外源激素、温度和亲本规格对大刺鳅人工催产及孵化的影响

综合分析比较了温度、外源激素和亲本规格3种因子对野生大刺鳅(Mastacembelus armatus)人工催产及孵化的影响, 结果显示: 大刺鳅催产及孵化的适宜水温为24—32℃, 最佳繁育水温为28℃, 效应期为(39.43±2.87)—(58.43±1.25)h, 孵化历时为(44.35±0.5)—(75.74±0.63)h, 效应时间和孵化历时随着水温升高逐渐缩短, 呈负相关; 亲本规格直接影响其催产及孵化效果。经外源激素催产后小规格亲本比大规格亲本性腺更早成熟, 催产效益期较短。产卵量、受精率和孵化率3个指标与亲本规格呈正相关, 规格越大产卵量越高卵子质量越好; 在适宜的剂量范围内3种外源激素组合均能部分实现催产。综合分析各项指标, 2种激素混合配方(DOM+LRH–A₂)的催产和孵化效果均较差, 3种外源激素混合使用(HCG+DOM+LRH–A₂)的效果最好, 适合用于大刺鳅繁育, 最佳催产剂量为1000 IU+5 mg+6 μg。     

池养大鲵的人工催产研究

本文报道了人工培育大鲵亲本的繁殖结果。在养殖条件下,大鲵的性腺可正常发育,大鲵的性成熟年龄为5龄,性周期为一年一次,群体的繁殖高峰期出现在每年的6—8月。使用LRH-A或HCG均可诱导大鲵产卵和排精。群体的性腺发育进程存在明显的个体差异,雄性比雌性的发育时间长10—20d。在繁殖盛期进行人工催产,获产率为60%左右。人工繁育的子代,在培育为亲本时,其性腺发育的个体差异仍然存在。养殖的性成熟个体,在没有受到外源激素作用时,将不会发生自然排卵现象,雄鲵不能挤出精液。在20—23℃下,雌性大鲵的效应时间约为96—120h,雄性可在80h后挤到精液。大鲵的产卵量为400—500粒,平均为430粒。多次产卵个体的产卵量多于初次产卵个体。低剂量的药物催熟,未发现对性腺发育进程和产卵结果有明显的促进作用。     

外源水溶性有机物及温度对红壤铜形态的影响

利用模拟培养试验研究了外源水溶性有机物（DOM）添加量和培养温度对红壤中Cu形态的影响. 结果表明: 与不添加DOM比较, 添加不同量的DOM均可提高土壤中交换态Cu的含量、降低铁锰结合态Cu含量; 随着培养时间的延长,不同DOM添加量下土壤交换态Cu含量呈逐渐下降趋势;至试验结束时,DOM添加量为250 mg·L^-1时土壤交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cu含量最高, 添加量为500 mg·L^-1时铁锰结合态Cu含量最高;不同DOM添加量下, 土壤中有机结合态Cu含量较CK增加10.67%～23.66%. 在25 ℃和45 ℃温度条件下, 添加DOM后土壤交换态和铁锰结合态Cu含量均随培养时间的延长呈下降趋势, 但在5 ℃下变化趋势相反; 3种温度下添加DOM后土壤碳酸盐结合态Cu含量有随培养时间延长而增加的趋势. 随着培养温度的升高,土壤有机结合态Cu含量增加, 但在温度较低(5 ℃)时土壤残渣态Cu含量下降.     

介绍一种新的高效鱼用催产剂——促黄体素释放激素类似物

1958年,我国用鲤垂体和绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG),使池养家鱼人工繁殖成功,结束了江河捞苗“靠天吃饭”的历史。 在无产阶级文化大革命和批林批孔运动的推动下,淡水养殖事业进一步迅速发展,对鱼苗的需要量也越来越大,原有的两种催产剂已难以满足生产上日益增长的需要。因此,迫切希望寻找一种经济、有效、使     

诱导鲢排卵时性类固醇激素含量的变化

本文报道了人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)和哺乳动物促黄体激素释放激素类似物(LHRH—A)诱导鲢鱼排卵过程中,血清中性类固醇激素的变化规律。实验表明,经注射催产药物后,雌鱼血清中主要出现睾酮和17α20β-双羟孕酮(17α20βρ)浓度的变化,而雌二醇和孕酮浓度始终很低,变化不大。两种催产剂皆先诱导睾酮浓度达到峰值(4．83—16．65ng／ml),睾酮浓度随后下降,而17α20βρ浓度达到峰值(4．35—5．0ng／m1)时出现排卵。HCG和LHRH—A直接和间接地通过诱发17α20βρ的合成,再经其中介作用,最后诱导卵母细胞成熟排卵。雄鲢经人工催产注射后未发现17α20βρ的变化,睾酮反有所下降。本研究为采用17α20βρ作为鲢的催产药物提供了理论依据。     

合成促黄体生成素释放激素的类似物(LRH-A)对家鱼催产效果的进一步探讨

人工合成的LRH 类似物(焦谷·组·色·丝·酪·D-丙·亮·精·脯乙基酰胺)对家鱼催情产卵具有催产率高、受精率高、孵化率高的优点,深受广大水产养殖场的欢迎。本文进一步报导在稳定和缩短效应时间、提高催产率等方面的工作,重点研究了鲢鱼对LRH 类似物的敏感性,多年以HCG 催产的“抗药性”,水温变化对效应时间的影响及cAMP-LRH 类似物混合剂的催产效果,并就有关问题进行了讨论。     

中国嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征

为了明确嵩草属(Kobresia)植物分布与气候要素的关系, 收集了嵩草属植物地理分布资料和气象台站气候数据, 应用ArcGIS软件及SPSS软件中的聚类分析方法, 分析了嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征。结果显示: 嵩草属植物分布在青藏高原、西北、华北和东北部分地区, 广泛分布13种, 间断分布10种, 分布海拔为1 400-5 000 m, 经度和纬度范围分别为81-112° E和23-46° N。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素平均值范围: 年生物学温度为4-19 ℃, 年平均气温为0-20 ℃, 年平均最高气温为7-28 ℃, 年平均最低气温为-6-16 ℃, 极端最高气温为25-40 ℃, 极端最低气温为-37.0-0.0 ℃, 1月和7月平均气温分别为-14-13 ℃和11-24 ℃, 1月和7月最高气温分别为-7-23 ℃和18-30 ℃, 1月和7月最低气温分别为-22-7 ℃和5-20 ℃, 春夏秋冬季气温分别为-4-19 ℃、9-23 ℃、6-21 ℃和-11-15 ℃, 温暖指数为23-159 ℃, 寒冷指数为-36-0 ℃, 年降水量为154-1 500 mm, 春夏秋冬降水量分别为19-135 mm、53-662 mm、48-545 mm和5-92 mm, Holdridge潜在蒸散量为261-1 100 mm, Thornthwaite潜在蒸发量为399-895 mm, 干燥度为167-786, 湿润指数为179-816, 4-10月日照时数为990-2 100 h。在热量要素平均值较低和中等、降水量与干燥湿润度平均值中等或辐射时数平均值较高范围下分布种数较多。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素极值, 年平均气温最小最大值范围为-6-21 ℃, 年平均最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为-12-28 ℃, 极端最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为-48-42 ℃, 最冷最热月气温范围为-32-33 ℃, 冬夏季最低最高气温范围为-20-25 ℃, 降水量最小最大值范围为15-1 800 mm, 干燥度最小最大值范围为7-890, 日照时数最小最大值范围为701-2 300 h。在热量要素极值较低、降水量及干燥度极值中等或日照时数极值较大范围下分布种数较多。说明嵩草属植物主要适应于低温亚湿润型和中温湿润型气候。     

低温环境下施氏鲟的人工繁殖研究

施氏鲟天然繁殖水温为16－19℃,在8－14℃水温中进行人工繁殖,获得成功,催产率85％,在低温环境（8－14℃）中催产,效应时间内水温基本稳定或升高是催产成功的关键,而温度高低与催化成功率没有明显关系。在低温环境中,催产的效应时间大幅度延长,卵母细胞游离速度十分缓慢,应多次少量注射激素,催产才能完全成功,催产激素剂量以怀卵量计算效果较佳;卵化积温非常数。神经胚期胚胎在水温低于11时畸形死亡,孵出期胚胎在水温达13℃才能正常破膜,其它时期胚胎在8．5℃水温中能正常发育。     

两种温度条件下早熟桃果实中挥发性物质成分分析

采用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱(CTC-GC-MS)分析技术测定了两种温度(4和20℃)条件保存下早熟桃品种京春(早生黄金实生)果肉和果核中挥发性物质成分.定性分析显示有24种化合物,主要是醛、酯、酸、醇、烃、萜、抗氧化物质等,其中23种在常温下的果肉中测得,21种在常温下的果核中测得,相对含量较高的是乙酸乙酯.在低温条件下,果肉和果核中分别测得21种和16种,和常温下相比,大部分物质含量都较低,而醛类物质(3-甲基丁醛除外)则几乎相反,尤其是2-己烯醛只在低温下测到.官能评定结果显示,经低温保存70h后的风味比常温下保存的要好.     

冻融条件和土壤湿度对森林土壤渗漏液溶解性有机质含量与光谱结构特征的影响

土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)含量及其稳定性影响土壤碳氮循环关键过程,目前气候变化下森林土壤DOM含量及其光谱结构特征仍不明确.本研究利用长白山阔叶红松混交林和次生白桦林表层土壤进行室内冻融模拟试验,结合三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析方法,研究冻融强度和冻融循环次数及其交互作用对不同湿度温带森林土壤渗漏液DOM含量、组分和光谱结构特征的影响.结果表明: 森林土壤渗漏液DOM含量及其组分因林分类型、土壤湿度、冻融强度、冻融循环次数不同而存在差异.2种林分土壤渗漏液DOM含量均在中湿度下最低,并受高强度冻融影响显著,且随冻融循环次数增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势.可鉴别DOM的3个荧光组分:胡敏酸类DOM、富里酸类DOM和蛋白类DOM;阔叶红松混交林土壤渗漏液DOM组分以富里酸类物质为主,腐殖化程度较高;而次生白桦林土壤渗漏液DOM组分以胡敏酸类物质为主,3组分受冻融强度显著影响,稳定性较低.经冗余分析(RDA)发现,林分在很大程度上决定森林土壤DOM属性变化,次生白桦林土壤渗漏液DOM含量及其3组分荧光强度大于阔叶红松混交林;土壤湿度显著影响DOM芳香性,2种林分土壤渗漏液DOM芳香性均呈中湿度>高湿度>低湿度的趋势;随冻融强度增加,阔叶红松混交林土壤渗漏液DOM芳香性显著降低;多次冻融循环显著提高2种林分土壤渗漏液DOM腐殖化程度.因此,不同冻融作用下,低湿度温带森林土壤渗漏液DOM含量及其生物有效性呈现增加的趋势,尤其是次生白桦林土壤,可能会增加春季冻融期温带森林土壤溶解性有机质淋溶损失.这些结果可为深入研究野外冻融期温带森林土壤溶解性有机质周转机制提供参考.     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor