综述与专论: 星形胶质细胞对神经退行性疾病影响的研究进展

神经退行性疾病是常见且难以治愈的疾病,给患者的生活带来了极大的不便。星形胶质细胞在神经退行性疾病中发挥重要作用。在神经退行性疾病患者神经系统中,受损的神经胶质细胞对周围的神经元可以产生毒性作用,造成神经元功能障碍,从而死亡。同时,受疾病影响产生的一些反应性星形胶质细胞可以保护神经元,清除神经元周围的有害物质,暂缓疾病的恶化。本综述将讨论星形胶质细胞在部分常见神经退行性疾病中发挥的作用,包括肌萎缩侧索硬化（amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS）、阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）和帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）。同时总结了星形胶质细胞对这些疾病发挥的共同作用,旨在进一步促进神经退行性疾病的研究进展。     

神经系统中内源性硫化氢的研究进展

神经系统内源性的硫化氢（H2S）被认为是一种神经调质,其可以提高神经元N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体调节的反应,易化海马长时程增强（LTP）的产生,从而调节学习和记忆;诱发星形细胞产生钙波从而介导神经元及星形胶质细胞间的信号传递;增加抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽水平、抑制和清除神经系统内的多种氧化性物质等,具有广泛的生理作用。同时,H2S也参与了Alzheimer病、热性惊厥、脑卒中、Down＇s综合征等神经系统疾病的病理生理过程。     

肿瘤坏死因子α在中枢神经系统中的作用

概述了肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）及其受体在中枢神经系统（CNS）中的作用。TNFα在神经元和胶质细胞中的表达量与神经系统疾病的发病密切相关;TNFα与神经胶质增生、Alzheimer’s病、Parkinson病和多发性硬化症都有关系。然而;当CNS受损伤以后,TNFα能够促进神经营养因子的分泌,增强神经元的粘附和促进轴突的生长;这是它有利的一面。这种双重模式的效应与其受体亚型和激活不同的信号转导途径有关。所以,在CNS的发育中,TNFα可能是一个重要的调节因子。     

乳酸在中枢神经系统中的作用及其与相关疾病的关系

一直以来,乳酸在脑中被视作代谢废物,对其功能认识严重滞后。近年来,越来越多的证据表明,乳酸在多种生理与病理过程中扮演重要角色。在神经细胞中,星形胶质细胞是产生和释放乳酸的主要细胞源,该细胞通过有氧糖酵解过程生成乳酸,随后经跨膜通道释放至胞外进入神经元为其供能。在中枢神经系统中,乳酸对稳态调节发挥着十分重要的作用。乳酸主要通过两种途径,即代谢途径(作为能量底物)与信号途径(作为信号分子)调控神经元的功能活动,广泛参与神经元能量代谢、兴奋性、可塑性、学习记忆及神经系统发育等生理过程调节,亦参与抑郁行为、阿尔兹海默病(AD)和脑损伤等病理过程的调节。在脑组织中,存在着乳酸特异性受体(GPR81),乳酸与其结合后调控胞内的第二信使。此外,还发现乳酸可通过未知受体调节神经元的兴奋性以及作为信号分子的其他作用。本文就乳酸作为能量底物和信号分子及其参与相关神经疾病的研究进展进行阐述,旨在为相关中枢神经系统疾病防治提供新思路。     

乳酸——运动改善认知功能的明星分子

既往的研究中,乳酸一直被认为是细胞糖酵解产生的代谢废物。然而,近年的研究表明,乳酸可作为重要的能量代谢底物和信号分子影响多组织器官的生理进程,其运输载体单羧酸转运体及受体G蛋白偶联受体81可能在神经保护过程中发挥关键作用。在中枢神经系统内,乳酸可作用于多种细胞如神经元、星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和血管内皮细胞等,参与改善脑能量代谢,增强神经发生,提高突触可塑性,降低神经炎症,缓解神经毒性,促使髓鞘再生,进而影响个体认知功能。适宜的运动有利于脑健康,但运动能否通过调节乳酸及相关生物学机制改善认知功能未见详尽报道。该文通过分析运动如何调控乳酸及其运输载体和受体的生理水平,以及乳酸如何调节认知功能,探讨乳酸作为运动改善认知功能中介分子的可能性,为借助运动疗法缓解认知衰退的相关疾病提供理论支持。     

干细胞因子和受体在神经系统中的表达及其生物学效应

干细胞因子（stem cell factor,SCF)是一种多功能细胞因子,其受体由原癌基因c-kit编码,称为c-kit受体（c-kitR)。SCF－c-kitR不论在胚胎发育期还是成年期的神经系统,均有广泛的表达。体内外大量研究提示：SCF/c0kitR信号系统在神经系统生长、分化过程中具有多种生物学效应,表现对神经嵴4细胞体外分化的影响,对神经胶质细胞（小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞）的调控作用,并与神经内分泌功能相关。     

CCR5基因转染对骨髓源神经干细胞生物学行为的影响

骨髓源神经千细胞（bonemarrow—derived neural stem cells,BM—NSCs）具有自我更新和分化为神经元与神经胶质细胞的潜能,可用于修复治疗多种神经系统退变与损伤性疾病。但由于其表面缺乏趋化因子受体,移植后向中枢病变部位迁移的速度较慢,疗效欠佳。该研究构建了趋化因子受体CCR5基因,并转染BM—NSCs,用免疫荧光细胞化学法、流式细胞胞仪法及Boyden小室细胞趋化实验,体外研究了CCR5高表达对BM-NSCs增殖、分化与迁移能力的影响。结果表明,CCR5高表达能显著增强BM．NSCs~O趋化能力,而不影响其自我更新和分化为神经元与神经胶质细胞的能力,说明其植入体内后可保持细胞替代与神经修复作用,并能快速大量迁移到病灶部位,显著增强疗效。     

大鼠脑内小胶质细胞神经营养素受体的表达

神经营养素在神经元的生长、发育中的重要作用已有许多报道,但对神经胶质细胞的作用及其作用机制却知之甚少。在本研究中,我们着重对体外培养的小胶质细胞所表达的神经营养素受体进行了分析。首先,利用酚-氯仿法提取了总的细胞RNA,然后通过特异引物采用反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增得到cDNA,再用琼脂糖凝胶电泳、DNA印迹法和免疫细胞化学染色法对神经营养素受体(Trks)进行了测定。实验结果表明:体外培养的大鼠脑小胶质细胞表达高亲和力神经营养素受体TrkA、TrkB和TrkC,以及低亲和力NGF受体LNGFRp75。因此推断,神经营养素对小胶质细胞的生理及调节作用可能是通过它们相应的受体(Trks和LNGFRp75)介导的。这些结果为进一步研究神经营养素在神经系统中的作用机制及小胶质细胞的生理功能提供了资料。     

胶质细胞与病理性疼痛

胶质细胞是中枢神经系统内的一类有别于神经元的细胞,可表达多种神经递质或细胞因子受体,在神经系统的多种功能中扮演着重要角色。组织损伤或炎症引起脊髓胶质细胞大量激活,激活的胶质细胞分泌多种细胞因子和神经-胶质兴奋物质,参与病理性疼痛的产生与维持。以胶质细胞为靶点可能为病理性疼痛的治疗另辟蹊径。     

死亡受体在神经系统疾病中的作用及在神经系统中的下游信号传送机制

细胞凋亡在神经系统发育、神经系统疾病和外伤中扮演着重要角色。死亡受体不仅能触发细胞凋亡,还能促进细胞的生存和生长。最近研究显示,部分死亡受体在神经发育或退化等方面发挥着重要作用。死亡受体在帕金森病中具有神经保护的作用,在肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化和脑缺血性疾病中诱发凋亡前体的产生。这种不同的功能反映出在神经元和神经胶质细胞中死亡受体在转录和翻译信号通路下游的不同机制。本文就死亡受体在神经系统发育和疾病中的作用及其细胞内信号通路作一综述。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various