嫩江高峰林区鸟类迁徙与气象因子的相关性初探

2001～2010年在黑龙江省嫩江县高峰林场开展了鸟类环志研究工作,共环志鸟类173种238672只,其中春季142种102285只,秋季147种136387只,隶属14目41科。春季以小鹀Emberiza pusilla、红胁蓝尾鸲Tar-siger cyanurus、黄眉柳莺Phylloscopus inornatus、栗鹀E.rutila、黄眉鹀E.chrysophrys、燕雀Fringilla montifringilla、田鹀E.rustica、黄雀Carduelis spinus等8种为迁徙鸟类的优势种,累计75145只,占春季环志数量的73.5%;秋季以白腰朱顶雀Carduelis flammea、黄雀、田鹀、燕雀、黄眉柳莺、煤山雀Parus ater、北朱雀Carpodacus roseus等7种为迁徙鸟类的优势种,累计99335只,占秋季环志数量的72.8%。利用统计软件对气象因子中的平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温、平均水汽压、日最低气压、日最高气压、相对湿度、地面平均温度、平均风速、最大风速、最大风速的风向、日照时数与春秋季迁徙鸟类的优势种的相关性进行了分析,发现地面平均温度、日最高气温与鸟类迁徙的相关性很强。在春季,与鸟类迁徙的相关性很强的还有日最高气压,而秋季则是日照时数。相对湿度在鸟类迁徙中呈很强的负相关。     

黑龙江省嫩江高峰林区2004年度鸟类环志监测报告

2004年在黑龙江省嫩江县高峰林场开展了鸟类环志研究工作,共环志鸟类100种22 194只,其中春季84种10 256只,秋季82种11 938只,隶属10目30科。春季以棕眉山岩鹨(Prunella montanella)、田(Emberiza rustica)、红胁蓝尾鸲(Tarsiger cyanurus)、燕雀(Fringilla montifringilla)、小(E.pusilla)、黄眉柳莺(Phylloscopus inornatus)、栗(E.rutila)等7种为迁徙鸟类的优势种(数量大于500只),环志7534只,占春季环志数量的73.5%;秋季以黄眉柳莺、燕雀、田、银喉长尾山雀(Aegithalos caudatus)、黄雀(Carduelis spinus)、白腰朱顶雀(C.flammea)等6种为迁徙鸟类的优势种,环志8764只,占秋季环志数量的73.4%;通过环志,发现两种黑龙江省鸟类新记录———姬鹬(Lymnocryptes minimus)、棕眉柳莺(P.armandi-i),高峰林场环志的白腰朱顶雀、红喉姬(Ficedula parva)分别被挪威、俄罗斯回收。这是欧洲国家...     

吉林珲春2002～2005年鸟类环志监测报告

2002～2005年在吉林省珲春市马川子乡依力南沟开展了鸟类环志研究工作。这里为长白山低山丘陵区,是候鸟经长白山脉、乌苏里江迁徙途中重要的停歇地和食物补给站。4年共环志鸟类126种63386只,其中春季103种9761只,秋季113种53625只,隶属13目37科。春季以黄喉鸦（Emberiza elegans）为迁徙鸟类的优势种,环志2467只,占春季环志数量的25．3％;秋季以黄喉鸦、红胁蓝尾鸲（Tarsiger cyanurus）、黄眉柳莺（Phylloscopus inornatus）、大山雀（Parus major）、白眉鸦（E.tristrami）、极北柳莺（P.borealis）等6种为迁徙鸟类的优势种,累计33586只,占秋季环志数量的62．6％;通过环志研究发现,被认为是留鸟的大山雀、银喉长尾山雀（Aeghhalos caudatus）、沼泽山雀（P.palustris）、长尾雀（Uragus sibiricus）具有定期的迁徙行为。     

近10年秦皇岛两种鸟类春季迁徙 时间变化的差异性

气候变化对鸟类迁徙时间的影响是目前生态学研究的热点问题。本文利用鸟类环志的方法分析了2010至2019年河北秦皇岛两种鸟类春季迁徙时间变化趋势及其差异性,并进一步探讨了差异性的原因。选择环志数量较多的食虫鸟黄眉柳莺(Phylloscopus inornatus)和食谷鸟灰头鹀(Emberiza spodocephala)作为研究对象,分析了10年间两种鸟类春季迁徙到达时间、高峰期、离开时间和停歇天数的变化及其相关性。结果表明,10年间黄眉柳莺和灰头鹀春季迁徙到达时间、高峰期和离开时间都出现了提前现象。黄眉柳莺和灰头鹀在秦皇岛停歇天数都呈现缩短的趋势,黄眉柳莺到达时间与离开时间存在显著的正相关。两种候鸟春季迁徙时间出现这种变化的原因是由于秦皇岛环境温度呈现逐渐升高的趋势,促使各种植被群落和昆虫提前进入生长繁殖阶段,为春季提前迁徙而来的候鸟提供丰富的食物资源。黄眉柳莺春季迁徙期在秦皇岛采取“早到早走”的策略,提早到达繁殖地可以增加其繁殖成功率,有助于提高鸟类种群的生存率。     

中国东北地区基于环志监测的田鹀迁徙趋势和数量动态北大核心CSCD

许多长距离迁徙的雀形目鸟类的种群数量正在持续下降,田鹀(Emberiza rustica)种群数量下降趋势更为突出。通过对田鹀种群数量长期监测和迁徙动态分析,可为此物种保护提供科学依据。从2001年开始,陆续在黑龙江省高峰、青峰、帽儿山、新青和大沾河,吉林省珲春和吉林市,辽宁省的辽宁鸟类研究中心(大连)和旅顺老铁山,以及内蒙古乌尔其汗鸟类栖息的临水林缘处布网环志。截至2018年,累计环志田鹀184181只,其中春季88571只,秋季95610只;各年度环志数量波动较大,总体呈现急速下降趋势。幼鸟的越冬损失率高达41.3%。田鹀106只次的回收信息表明,自然条件下田鹀寿命可达11年以上;日迁飞距离最快可达到300 km,飞行速度可达30 km/h。中国东北地区是田鹀等鸟类的重要迁徙途经地;田鹀的迁徙路线相对稳定,在瑞典北部繁殖的种群经中国东北地区迁徙到天津以南越冬。通过环志发现,近些年田鹀种群数量急速下降。通过比对,发现中国东北地区田鹀的环志数量变化趋势与瑞典的田鹀环志数量变化趋势相似;相对于环志数量最多的年份,环志数量下降95%以上,值得关注。栖息地破碎化、非法猎捕等是影响田鹀生存的主要受威胁因素。建议依据田鹀等鸟类生物学习性,加强鸟类栖息地的保护,坚持长期标准化的鸟类环志监测,进一步探索鸟类迁徙规律,以助于鸟类种群的恢复。     

嫩江高峰林区白腰朱顶雀的环志回收

高峰鸟类保护环志站地处大、小兴安岭之间的嫩江河谷东岸,松嫩平原北麓。特殊的地理位置使这里成为候鸟经松嫩平原迁徙途中重要的停歇地和食物补给站。自1998年开展环志以来,截止2005年12月末,在该地区发现鸟类210种,隶属15目36科,环志鸟类163种163305只,其中,白腰朱顶雀(Carduelis flammea)环志26157只,是高峰鸟类保护环志站环志数量最多的种类。2003年2月10日挪威回收到由高峰鸟类保护环志站环志的一只白腰朱顶雀,成为中国开展鸟类环志20多年来,欧洲国家回收到的第一只中国环志鸟。之后,在俄罗斯、荷兰也相继回收到高峰环志的鸟类,使高峰鸟类保护环志工作再度引起鸟类学家的关注。     

哀牢山北段大中山候鸟聚集地秋季夜间迁徙鸟类多样性

环志是研究迁徙鸟类的重要途径。云南省哀牢山北段大中山是鸟类迁徙的重要通道,但缺乏具体的研究数据。1997年、2010年和2011年秋季夜间迁徙鸟类环志研究的结果表明,哀牢山北段大中山捕获到的夜间鸟类有108种2330只,分属10目24科。其中,以雀形目鸟类为主,占总捕获数量的78.3%,捕获优势种为树鹨(占捕获数量的16.95%)、红喉姬鹟(13.39%)、红尾伯劳(9.83%)、红喉歌鸲(8.71%)和栗鹀(4.80%);水禽占捕获鸟类总种数的16.7%,与云南其他地点的研究结果相似。由于水禽是传播禽流感的主要载体,候鸟聚集地存在传播禽流感的风险,春季也有候鸟翻越哀牢山,因此有必要开展春季鸟类环志工作。     

盐城沿海海堤林带柳莺属(Phylloscopus)鸟类秋季迁徙规律

江苏盐城沿海具有广阔的平原与湿地滩涂,但缺少自然林地。经过多年的防风林建设,沿海海堤逐渐形成了特有的、南北走向的条带林生境,为迁徙鸟类提供了通道和停歇地,是研究鸟类迁徙规律的理想地点。柳莺属鸟类个体小,野外种类识别难,其迁徙规律缺乏深入研究。分别于2018年和2019年两个秋季,采用雾网法对盐城沿海海堤林带柳莺属鸟类的迁徙规律进行研究。结果表明：两个秋季共捕获柳莺属鸟类8种608只,其中极北柳莺（Phylloscopus borealis）、冕柳莺（P. coronatus）、淡脚柳莺（P. tenellipes）和黄眉柳莺（P. inornatus）的捕获数量分别为245只、131只、107只和94只,占捕获总数量的95%,是秋季迁徙期的优势种。对优势种柳莺日捕获率进行比较：2019年极北柳莺的日捕获率显著高于淡脚柳莺和黄眉柳莺（U test,P<0.05）。对捕获数量随时间变化进行分析,4种柳莺都以集中在短时间内快速通过的迁徙策略穿越盐城沿海海堤林带,符合秋季小型雀形目鸟类迁徙采取时间最小化假说。不同种类的柳莺在通过盐城沿海海堤林带的时间顺序上存在显著差异（K-W test,P<0.05）,2018年和2019年均以黄眉柳莺通过最晚。随着时间的推移,四种柳莺的脂肪度都逐渐下降。繁殖地纬度的差异可能是导致4种柳莺通过盐城沿海海堤林带时间差异的原因。盐城沿海海堤林带为柳莺属等雀形目小型鸟类的迁徙提供了非常理想的迁徙通道,应当加强海堤林带在鸟类迁徙和保护中的作用研究。     

秦皇岛黄胸鹀和蓝歌鸲的种群动态及迁徙时序——基于1999—2019年的环志数据

鸟类环志是种群监测和迁徙研究的重要手段。基于秦皇岛鸟类环志站1999 ~ 2019年的环志数据,对黄胸鹀（Emberiza aureola）和蓝歌鸲（Larvivora cyane）两种鸟类在21年间的种群动态和迁徙时序进行了分析。结果表明,迁徙途经秦皇岛的黄胸鹀种群数量以4或5年为周期呈规律性的波动下降,年均降幅达17.3%,21年间种群数量累计下降了97.7%。近年来我国加强了对黄胸鹀及其栖息地的保护管理,并于2021年初将其列为国家I级重点保护动物,有望促进其种群的逐步恢复。蓝歌鸲种群数量的年均降幅为4.2%,但下降过程主要集中在1999至2003年间,其后种群指数趋于稳定。黄胸鹀春季网捕高峰短暂而集中,持续约15 d;秋季网捕高峰则较为分散,持续约47 d。这表明黄胸鹀春季迁徙进程明显较为集中和快速,可能是出于繁殖需求采取了时间最短的迁徙策略。蓝歌鸲成年雄鸟、成年雌鸟和亚成鸟春季的网捕高峰在日期上有明显的差异,间隔4或5 d先后出现,表明蓝歌鸲不同年龄和性别的个体在春季进行差别迁徙,有利于减小停歇地的种内竞争,并确保雄鸟提前到达繁殖地占领优质的繁殖领域。     

2002年北戴河林栖迁徙鸟类环志

2002年4月1日～10月31日,共环志林栖迁徙鸟类7目、20科、84种12244只,环志数量超过100只的鸟有23种。春季性别鉴定16种1224只,雌雄比例约为1：1．1;秋季鉴定20种1656只,雌雄比例约为1．4：1。春秋两季大致3d一个迁徙高峰,春季的迁徙曲线高峰斜度较秋季的大,秋季的迁徙高峰比较平缓。     

Where in Europe should we look for sources of the cutaneous trematode Collyriclum faba infections in migrating birds?

Cutaneous cysts with trematodes of Collyriclum faba have been found in birds during their spring and post-breeding migrations in the Czech Republic. During spring migrations, C. faba was found in one dunnock Prunella modularis, two European robins Erithacus rubecula, three common nightingales Luscinia megarhynchos, one song thrush Turdus philomelos and one great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus. During post-breeding migration, the same parasite was found in one garden warbler Sylvia borin, one whitehroat S. communis, three goldcrests Regulus regulus and one Eurasian treecreeper Certhia familiaris. The newly identified hosts of C. faba are dunnock, common nightingale, song thrush, great reed warbler and Eurasian treecreeper. Geographical areas of the birds' infection were identified from an analysis of reports on ringed birds of the same species, the time necessary for the development of cutaneous cysts with C. faba and the time of their survival, and hitherto known geographical areas of endemic occurrence of C. faba. It is presumed that birds trapped during spring migrations were infected in some montane and submontane regions in south-western Europe (the Alps, the Apennines). Birds infected during autumn migration or post-breeding vagrancy could have been infected in the Central European Carpathians, the region of C. faba endemic occurrence. For migrating birds, the impact of C. faba infections has not been hitherto assessed.     

Migration speeds among eleven species of long-distance migrating passerines across Europe, the desert and eastern Africa

Based on phenology, passage and median dates gathered from large number of study sites, we measured autumn and spring migration speeds of eleven long distance migratory passerines in four different ecogeographic sectors: Europe, desert, north-eastern and eastern Africa. Results demonstrate that, during the southward autumn migration, late-departing species, such as lesser whitethroat Sylvia curruca , garden warbler S. borin , spotted flycatcher Muscicapa striata , whitethroat S. borin , and willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus cover their migration route with a slower average migration speed across Europe than do early migrating species. During spring migration, late-departing species (marsh warbler Acrocephalus palustris , garden warbler, spotted flycatcher, red-backed shrike Lanius collurio ) across north-eastern Africa showed a higher speed than early migrating species. Our results show overall shorter migration duration estimates in spring than autumn. Sector-wise seasonal comparisons of duration indicate that migration journey in the African and desert sectors are covered in a relatively shorter time in spring than in autumn. Periods required to cover the distance between northern latitude breeding grounds and desert during both seasons were equivalent.     

Successful restoration of water level and surface area restored migrant bird populations in a Hungarian wetland

Water level and water surface area fluctuations are important factors determining abundance of bird populations and bird assemblages structure in a wetland habitat. The water level and water surface area of the Marsh T?m?rd (West Hungary) changed drastically between 1998 and 2008, and the marsh dried out because of scarce rainfall in 2000 and 2001. A habitat restoration in winter 2001 repaired the waterholding capacity of the marsh. We analyzed changes in parameters of bird assemblages in investigated wetland area in relation of environmental factors. We used full redundancy analysis (RDA) on number of caugth migratory birds per year, species richness, diversity and evenness of bird assemblages to examine correlations among water level, water surface area and vegetation core. Species like water rail, common snipe, river warbler, Savi’s warbler, great reed warbler, reed warbler, marsh warbler, sedge warbler, reed bunting showed high and positive linear correlations with the water level and water surface area in the postbreeding period. Some wetland species, sedge warbler, Savi’s warbler and reed bunting as well as total number of caugth birds per year and total numbers of caugth species per year were clearly associated with thick marsh vegetation. According to our results the bird species composition of the wetland might have returned to the prerestoration levels and surface areas.     

中国四种小型鸟类代谢产热的气候适应

采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计 ,分别在 5 - 35°C、 10 - 30°C和 10 - 35°C的环境温度范围内测定了黄眉(Emberizachrysophrys)、红胁绣眼鸟 (Zosteropserythropleura)、画眉 (Garrulaxcanorus)和红嘴相思鸟 (Leio thrixlutea)的耗氧量、热传导、体温等指标 ,探讨了其代谢产热特征。黄眉、红胁绣眼鸟、画眉和红嘴相思鸟的热中性区分别为 2 5 - 30°C、 2 5 - 2 7 5°C、 2 2 5 - 2 7 5°C和 30 - 32 5°C。在 5 - 30°C的温度范围内 ,黄眉和画眉能保持稳定的体温 ,分别为 4 0 5 8± 0 2 6°C和 4 1 6 8± 0 11°C ;红胁绣眼鸟和红嘴相思鸟的体温随环境温度的降低有下降的趋势。在热中性区内 ,黄眉、红胁绣眼鸟、画眉和红嘴相思鸟的平均基础代谢率分别是3 6 5± 0 14、 4 6 9± 0 2 7、 3 5 5± 0 14和 4 2 4± 0 17mlO2 / (g·h) ,分别是体重预期值的 12 8%、 2 30 %、 6 0 %和 12 0 %。在下临界温度以下 ,黄眉、红胁绣眼鸟、画眉和红嘴相思鸟的最小热传导分别是 0 2 4、 0 31、 0 2 1和 0 34mlO2 / (g·h·°C) ,分别是体重预期值的 14 9%、 14 9%、 2 15 %和 2 4 3%。这些小型鸟类的生理生态学特征是 :(1)黄眉和红胁绣眼鸟有高的基础代谢率和相对低的下临界温度 ,适应低温环境     

Of squeezers and skippers: factors determining the age at moult of immature African Penguins Spheniscus demersus in Namibia

We used banding and resighting records of 391 African Penguins Spheniscus demersus banded as chicks and later resighted during immature moult to explain the roles of date of fledging and age at moult in determining the season of moult and its timing within the season. Breeding was continuous, but immature moult occurred mainly during spring and summer. Age at immature moult extended over 11 months, from 12 to 23 months after hatching. Birds that fledged during summer and early autumn generally moulted during the next moult season (squeezers), whereas birds that fledged in late autumn, winter and spring skipped the next moult season to moult only the following season (skippers). There was a significant relationship between age at moult and moult date, with young birds moulting later in the season than older birds. The age at moult of immature birds appears to be constrained by minimum age, moult seasonality and plumage wear. Birds that fledged over nearly 2 years moult during one season. Counts of moulting immature African Penguins have not been used to estimate year-class strength and post-fledging survival owing to the wide range of ages at immature moult. Our results provide the means of assigning recruits to specific age groups.     

Inter-specific association and habitat use in a farmland passerine assemblage

We studied the pattern of inter-specific association of breeding territories in a passerine assemblage of dry cereal farmland in central Spain and evaluated the role of the presence of heterospecifics in the habitat use patterns exhibited by different species. Bird territories showed a non-random inter-specific spatial aggregation pattern. We studied territory abundance variation in the three more abundant species: the corn bunting, the crested lark, and the fan-tailed warbler. Crested lark and fan-tailed warbler territories were more abundant in plots where corn bunting territories were present and vice versa, while their respective abundances did not vary with the breeding presence of the other species. We used landscape and agricultural management variables to analyze the relationships between habitat and each species?? breeding territories by means of classification trees. While the corn bunting showed a marked pattern of nesting habitat use, the crested lark and the fan-tailed warbler exhibited a much more generalist one. Corn Bunting presence was affected negatively by intensification-related variables, such as field size and percent cover of cereal crops. Similarly, the presence of crested larks was negatively related to high yielding areas. However, when the presence of hetero-specific territories was considered, the presence of corn bunting territories was the most important variable explaining the occurrence of breeding fan-tailed warblers, and the second most important in the case of the crested lark. These results suggest that inter-specific attraction could play a role in the formation of farmland bird assemblages, while adding further evidence for the detrimental effect of agricultural intensification at the community level.     

金门浯江溪口鸟类的多样性

在福建省金门岛西岸的滨海滩地浯江溪口进行了为期2年的调查,采用每月2次的定点调查,获得鸟类30科105种的记录,2000年为27科89种5514只;2001年为28科84种9079只,两年种类和数量起伏月变动曲线都有2个高峰,一是在春季,另一是在秋季,虽两年高峰点有前后之差,但曲线的模式,基本上是一致的,滩地的冬候鸟和旅鸟最为显著,优势种包括普通鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax carbo),环颈Xing（Charadrius alexandrinus),白腰杓鹬（Numenius arquata),中杓鹬（Numenius phaeopus),翻石鹬（Arenaria interpres),黑腹滨鹬（Calidris alpina)等,物种多样性指数均以春季最高,秋季次之,夏季最为贫瘠。     

Epidemiologic and pathologic aspects of Salmonella typhimurium infection in passerine birds in Norway

Septicemic salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Typhimurium 4, 12: i:1, 2 was diagnosed in 94 (64.8%) of 145 small passerines comprising nine species, examined in Norway during 1999-2000. The birds were found dead at private feeding places throughout the country. The bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula), Eurasian siskin (Carduelis spinus), common redpoll (Carduelis flammea), and Eurasian greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) were the most frequently affected species. Pathologic findings in 94 carcasses included poor body condition (84%), enlarged spleen (73%), and necrosis of crop/esophagus (78%), liver (53%), spleen (46%), proventriculus (13%), and intestine (5.3%). Histologically, necrosis consisted of debris, fibrin, inflammatory cells, and aggregates of Gram-negative bacteria and occasionally giant cells. Based on information from questionnaires sick and dead birds were observed at feeding places from December to June, with a distinct peak during February and March. The duration of recorded outbreaks varied from less than 1 wk to 4 mo. In a separate study, 1,990 apparently healthy passerines caught at feeding places established for bird-ringing purposes were surveyed for cloacal carriage of Salmonella spp. Forty (2.0%) of the birds examined, representing sampling sites both in southern and northern parts of the country, harbored S. Typhimurium 4, 12: i:1, 2 in their intestines. The carrier species largely reflected the species most often suffering from fatal infection.