迅速下降,与此同时,脱环氧化组分环氧玉米黄素(A)和玉米黄素(Z)迅速积累,而超高产杂交稻"两优培九"和"华安3号"的A和Z的积累速度大大高于"汕优63".伴随A和Z的快速积累,它们的叶黄素循环的脱环氧化状态(DES)迅速上升,并在半小时左右基本达到最大值,其中"两优培九"和"华安3号"DES的上升速率仍然较"汕优63"高.光抑制处理结束后,转移到弱光(70 μmol photons*m-2*s-1)条件下恢复过程中,两个超高产杂交稻的Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′和ΦPSⅡ的恢复速率和恢复水平都高于"汕优63".同时,它们的叶黄素循环组分V、A、Z以及DES都逐渐恢复,但"两优培九"和"华安3号"的恢复速率和恢复水平仍然要优于"汕优63".以上结果说明,超高产杂交稻"两优培九"和"华安3号"较对照品种"汕优63"具有更强的抗光抑制及光保护能力,同时在光抑制结束后又能够更迅速地恢复光合功能,较强的抗光抑制能力和较高的恢复能力可能是超高产杂交稻高产的重要生理基础之一.  相似文献   

4.
超高产杂交稻两优培九的光合作用、光抑制和C4途径酶特性   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10  
比较研究了超高产杂交稻(Oryza sativa L.)两优培九和常规杂交稻汕优63剑叶的光合气体交换、光抑制, 以及其剑叶和稃片中的C4酶活性. 发现两优培九和汕优63的光饱和同化速率(Asat)与汕优63相差无几, 但是, 其表观量子效率(AQY)、羧化效率(CE)和CO2同化的量子效率(FCO2)都远远高于汕优63. 强光条件下, 超高产杂交稻两优培九表现出比汕优63更强的抗光抑制能力, 并且具有较高的以叶黄素循环为量度的非辐射能量耗散. 此外, 两优培九的剑叶和稃片中的C4途径酶活性均高于汕优63. 这些结果表明, 较高的光能和CO2利用效率、较强的抗光抑制能力, 以及剑叶和稃片中C4途径的较高表达可能是超高产杂交稻两优培九高产的重要保证.  相似文献   

5.
超高产杂交稻光合特性的研究   总被引:16,自引:2,他引:14  
王强  吴爽 《Acta Botanica Sinica》2000,42(12):1285-1288
比较了超高产杂交稻(Oryza sativa L.)X07S/紫恢100和两优培九与多年来大面积推广的杂交稻汕优63的光合功能和抗光胁迫能力。结果表明,超高产杂交稻X07S/紫恢100和两优培九的净光合速率(Pn)分别比汕优63高9.1%和11.9%,而其蒸腾速率(Tr)分别比汕优63低37.46%和31.42%,此外,其水分利用效率(WUE)分别比汕优63高出74.2%和63.5%;经强光(20  相似文献   

6.
 较系统地研究了抽穗期超高产杂交稻‘华安3号’(`X075’×`紫恢100’)冠层顶部5片叶片的光合功能。结果表明,‘华安3号’剑叶的光系统Ⅱ(PSII)光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm)、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率(Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、表观电子传递效率(ETR)、光合色素尤其是叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)中的新黄素、黄体素和β-胡萝卜素(β-Car)的含量等均优于其下的各叶,而PSⅡ的激发压力(1-qP)低于其它叶片。经对叶片低温(77K)荧光发射光谱的Gaussian解析,与其它各叶片相比,剑叶PSⅡ核心天线复合物CP47和光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)的含量较高,而非活性的PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体(LHCⅡ)聚集态含量较少。研究证明:1)水稻在决定籽粒产量的生育后期,其干物质的积累主要是由冠层最上面的3片叶的光合作用所提供;2)在叶片衰老过程中,光合反应中心的衰老早于天线系统;3)杂交稻的光保护途径之一,可能在于光抑制条件下通过增加PSⅠ含量及其对光能的吸收并刺激环式电子传递高速运转,从而对光合器起保护作用;4)水稻叶片在衰老过程中,可能通过部分Chl b还原为Chl a,以降低LHCⅡ的含量,从而减少对光能的捕获,达到降低光抑制的伤害。  相似文献   

7.
超高产水稻剑叶的高效光合特性   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
以多年来大面积推广的杂交水稻汕优63为对照。研究了超高产杂交水稻两优培九的光合生理特性。结果表明:在生殖生长期两优培九剑叶具有较高的叶绿素含量,Fv/Fo,Fv/Fm,qP,φi和Rubisco含量,表明它有相对较高的光能吸收,转化和利用的能力;且两优培九的qN较汕优63大,1-qP/qN比它小,说明它比对照品种更耐光抑制;两个品种在剑叶衰老过程中都发生了光碳失衡,但两优培九光碳失衡状态较轻;这些可能是超高产水稻两优培九高产的重要原因。  相似文献   

8.
甲基紫精(MV)介导的光氧化导致两个水稻品种‘汕优63’(目前我国大面积推广的杂交水稻)和‘培矮64S/E32’(新培育的超高产杂交水稻)细胞电解质渗漏率都增加,前者增加的量大于后者,显示‘培矮64S/E32’的细胞膜系统受光氧化的伤害小。光氧化条件下,‘培矮64S/E32’仍能维持较高的光合放氧能力(Amax、Φi)、PSⅡ活性(Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ)和叶绿素荧光猝灭系数(qP、NPQ),而且光氧化引起‘培矮64S/E32’这些参数的下降幅度也小。另外,光氧化导致了两个水稻品种抗氧化酶SOD和APX活性增加,‘培矮64S/E32’增加的幅度约为‘汕优63’的3倍。结果表明超高产水稻具有更强的耐光氧化能力。  相似文献   

9.
研究了大田生长条件下两系超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L.)“两优培九”和我国大面积推广的三系杂交水稻“汕优63”从灌浆期到收获期剑叶PSⅡ光化学特性和Rubisco大、小亚基含量的变化。结果表明:可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量随剑叶生长时间的延长先缓慢下降,后期有一个快速降解的过程,“汕优63”降解的速率高于“两优培九”;Fv/Fm和qP都呈下降的趋势,qN则是先降然后上升。激发压(1-qP)在前期的变化较为平稳,后期则急剧增加,“汕优63”较“两优培九”增加快。Rubisco大、小亚基的含量与叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量一样在前期下降比较慢,后期也有一个快速降解的过程,“汕优63”比“两优培九”降解快。激发压的增加与Rubisco大、小亚基的降解呈显著的线性相关性。我们推测PSⅡ激发压的急剧增加可能诱发了水稻剑叶的快速衰老过程。“两优培九”高产的重要生理原因之一,可能是它比“汕优63”有更强的光合能力并能维持更持久和较高的光合功能期。  相似文献   

10.
研究了大田生长条件下两系超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sati va L.)"两优培九"和我国大面积推广的三系杂交水稻"汕优63"从灌浆期到收获期剑叶PSⅡ光化学特性和Rubjsco大、小亚基含量的变化.结果表明:可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量随剑叶生长时间的延长先缓慢下降,后期有一个快速降解的过程,"汕优63"降解的速率高于"两优培九";Fv/Fm和qP都呈下降的趋势,qN则是先降然后上升.激发压(1 qP)在前期的变化较为平稳,后期则急剧增加,"汕优63"较"两优培九"增加快.Rubi Sco大、小亚基的含量与叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量一样在前期下降比较慢,后期也有一个快速降解的过程,"汕优63"比"两优培九"降解快.激发压的增加与Rubisco大、小亚基的降解呈显著的线性相关性.我们推测PSⅡ激发压的急剧增加可能诱发了水稻剑叶的快速衰老过程."两优培九"高产的重要生理原因之,可能是它比"汕优63"有更强的光合能力并能维持更持久和较高的光合功能期.  相似文献   

11.
Characteristics of photosynthetic light and CO2 use efficiency from seedling to heading stage, and C4 pathway enzyme activities in both flag leaves and lemma were compared between two newly developed super-rice hybrids (Oryza sativa L.), Liangyoupeijiu and Hua-an 3, and a traditional rice hybrid, Shanyou 63. At seedling and tillering stages, Liangyoupeijiu and Hua-an 3 had higher net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and light saturated assimilation rates (Asat) than did Shanyou 63, at both normal (360 micromol mol(-1)) and doubled (720 micromol mol(-1)) CO2 concentrations. At the heading stage, the flag leaves of all three rice hybrids had similar Pn and Asat. However, the two super-rice hybrids had higher apparent quantum yield (AQY) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) during all three typical developmental stages, and higher quantum yield of CO2 fixation (PhiCO2) at the tillering and heading stages. In addition, Liangyoupeijiu showed significantly higher activities of the C(4) pathway enzymes in both flag leaves and lemmas than did Shanyou 63. As a result, flag leaves of the two super-rice hybrids had higher Pn at morning, noontime and late afternoon during the daily cycle. Since most of the grain yield of rice comes from the photosynthesis of flag leaves, the similar Asat and much higher AQY, CE and PhiCO2 at heading stage of the two super-rice hybrids indicates that higher photosynthetic efficiency rather than higher photosynthetic capacity may be the primary factor contributing to their higher grain yields.  相似文献   

12.
Midday photoinhibition of two newly developed super-rice hybrids   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Super-rice hybrids are two-line hybrid rice cultivars with 15 to 20 % higher yields than the raditional three-line hybrid rice cultivars. Response of photosynthetic functions to midday photoinhibition was compared between seedlings of the traditional hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) Shanyou63 and two super-rice hybrids, Hua-an3 and Liangyoupeijiu. Under strong midday sunlight, in comparison with Shanyou63, the two super-rice hybrids were less photoinhibited, as indicated by the lower loss of the net photosynthetic rate (P N), the quantum yield of photosystem 2 (ΦPS2), and the maximum and effective quantum yield of PS2 photochemistry (Fv/Fm and Fv′/Fm′). They also had a much higher transpiration rate. Hence the super-rice hybrids could protect themselves against midday photoinhibition at the cost of water. The photoprotective de-epoxidized xanthophyll cycle components, antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z), were accumulated more in Hua-an3 and Liangyoupeijiu than in Shanyou63, but the size of xanthophyll cycle pool of the seedlings was not affected by midday photoinhibition. Compared to Shanyou63, the super-rice hybrids were better photoprotected under natural high irradiance stress and the accumulation of Z and A, not the size of the xanthophyll pool protected the rice hybrids against photoinhibition.  相似文献   

13.
超级杂交水稻谷粒产量与叶光合速率的关系   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
在2000~2005年期间,通过测定几种超级杂交水稻与普通杂交水稻‘汕优63’的产量构成和叶片光合作用探讨了谷粒产量与光合作用的关系。结果表明:(1)4种超级杂交水稻‘培矮64S/E32’、‘P88S/O293’、‘金23A/611’和‘GD-lS/ RB207’的产量水平显著高于‘汕优63’,是对照的108%~120%。(2)与‘汕优63’相比,这些超级杂交水稻的株型好,上层叶片直立,穗大即每穗粒数多,是对照的125%~177%。(3)与‘汕优63’相比,这些组合第二叶的净光合速率显著提高,但第一叶即剑叶的未必都较高。(4)去半叶处理降低了‘GD-1S/RB207’的结实率,而去半穗处理显著提高了结实率。因此,这些超级杂交水稻的高产原因在于穗大、株型好以及群体光能利用效率高。增加单叶特别是剑叶的光合能力是克服谷粒产量的光合产物源限制和在未来的超级杂交水稻育种中实现产量潜力新突破的关键。  相似文献   

14.
Utilization of heterosis has greatly contributed to rice productivity in China and many Asian countries. Superior hybrids usually show heterosis at two stages: canopy development at vegetative stage and panicle development at reproductive stage resulting in heterosis in yield. Although the genetic basis of heterosis in rice has been extensively investigated, all the previous studies focused on yield traits at maturity stage. In this study, we analyzed the genetic basis of heterosis at seedling stage making use of an "immortalized F2" population composed of 105 hybrids produced by intercrossing recombinant inbred lines(RILs) from a cross between Zhenshan 97 and Minghui 63,the parents of Shanyou 63, which is an elite hybrid widely grown in China. Eight seedling traits, seedling height, tiller number, leaf number, root number, maximum root length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and total dry weight, were investigated using hydroponic culture. We analyzed single-locus and digenic genetic effects at the whole genome level using an ultrahigh-density SNP bin map obtained by population re-sequencing. The analysis revealed large numbers of heterotic effects for seedling traits including dominance, overdominance and digenic dominance(epistasis) in both positive and negative directions. Overdominance effects were prevalent for all the traits, and digenic dominance effects also accounted for a large portion of the genetic effects. The results suggested that cumulative small advantages of the single-locus effects and two-locus interactions, most of which could not be detected statistically, could explain the genetic basis of seedling heterosis of the F_1 hybrid.  相似文献   

15.
Heterosis is a common phenomenon in which the hybrids exhibit superior agronomic performance than either inbred parental lines. Although hybrid rice is one of the most successful apotheoses in crops utilizing heterosis, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice heterosis remain elusive. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of rice heterosis, comparative leaf proteomic analysis between a superhybrid rice LYP9 and its parental cultivars 9311 and PA64s at tillering, flowering and grain-filling stages were carried out. A total of 384 differentially expressed proteins (DP) were detected and 297 DP were identified, corresponding to 222 unique proteins. As DP were divided into those between the parents (DPPP) and between the hybrid and its parents (DPHP), the comparative results demonstrate that proteins in the categories of photosynthesis, glycolysis, and disease/defense were mainly enriched in DP. Moreover, the number of identified DPHP involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis, and disease/defense increased at flowering and grain-filling stages as compared to that at the tillering stage. Most of the up-regulated DPHP involved in the three categories showed greater expression in LYP9 at flowering and grain-filling stages than at the tillering stage. In addition, CO2 assimilation rate and apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis also showed a greater increase in LYP9 at flowering and grain-filling stages than at the tillering stage. These results suggest that the proteins involved in photosynthesis, glycolysis, and disease/defense as well as their dynamic regulation at different developmental stages may be responsible for heterosis in rice.  相似文献   

16.
UV-B辐射增强对水稻生长发育及其产量形成的影响   总被引:33,自引:2,他引:31  
在盆载条件下,研究UV-B辐射(280-320nm)增强对3个不同类型水稻品种(组合)的生长发育及其产量构成的影响。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制水稻生长,使株高变矮、分蘖数减少、叶面积和干物质量下降,但其抑制程度依品种、水稻所处的生长阶段的不同而不同;株高在苗期下降幅度最大,为9.4%-12.2%,干物质量在分蘖期下降幅度最大,地下部和地上部干物质量分别下降45.3%-59.8%、54.9%-59.0%,增强的UV-B辐射使水稻主茎不同叶位的出叶时间延迟,生育期延长,汕优63、南川、IR65600-85的抽穗时间分别比对照延迟2d、3d和7d,成熟期分别推迟3d、4d和9d,UV-B辐射增强明显降低水稻叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,叶片叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo下降,与对照相比,汕优6.3、南川、IR65600-85叶片的净光合速率分别下降了11.9%、12.8%、29.7%,UV-B辐射增强使水稻每株有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重下降,最终导致水稻籽粒产量下降25.2%-31.1%。  相似文献   

17.
The brown planthopper (BPH) is the most devastating insect pest in rice-producing areas. Shanyou 63 has become a widely cultivated hybrid in China over the last two decades; however, this line has become increasingly susceptible to bacterial blight (BB), blast, and BPH, resulting in a rapid decline in its use in rice production. In this study, a molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) introgression of Bph14 and Bph15 was performed to improve the BPH resistance of Minghui 63 and its derived hybrids such as Shanyou 63. The effect of pyramiding genes was then comprehensively evaluated using three tests that comprised seedbox screening, feeding rate, and antixenosis for settling in the field. The results showed that the improved hybrids containing a single BPH resistance gene showed enhanced resistance (lower resistance score, honeydew weight and number of BPH settling) compared to conventional hybrids, while pyramiding two genes provided even higher resistance. Moreover, both Bph14 and Bph15 are partial dominance genes, and have a strong dosage effect on the resistance to BPH in the hybrid background, which is useful for breeding BPH-resistant hybrids. Field trial data demonstrated that yields of improved hybrid rice were higher than or similar to the control (Shanyou 63) under natural field conditions. These improved versions could be used in breeding programs for “green super rice.”  相似文献   

18.
川东南杂交中稻超稀栽培对稻米整精米率和垩白粒率的影响   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
 以‘II优7号’、‘汕优63’和‘香优2号’为材料,研究了超稀栽培与稻米整精米率和垩白粒率的关系及其作用原因,结果表明:栽秧密度与整精米率呈极显著负相关,与垩白粒率呈极显著正相关。在中高氮施肥水平条件下,当栽秧密度超稀到7.51万穴•hm-2时,在保证比传统高产栽培密度每公顷栽秧21.64万穴的对照不减产前提下,整精米率提高了15.69%~29.92%,垩白粒率降低了16.34%~21.22%。其原因在于,超稀植增加了每穗着粒数,降低了齐穗期的叶粒比,以致稻穗籽粒灌浆速率减慢而改善整精米率和垩白粒率。齐穗后20 d施氮可同时起到提高结实率和整精米率的双重效果。  相似文献   

19.
In the past, rice hybrids with strong heterosis have been obtained empirically, by developing and testing thousands of combinations. Here, we aimed to determine whether heterosis of an elite hybrid could be achieved by manipulating major quantitative trait loci. We used 202 chromosome segment substitution lines from the elite hybrid Shanyou 63 to evaluate single segment heterosis (SSH) of yield per plant and identify heterotic loci. All nine detected heterotic loci acted in a dominant fashion, and no SSH exhibited overdominance. Functional alleles of key yield-related genes Ghd7, Ghd7.1, Hd1, and GS3 were dispersed in both parents. No functional alleles of three investigated genes were expressed at higher levels in the hybrids than in the more desirable parents. A hybrid pyramiding eight heterotic loci in the female parent Zhenshan 97 background had a comparable yield to Shanyou 63 and much higher yield than Zhenshan 97. Five hybrids pyramiding eight or nine heterotic loci in the combined parental genome background showed similar yield performance to that of Shanyou 63. These results suggest that dominance underlying functional complementation is an important contributor to yield heterosis and that heterosis assembly might be successfully promised by manipulating several major dominant heterotic loci.  相似文献   

20.
The characteristics of dry matter production before and after heading and the relationships between photosynthesis of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation in panicles were investigated on super high-yielding rice cv. Xieyou 9308 (the yield of up to 12 t/ha) with rice cv. Xieyou 63 as a control. The results showed that (i) the capacity of dry matter production before and after heading in Xieyou 9308, i.e. biomass and daily dry matter production, was remarkably higher than that in Xieyou 63, especially after heading; (ii) CO2 assimilation capacity in flag leaves in Xieyou 9308, namely Leaf Source Capacity (LSC), was also significantly higher than that in Xieyou 63, and the supply of photosynthate in leaves and the demand of grain filling were completely synchronous in Xieyou 9308, but photosynthetic function in flag leaves in Xieyou 63 declined sharply 20 days after heading and it was not enough to meet the demand of grain filling. These results confirmed that high efficient photosynthetic function in leaves after heading and its complete synchronization with grain filling are the key approaches to super high yield of rice.  相似文献   

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