土壤呼吸的温度敏感性——全球变暖正负反馈的不确定因素

基于模型模拟结果表明,全球变暖与大气CO2浓度增加将形成正反馈关系,这种正反馈效应将明显加速21世纪的气候变暖。然而,这些模拟模型都基于一个重要假设,即不同平均驻留时间的土壤有机质分解具有相同的温度敏感性(Q10)。这一假设与酶动力学理论相悖,而且不同学者对不同质量土壤有机质分解温度敏感性的差异的认识存在严重分歧,所以,全球变暖与大气CO2浓度增加的正反馈关系的显著性仍值得商榷。围绕土壤呼吸的温度敏感性问题进行了讨论和评述,涉及1)土壤有机质分解温度敏感性争论的焦点问题;2)通过经验模型曲线拟合估计Q10值存在的分歧及Q10变异的机理解释;3)实验室土壤培养实验估计Q10值存在的问题;4)土壤培养实验中Q10值计算方法的改进。进一步深化有关土壤有机质分解温度敏感性不确定性的认识,将为今后土壤呼吸及其对气候变化响应的相关研究提供参考。     

全球陆地生态系统光合作用与呼吸作用的温度敏感性

基于全球647套通量数据,定量分析了全球尺度下生态系统光合作用和呼吸作用的温度敏感性(Q10)随纬度、气候和植被的分布规律。结果表明:在全球尺度下,光合作用和呼吸过程的温度敏感性(Q10,G和Q10,R)都随纬度的升高而增加,其中Q10,G和Q10,R的均值分别为3.99±0.21和2.28±0.074。除热带多树草原、常绿落叶林外,Q10,G均大于Q10,R值。不同植被类型的温度敏感性存在显著性差异,表现为:针叶林阔叶林;落叶林常绿林,其中生态系统的季节性变异是造成差异的主要原因。当植被类型和纬度区域共同影响Q10值时,植被类型对Q10值的总变异贡献更大。气候类型对Q10,G和Q10,R都有显著影响。在气候带上,干旱带的Q10,G最小,而冷温带的Q10,G最高。不同气候类型下(除温带草原气候外)的Q10,G都大于Q10,R。在极端条件下,温度可能不在是主导因素,而水分对温度敏感性的影响不可忽略,今后的研究需要更多的关注生态系统温度敏感性对水分变化的响应。     

土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响因素和不确定性

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节之一, 其对温度升高的敏感程度在很大程度上决定着全球气候变化与碳循环之间的反馈关系。为了深刻理解地下生态过程对气候变化的响应和适应,本文综述了土壤呼吸温度敏感性（Q10）的影响因子及其内在机制,并分析了当前研究存在的不确定性。土壤生物、底物质量和底物供应显著调控着土壤呼吸的Q10值,但研究结论仍然有很大差异。温度和水分等环境因子则通过对土壤生物和底物的影响而作用于土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,一般情况下,随着温度的升高,土壤呼吸的Q10值下降;水分过高或过低时Q10值降低。另外本文从土壤温度测定深度、时空尺度、土壤呼吸不同组分温度敏感性差异、激发效应以及采用方法的不同等几方面分析了温度敏感性研究存在的不确定性。并在此基础上, 指出了未来拟重点加强的研究方向:（1）土壤呼吸不同组分温度敏感性差异的机理;（2）底物质量和底物供应对温度敏感性的交互影响;（3）生物因子对土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响。     

水热条件对锡林河流域典型草原退化群落土壤呼吸的影响

 采用碱液吸收法对锡林河流域温带典型草原一退化群落的土壤呼吸进行了测定,并分析了温度和水分对土壤呼吸的影响,结果表明：1）土壤呼吸总体趋势是夏季高,其它季节低,但季节动态呈现不规律的波动曲线;2）气温、地表温度以及5 cm、10 cm、15 cm和25 cm的土壤温度均与土壤呼吸速率呈显著的指数关系,温度对土壤呼吸的影响在低温时比高温时更显著;3）0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层的土壤含水量均与土壤呼吸速率呈显著的线性关系,消除气温的影响后则呈更为显著的乘幂关系;4）根据变量在p=0.05水平上的多元回归分析结果得到关于土壤呼吸与气温和10～20 cm土壤含水量的关系模型：y=5 911.648×e0.04216Ta×M20. 90758 (R2=0.8584,p<0.0001) ,这一模型比单变量模型能更好地解释土壤呼吸的变化情况;5）实验期间土壤呼吸的平均速率为661.35 mgC·m-2·d-1,以气温、地表温度以及5 cm、10 cm、15 cm和25 cm的土壤温度为依据得到的Q10值依次为1.63、1.47、1.52、1.70、1.90、1.97。     

松嫩平原旱生芦苇群落土壤呼吸动态及影响因子

为研究松嫩平原旱生芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用的动态变化及其影响因子,于2011年5—10月采用LI-6400土壤呼吸监测系统对旱生芦苇群落土壤呼吸进行连续野外观测,并分析水热因子对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:芦苇群落土壤呼吸具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征;其日变化为明显的单峰曲线,土壤呼吸速率峰值出现在中午11:00—13:00;7和8月芦苇群落土壤呼吸作用最强,10月土壤呼吸作用最弱。影响旱生芦苇群落土壤呼吸的主导因子是温度,土壤呼吸与近地表空气温度以及土壤0～10、10～20、20～30cm温度均有显著相关性(P<0.01),而近地表空气温度和土壤表层温度对土壤呼吸的影响最大。在5—10月芦苇群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值为1.2～1.65,变异系数为15.4%。土壤含水量和近地表空气相对湿度不是影响该地区芦苇群落土壤呼吸的主要因素。     

枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)人工林土壤呼吸及其影响因子的比较

2007年1月至12月,采用LI-COR-6400-09气室连接到LI-COR-6400便携式CO2/H2O分析系统测定枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)人工林的土壤呼吸,并分析了土壤水热因子及其根生物量对土壤呼吸的影响.研究结果表明:枫香和樟树人工林中土壤呼吸的季节动态存在明显的季节性变化,都呈现不规则的曲线格局.全年土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为1.501 ìmol 和2.800 ìmol s-1.枫香和樟树林土壤呼吸的季节变化与土壤温度呈显著的指数相关,土壤温度可以分别解释土壤呼吸变化的92.7%和77.4%,与土壤含水量呈二次方程关系,土壤含水量可以解释土壤呼吸变化的10.6%和18%.在P＝0.05水平上多元回归分析,分别得出枫香和樟树土壤呼吸与土壤温度和含水量方程:y=0.4728e0.122tw0.002;y=0.061e0.235tw0.086,土壤温度和含水量共同可以解释土壤呼吸变化的94.5%和88.5%.枫香和樟树林中全年土壤呼吸的Q10值分别为2.62和3.26,Q10值在随着季节温度升高,而逐渐减小.两种人工林群落土壤呼吸季节变化表现出受非生物因子温度和水分变化的调控,同时也受森林植被的根生物量、凋落物量的影响.     

土壤异养呼吸的测定及其温度敏感性影响因子

土壤异养呼吸主要指土壤中微生物分解有机质释放CO2的过程,是陆地生态系统中土壤碳的主要净输出途径,土壤异养呼吸与净初级生产力的差值是决定生态系统碳源/汇的关键.本文介绍了土壤异养呼吸的测定方法--室内培养的去根土壤样品培养和原状土柱培养,以及野外原位测定的根排除法、环割法和同位素法等操作方法的优缺点以及适用范围.在土壤异养呼吸的研究方面,土壤异养呼吸温度敏感性(Q10)是碳循环研究的重要方面之一,温度、水分以及土壤呼吸底物是影响Q10的主要因子,一般情况下,随着温度的升高,Q10下降;土壤含水量过低或过高时,Q10降低;土壤有机碳的有效性影响着土壤异养呼吸对温度变化的响应程度,当有效性降低时Q10下降,不同周转时间的有机碳的温度敏感性也不相同,活性有机碳的温度敏感性较惰性有机碳的温度敏感性低.     

中国土壤呼吸温度敏感性空间格局的反演

土壤呼吸的温度敏感性（Q10）是模拟全球变暖与生态系统碳释放之间反馈强度的重要参数．虽然实验研究表明Q10值具有明显的空间异质性,但由于其空间分布格局的定量数据的缺乏,目前绝大多数生物地球化学模型将其简化成一个常数,并以此来预测未来的气候变化,这在一定程度上增大了模型预测的不确定性．本研究基于土壤有机碳的实测数据,并结合碳循环过程模型（CASA模型）,利用反演分析方法估算了8km空间分辨率下中国土壤呼吸温度敏感性的空间分布．结果表明,Q10值具有明显的空间异质性,且与实验方法估算的Q10值具有一致性;不同土壤类型的Q10值在1．09～2．38之间变化,其中火山灰土的Q10值最大,冷棕钙土的值最小;Q10值的空间分布与降水及土壤有机碳含量的关系密切．研究表明,该方法能有效反演Q10值的空间分布,从而有助于揭示碳循环规律并降低未来大气CO2浓度及气候变化预测的不确定性．     

温带荒漠中温度和土壤水分对土壤呼吸的影响

荒漠对气候变化具有高度敏感性, 深刻认识和量化非生物因子对荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸的影响具有重要意义。采用自动CO₂通量系统(Li-8100)监测了梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、假木贼(Anabasis aphylla)和盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)群落生长季土壤呼吸及温度、土壤含水量等, 深入分析了水热因子对土壤呼吸的影响。土壤呼吸具有不对称的日格局, 最小值出现在8:00, 最大值在12:00~14:00。土壤呼吸的季节格局与气温变化基本同步, 最小值在生长季末期(10月), 最大值在生长季中期(6~7月)。梭梭、假木贼和盐穗木群落生长季平均土壤呼吸速率分别为0.76、0.52和0.46 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1。气温对假木贼(51%)和盐穗木群落(65%)土壤呼吸季节变化的解释率高于梭梭(35%)。梭梭、假木贼和盐穗木群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性(Q₁₀)逐渐增大, 基础呼吸速率(R₁₀)逐渐减小。剔除温度影响后, 梭梭、假木贼群落土壤呼吸与土壤含水量呈显著的幂二次方函数关系, 盐穗木群落两者关系却明显减弱, 未达到显著水平。气温、土壤含水量的二元方程均能解释群落土壤呼吸大部分的时间变异: 梭梭群落71%~93%、假木贼群落79%~82%、盐穗木群落70%~80%。人工模拟降水后土壤呼吸速率表现出降水后10 min减小、180 min时明显增加、达到最大值后再次衰减的现象。5和2.5 mm降水处理下的土壤呼吸速率最大值和其后的递减值高于对照处理, 土壤呼吸增加、达到峰值和其后递减过程与5 cm土壤温度变化基本同步。     

苏北淤泥质海岸典型防护林地土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性

土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性研究是准确估计陆地生态系统碳平衡对未来气候变化响应的基础.我国漫长的淤泥质海岸有着大面积的防护林,其碳汇服务功能是一个非常值得研究的科学问题,因此,对淤泥质海岸防护林生态系统土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的研究具有重要的意义.研究采用碱液吸收法对苏北淤泥质海岸杨树Populus tomentosa Carr.及水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng两种典型海防林土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性进行了研究.结果表明:杨树和水杉林地4～11月份土壤呼吸速率变化范围分别为337～732mgCO2m-2h-1和257～821mgCO2m-2h-1,呼吸通量分别为128.57gCO2m-2和121.38gCO2m-2.杨树和水杉林地土壤呼吸速率季节变化均近似单峰曲线,最大值均出现在7月份,最小值分别出现在4月份和11月份.模型R=a×exp(b×T)能够很好地拟合林内气温及土壤温度变化对土壤呼吸的影响,温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,能够解释土壤呼吸季节变化的50.5%～80.9%.土壤含水量与土壤呼吸关系不显著,不是其主要影响因子.利用林内气温及土壤2、5cm和10cm处温度得到杨树林地的Q10值分别为1.45、1.97、2.08、2.01,水杉林地的Q10值分别为1.92、3.29、2.89、3.00.研究结果表明,水杉林地土壤呼吸对全球变暖的响应比杨树林地更敏感.     

温带草原11个植物群落夏秋土壤呼吸对气温变化的响应

 在夏秋季节,采用碱液吸收法对锡林郭勒草原11个群落的土壤呼吸进行了测定,比较和分析了各群落土壤呼吸的季节动态、平均呼吸速率、土壤呼吸对气温变化的响应。结果表明：1）各群落土壤呼吸有明显的季节变化,其动态与气温大体一致,但不完全同步; 2）生长季各群落平均呼吸速率介于565.07～1 349.56 mg C·m-2·d-1之间,总体差异极显著,各群落平均呼吸速率与平均气温无显著相关关系;3）指数模型能较好地表示土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应,温度能在一定程度上解释土壤呼吸的季节变化,但温度较低时模型的拟合好于温度较高时;4）各群落的Q10值介于1.47～1.84之间,与各群落的平均气温亦无显著相关关系,小麦群落的Q10高于所有草地群落,说明土地利用方式对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性有影响。     

Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland

Climate change can profoundly impact carbon (C) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted to examine responses of total soil and microbial respiration, and microbial biomass to experimental warming and increased precipitation in a semiarid temperate steppe in northern China since April 2005. We measured soil respiration twice a month over the growing seasons, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), microbial respiration (MR) once a year in the middle growing season from 2005 to 2007. The results showed that interannual variations in soil respiration, MR, and microbial biomass were positively related to interannual fluctuations in precipitation. Laboratory incubation with a soil moisture gradient revealed a constraint of the temperature responses of MR by low soil moisture contents. Across the 3 years, experimental warming decreased soil moisture, and consequently caused significant reductions in total and microbial respiration, and microbial biomass, suggesting stronger negatively indirect effects through warming‐induced water stress than the positively direct effects of elevated temperature. Increased evapotranspiration under experimental warming could have reduced soil water availability below a stress threshold, thus leading to suppression of plant growth, root and microbial activities. Increased precipitation significantly stimulated total soil and microbial respiration and all other microbial parameters and the positive precipitation effects increased over time. Our results suggest that soil water availability is more important than temperature in regulating soil and microbial respiratory processes, microbial biomass and their responses to climate change in the semiarid temperate steppe. Experimental warming caused greater reductions in soil respiration than in gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). In contrast, increased precipitation stimulated GEP more than soil respiration. Our observations suggest that climate warming may cause net C losses, whereas increased precipitation may lead to net C gains in the semiarid temperate steppe. Our findings highlight that unless there is concurrent increase in precipitation, the temperate steppe in the arid and semiarid regions of northern China may act as a net C source under climate warming.     

土壤温度和水分对油松林土壤呼吸的影响

用LI-COR 6400-09土壤呼吸测定系统,在太原天龙山自然保护区对油松林的土壤呼吸进行了4a测定.结果表明,土壤呼吸具有明显的季节变化特点,最大值出现在8月份,在6～10 μmol m~(-2) s~(-1) 之间,最小值出现在12月份和3月份,在0.5 μmol m~(-2) s~(-1)左右.2005、2006、2007和2008年土壤呼吸CO_2的年平均值分别为(4.71±3.74)、(3.08±2.91)、(2.96±2.58) μmol m~(-2) s~(-1)和(2.12±1.54) μmol m~(-2) s~(-1);4a的CO_2总平均值为(3.27±2.95) μmol m~(-2) s~(-1).4个测定年土壤呼吸的平均值总体差异显著.4个测定年土壤CO_2释放C量分别为1103.5、882.8、918.4 g m~(-2)和666.3 g m~(-2),总C平均值为892.8 g m~(-2),具有明显的年际差异.指数方程可以很好的表达土壤呼吸与10 cm深度土壤温度的关系,R~2值4a分别为0.39,0.60,0.68和0.71,Q_(10)值分别为3.10,4.41、4.05和5.18,用4a全部数据计算的Q_(10)值为4.31.土壤水分对土壤呼吸的作用较弱,R~2值4a分别仅为0.31、0.25、0.13和0.02,但是夏季土壤干旱对土壤呼吸的抑制作用非常明显,可使土壤呼吸下降50%以上.夏季土壤干旱是导致土壤呼吸年际变化的主要原因.4个包括土壤温度和水分的双变量模型均可以很好地模拟土壤呼吸的季节变化, 拟合方程的R~2值从0.58到0.79.     

Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on Concord grape root respiration

Root respiration has important implications for understanding plant growth as well as terrestrial carbon flux with a changing climate. Although soil temperature and soil moisture often interact, rarely have these interactions on root respiration been studied. This report is on the individual and combined effects of soil moisture and temperature on respiratory responses of single branch roots of 1-year-old Concord grape (Vitis labruscana Bailey) vines grown in a greenhouse. Under moist soil conditions, root respiration increased exponentially to short-term (1 h) increases in temperature between 10 degrees C and 33 degrees C. Negligible increases in root respiration occurred between 33 degrees C and 38 degrees C. By contrast to a slowly decreasing Q10 from short-term temperature increases, when roots were exposed to constant temperatures for 3 d, the respiratory Q10 between 10 degrees C and 30 degrees C diminished steeply with an increase in temperature. Above 30 degrees C, respiration declined with an increase in temperature. Membrane leakage was 89-98% higher and nitrogen concentration was about 18% lower for roots exposed to 35 degrees C for 3 d than for those exposed to 25 degrees C and 15 degrees C. There was a strong interaction of respiration with a combination of elevated temperature and soil drying. At low soil temperatures (10 degrees C), respiration was little influenced by soil drying, while at moderate to high temperatures (20 degrees C and 30 degrees C), respiration exhibited rapid declines with decreases in soil moisture. Roots exposed to drying soil also exhibited increased membrane leakage and reduced N. These findings of acclimation of root respiration are important to modelling respiration under different moisture and temperature regimes.     

Effects of open-top passive warming chambers on soil respiration in the semi-arid steppe to taiga forest transition zone in Northern Mongolia

The response of soil respiration to warming has been poorly studied in regions at higher latitude with low precipitation. We manipulated air temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture using passive, open-top chambers (OTCs) in three different ecosystem settings in close proximity (boreal forest, riparian area, and semi-arid steppe) to investigate how environmental factors would affect soil respiration in these different ecosystems, anticipating that soil respiration would increase in response to the chamber treatment. The results indicated that OTCs significantly increased air and soil temperature in areas with open canopy and short-statured vegetation (i.e., steppe areas) but not in forest. OTCs also affected soil moisture, but the direction of change depended on the ecosystem, and the magnitude of change was highly variable. Generally, OTCs did not affect soil respiration in steppe and riparian areas. Although soil respiration was slightly greater in OTCs placed in the forest, the difference was not statistically significant. Analyses of relationships between soil respiration and environmental variables suggested that different factors controlled soil respiration in the different ecosystems. Competing effects analysis using a model selection approach and regression analyses (e.g., Q₁₀) demonstrated that soil respiration in the forest was more sensitive to warming, while soil respiration in the steppe was more sensitive to soil moisture. The differing responses and controlling factors among these neighboring forest, riparian and steppe ecosystems in Northern Mongolia highlight the importance of taking into account potential biome shifts in C cycling modeling to generate more accurate predictions of landscape-scale responses to anticipated climate change.     

Responses of soil respiration to simulated precipitation pulses in semiarid steppe under different grazing regimes

Aims Precipitation pulses and different land use practices (such as grazing) play important roles in regulating soil respiration and carbon balance of semiarid steppe ecosystems in Inner Mongolia. However, the interactive effects of grazing and rain event magnitude on soil respiration of steppe ecosystems are still unknown. We conducted a manipulative experiment with simulated precipitation pulses in Inner Mongolia steppe to study the possible responses of soil respiration to different precipitation pulse sizes and to examine how grazing may affect the responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses.Methods Six water treatments with different precipitation pulse sizes (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mm) were conducted in the ungrazed and grazed sites, respectively. Variation patterns of soil respiration of each treatment were determined continuously after the water addition treatments.Important findings Rapid and substantial increases in soil respiration occurred 1 day after the water treatments in both sites, and the magnitude and duration of the increase in soil respiration depended on pulse size. Significantly positive relationships between the soil respiration and soil moisture in both sites suggested that soil moisture was the most important factor responsible for soil respiration rate during rain pulse events. The ungrazed site maintained significantly higher soil moisture for a longer time, which was the reason that the soil respiration in the ungrazed site was maintained relatively higher rate and longer period than that in the grazed site after a rain event. The significant exponential relationship between soil temperature and soil respiration was found only in the plots with the high water addition treatments (50 and 100 mm). Lower capacity of soil water holding and lower temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the grazed site indicated that degraded steppe due to grazing might release less CO₂ to the atmosphere through soil respiration under future precipitation and temperature scenarios.     

短期增温和增加降水对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

利用红外辐射增温装置模拟短期持续增温和降水增加交互作用对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸作用的影响, 结果表明: 土壤含水量对月土壤呼吸的影响显著大于土壤温度增加的影响, 生长旺季的月土壤呼吸显著大于生长末季; 土壤温度和水分增加都显著影响日土壤呼吸, 但二者的交互作用对土壤呼吸无显著影响。荒漠草原7‒8月平均土壤呼吸速率为1.35 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 7月份为2.08 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 8月份为0.63 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1。土壤呼吸与地下各层根系生物量呈幂函数关系, 0‒10 cm土层的根系生物量对土壤呼吸的解释率(79.2%)明显高于10‒20 cm土层的解释率(31.6%)。0-10 cm土层的根系生物量是根系生物量的主体, 根系生物量对土壤呼吸的影响具有层次性。在未来全球变暖和降水格局变化的情景下, 荒漠草原土壤水分含量是影响生物量的主导环境因子, 而根系生物量的差异是造成土壤呼吸异质性的主要生物因素, 土壤含水量可通过影响根系生物量控制土壤呼吸的异质性。     

Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy

In order to investigate the annual variation of soil respiration and its components in relation to seasonal changes in soil temperature and soil moisture in a Mediterranean mixed oak forest ecosystem, we set up a series of experimental treatments in May 1999 where litter (no litter), roots (no roots, by trenching) or both were excluded from plots of 4 m². Subsequently, we measured soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture in each plot over a year after the forest was coppiced. The treatments did not significantly affect soil temperature or soil moisture measured over 0–10 cm depth. Soil respiration varied markedly during the year with high rates in spring and autumn and low rates in summer, coinciding with summer drought, and in winter, with the lowest temperatures. Very high respiration rates, however, were observed during the summer immediately after rainfall events. The mean annual rate of soil respiration was 2.9 µ mol m^?2 s^?1, ranging from 1.35 to 7.03 µmol m^?2 s^?1. Soil respiration was highly correlated with temperature during winter and during spring and autumn whenever volumetric soil water content was above 20%. Below this threshold value, there was no correlation between soil respiration and soil temperature, but soil moisture was a good predictor of soil respiration. A simple empirical model that predicted soil respiration during the year, using both soil temperature and soil moisture accounted for more than 91% of the observed annual variation in soil respiration. All the components of soil respiration followed a similar seasonal trend and were affected by summer drought. The Q₁₀ value for soil respiration was 2.32, which is in agreement with other studies in forest ecosystems. However, we found a Q₁₀ value for root respiration of 2.20, which is lower than recent values reported for forest sites. The fact that the seasonal variation in root growth with temperature in Mediterranean ecosystems differs from that in temperate regions may explain this difference. In temperate regions, increases in size of root populations during the growing season, coinciding with high temperatures, may yield higher apparent Q₁₀ values than in Mediterranean regions where root growth is suppressed by summer drought. The decomposition of organic matter and belowground litter were the major components of soil respiration, accounting for almost 55% of the total soil respiration flux. This proportion is higher than has been reported for mature boreal and temperate forest and is probably the result of a short‐term C loss following recent logging at the site. The relationship proposed for soil respiration with soil temperature and soil moisture is useful for understanding and predicting potential changes in Mediterranean forest ecosystems in response to forest management and climate change.     

水热因子对沙漠地区土壤呼吸的影响

利用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸室和Li-6400便携式光合测定仪,在植物生长季对腾格里沙漠东南缘植被区和流沙区的土壤呼吸进行了连续测定,并分析了温度和水分对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明:(1)植被区和流沙区土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征相似,即夜间土壤呼吸速率保持在较低的水平,而白天则呈现单峰变化趋势;而季节变化趋势明显不同,即植被区内的土壤呼吸有明显的季节变化,流沙则没有明显的季节变化;(2) 植被区和流沙区0～5cm土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率均呈显著的线性关系,但植被区的相关性好于流沙区.当0～5cm土壤含水量大于测定期间的平均值 (植被区为6.78%、流沙区6.94%)时,植被区和流沙区的土壤呼吸速率都明显高于土壤含水量小于平均值时的土壤呼吸速率,其土壤呼吸速率平均值之比分别为:2.6、1.5;(3) 土壤呼吸速率与地表5cm处土壤温度呈显著的指数关系,当土壤含水量小于测定期间的平均值时,植被区与流沙区的Q10值分别为1.23和1.43;当土壤含水量大于测定期间的平均值时,植被区与流沙区的Q10值分别为2.23和1.72.由此可见,土壤水分不仅影响了土壤呼吸速率的大小,而且还影响了土壤呼吸速率的温度敏感性.