土人参的组织和单细胞培养及试管苗开花结实

以土人参的花梗、茎和叶片为外植体在ＭＳ培养基上诱导出愈伤组织,诱导率为７５％－９０％。愈伤组织经分化和生根培养再生了完整植株。由组织培养再生苗的幼茎诱导的愈伤组织建立悬浮系。由悬浮系分离的单细胞在２／３ＭＳ液体培养基中振荡培养或振荡培养３周后转入双层培养均再生了愈伤组织,再生率分别为０．２８％和０．４１％。愈伤组织在含有较低浓度６－ＢＡ的培养基上分化出苗。幼苗生长迅速,每３周扩增６．７倍,再生植株     

锁阳愈伤组织诱导和增殖及不定根分化

以药用寄生植物锁阳的不同部位肉质茎为外植体,研究外植体形态及植物生长调节剂配比对愈伤组织形成、增殖及不定根分化的影响,建立了高效的锁阳肉质茎愈伤组织诱导、增殖和不定根分化体系。结果表明,锁阳茎下部大小为1．5cmx1．5cmxl．5cm的外植体,维管束平行于培养基放置,有利于愈伤组织形成;外植体培养50d,愈伤组织形成。高效的愈伤组织诱导培养基为Ms＋6-BA1．0mg.L-1＋2,4-D3．0mg·L-1,愈伤组织诱导率可达67％;增殖培养基为Ms＋6．BA0．5mg·L-1。＋2,4-D1．5mg·L-1,NxsN74％;在Ms＋6．BA1．0mg·L-1＋NAA2．0mg·L-1。分化培养基中,不定根诱导率达56％。     

碱蓬茎段培养再生植株的研究

将碱蓬（ＳｕａｅｄａＦｏｒｓｋ）种子经消毒后分别接种在４种不同ｐＨ值的培养基上,两天后观察发现以ｐＨ７培养基上的种子出苗最快,出苗率最高。６ｄ时观察,在ｐＨ９的培养基上也有较高的出苗率。用上述无菌苗茎段为外植体,分别接种在４种不同生长素的培养基上均能产生愈伤组织,除含有２,４Ｄ的培养基外,其它３组愈伤组织的诱导频率均达到１００％。把愈伤组织移到添加ＢＡＰ与ＩＡＡ的分化培养基上,三个星期后由愈伤组织分化出不定芽,分化频率为１２５％。当不定芽长至１５ｃｍ～２ｃｍ时转入生根培养基,两个星期后长出白色的根,获得完整植株。     

三尖杉外植体来源与培养基成分对愈伤组织生长的影响

为了建立和优化获得有效生物碱成分的三尖杉愈伤组织的培养技术和方法,以大连地区移栽自庐山植物园的三尖杉(Cephalotaxus)植株为原料,就外植体种类、基本培养基种类、激素种类和浓度等因素对愈伤组织诱导、生长的影响进行了系统的研究和归纳。实验发现,幼茎外植体因其出愈率早、诱导率高而最佳;培养基MS NAA3.0mg/L KT0.1mg/L为最佳诱导愈伤培养基,其诱导率达91%,继代培养基中一定浓度的NAA(1.0～3.0mg/L)有利于愈伤组织的产生,但是高浓度的NAA(8.0mg/L)则对愈伤组织的生长有抑制作用,其在MS基础培养基上较在B5和1/2MS培养基上褐化轻,生物量增长快,冬季诱导的愈伤组织,其诱导率普遍高于夏季所诱导的愈伤组织。结果表明,以11月份三尖杉幼茎为外植体,以MS NAA3.0mg/L KT0.1mg/L为诱导培养基和继代培养基,继代6～8代,每代培养30～35d,收获愈伤组织或细胞培养物,该程序是获得大量三尖杉愈伤组织的较佳培养程序。     

睫毛萼凤仙花的组织培养及其愈伤组织的超微观察

试验以睫毛萼凤仙花无菌苗的叶片、茎和根为外植体进行离体培养,并对两种具有不同再分化能力的愈伤组织进行电镜超微观察.结果表明:在培养基MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L上愈伤组织诱导率达最高,叶片愈伤组织的诱导率为100%,茎的愈伤组织诱导率为67%,而根却没有愈伤组织的发生;叶片愈伤组织在MS+...     

冬凌草离体培养体系的建立及主要次生代谢产物的测定

以冬凌草叶片为外植体,研究不同浓度激素组合对冬凌草愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的影响,并对不同外植体(茎、叶)诱导愈伤、芽的分化能力及再生植株内主要次生代谢产物的含量进行了比较研究。结果表明:在MS 2.0 mg/L 6-BA 1.0 mg/L NAA培养基上诱导愈伤组织效果较好;在MS 2.0 mg/L 6-BA的培养基上诱导芽的效果较好;叶片和茎段在愈伤诱导培养基上均能产生大量的愈伤组织,但其再分化能力以茎段最好;再生苗生根培养基以0.3 mg/L IBA最好;以叶为外植体诱导的再生植株中冬凌草甲素、迷迭香酸的含量均高于以茎为外植体诱导的再生植株。     

马铃薯器官发生和植株再生研究

虎头、克４和Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ３个马铃薯品种的根、茎、叶外植体在附加ＮＡＡ和ＢＡ各１ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳ培养基上诱导出愈伤组织。在附加０．２ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ和１ｍｇ／ＬＢＡ的ＭＳ培养荐,愈伤组织上分化产生不定芽。１．５－２．５ｃｍ高的不定芽在ＭＳ＋０．０５ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ培养基上生根形成再生完整植株。３个马铃薯品种中,虎头茎的愈伤组织诱导频率最高,达９８％。Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ叶愈伤组织的不定芽分化频率和不定芽生     

甘蔗原生质体的植物再生

从甘蔗嫩叶外植体诱导愈伤组织,经继代培养后,挑选胚性愈伤组织,转入ＭＳ３液体培养基,进行悬浮培养,当培养物分离出小粒状的细胞团,细胞变得小而圆时,用于分离原生质体,原生质体以琼脂糖固化的培养方式培养于ＭＲＰ１培养基中,由原生质体再生的愈伤组织有两种类型,挑选粒状,坚实的再和愈伤组织转移到Ｎ６分化培养基上,“新台糖１号“再生的愈伤组织,在含有ＫＴ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的培养基中,分化出绿芽并长成完整的植株。     

白皮松和油松雌配子体愈伤组织的诱导和分化

以白皮松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｂｕｎｇｅａｎａ Ｚｕｃｃ．）和油松（Ｐ．ｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍ ｉｓ Ｃａｒｒ．）的未成熟胚乳,即雌配子体为外植体进行培养,将雌配子体分别接种在添加不同激素种类和不同浓度配比的改良ＭＳ培养基上诱导愈伤组织。经过２０多天的培养,在含有１—６ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ 萘氧乙酸（ＮＯＡ）和０．５ｍ ｇ／Ｌ６－ＢＡＰ及３％ 蔗糖浓度的培养基上诱导产生了愈伤组织,愈伤组织的诱导频率最高为２５％ 。经细胞学观察证明：愈伤组织细胞确为单倍性的,染色体数目为ｎ＝ １２,正常的体细胞染色体数目为２ｎ＝ ２４,并在含有ＡＢＡ 的原诱导愈伤组织培养基上分化出绿色小芽     

甘蔗原生质体的植株再生

从甘蔗（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｕｍ ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ Ｌ．）嫩叶外植体诱导愈伤组织,经继代培养后,挑选胚性愈伤组织,转入ＭＳ３ 液体培养基,进行悬浮培养。当培养物分离出小粒状的细胞团,细胞变得小而圆时,用于分离原生质体。原生质体以琼脂糖固化的培养方式培养于ＭＲＰ１ 培养基中。由原生质体再生的愈伤组织有两种类型。挑选粒状、坚实的再生愈伤组织转移到Ｎ６ 分化培养基上,“新台糖１ 号”再生的愈伤组织,在含有ＫＴ ０．５ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ的培养基中,分化出绿芽并长成完整的植株。而“粤糖５７－４２３”和“ＵＳ６６－５６－９”再生的愈伤组织,在加有０．１％ 的活性炭的培养基中,前者分化出白化苗,后者分化出根     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。