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1.
信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12  
鲁玉杰  张孝羲 《昆虫知识》2001,38(4):262-266
本文综述了来自寄主植物的挥发性物质和同种昆虫或异种昆虫释放的各种信息素及两者的协同作用的信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响。特别强调了寄主植物的气味物质和昆虫信息素协同作用在昆虫寻找寄主、求偶、交配及天敌在寄主识别过程中的重要地位。昆虫对寄主植物的识别是由于识别了植物气味的由一定组分、按照严格比例组成的化学指纹图。昆虫信息素与植物挥发性物质相结合为昆虫寻找求偶、交配场所提供更复杂或更全面的信息。许多昆虫只有在寄主植物或寄主植物气味存在时 ,才能释放性或聚集信息素。天敌在寄主识别、搜索及定位等一系列过程中 ,来自寄主的食料、寄主本身及两者的互作的信息化合物起重要的作用。研究信息化合物对昆虫行为的影响可以探索昆虫各种行为的内在机理 ,更好的了解寄主—昆虫—天敌三层营养关系的相互作用 ,对利用天然活性化合物防治害虫及生物防治提供理论依据  相似文献   

2.
昆虫与植物的协同进化:寄主植物-铃夜蛾-寄生蜂相互作用   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
王琛柱  钦俊德 《昆虫知识》2007,44(3):311-319
近数10年内,Ehrlich和Raven于1964年提出的协同进化理论及Jermy于1976年提出的顺序进化理论极大地促进了对昆虫与植物相互作用的研究。文章首先简要介绍有关理论,对植食性昆虫与植物关系研究的若干核心问题进行评述。主要问题包括(1)植食性昆虫如何选择寄主植物?(2)植物次生物质是否作为植物防御昆虫取食的重要屏障?(3)昆虫能否适应植物的化学防御?(4)植食性昆虫寄主范围是否是从广到专演化的?随之,作者结合对铃夜蛾Helicoverpa系统研究取得的结果,对上述问题做了进一步的论证和阐述。最后,在继承协同进化、顺序进化等理论精髓的基础上,根据当今三营养级相互作用领域的研究新进展,提出一个新的假说,即多营养级协同进化假说。该假说肯定植物次生物质在植物防御和昆虫识别寄主植物上的重要作用,同时把其他营养级并列放入交互作用的系统,特别强调第三营养级在昆虫与植物关系演化过程中的参与和寄主转移与昆虫食性专化和广化的联系。  相似文献   

3.
陈澄宇  康志娇  史雪岩  高希武 《昆虫学报》2015,58(10):1126-1130
植物次生物质(plant secondary metabolites)对昆虫的取食行为、生长发育及繁殖可以产生不利影响,甚至对昆虫可以产生毒杀作用。为了应对植物次生物质的不利影响,昆虫通过对植物次生物质忌避取食、解毒代谢等多种机制,而对寄主植物产生适应性。其中,昆虫的解毒代谢酶包括昆虫细胞色素P450酶系(P450s)及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)等,在昆虫对植物次生物质的解毒代谢及对寄主植物的适应性中发挥了重要作用。昆虫的解毒酶系统不仅可以代谢植物次生物质,还可能代谢化学杀虫剂,因而昆虫对寄主植物的适应性与其对杀虫剂的耐药性甚至抗药性密切相关。昆虫细胞色素P450s和GSTs等代谢解毒酶活性及相关基因的表达可以被植物次生物质影响,这不仅使昆虫对寄主植物的防御产生了适应性,还影响了昆虫对杀虫剂的解毒代谢,因而改变昆虫的耐药性或抗药性。掌握昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其在昆虫抗药性中的作用,对于明确昆虫的抗药性机制具有重要的参考意义。本文综述了植物次生物质对昆虫的影响、昆虫对寄主植物次生物质的代谢机制、昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应性对昆虫耐药性及抗药性的影响等方面的研究进展。  相似文献   

4.
张文辉  刘光杰 《植物学报》2003,20(5):522-530
综述了国内外与植物抗虫性有关的次生物质的主要类型和植物次生物质对昆虫的寄主选择、取食和产卵等作用的研究进展,对次生物质在生态系统中的作用也作了介绍,并展望了植物次生物质的应用前景。  相似文献   

5.
植物抗虫性次生物质的研究概况   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
综述了国内外与植物抗虫性有关的次生物质的主要类型和植物次生物质对昆虫的寄主选择、取食和产卵等作用的研究进展,对次生物质在生态系统中的作用也作了介绍,并展望了植物次生物质的应用前景。  相似文献   

6.
昆虫介体行为与植物病毒的传播   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
大多数植物病毒都是依赖昆虫介体进行传播,其中超过80%的传毒介体昆虫都是属于半翅目同翅亚目。昆虫介体识别寄主植物和取食的过程与病毒的传播密切相关,本文主要综述了同翅亚目昆虫、蓟马等介体昆虫取食行为与植物病毒的相互作用方面的研究进展,着重于介绍昆虫不同取食阶段的行为对植物病毒传播的影响,病毒侵染对介体取食和识别寄主行为的影响。  相似文献   

7.
大多数节肢动物天敌除了寄生或捕食寄主或猎物外,也会取食蜜源食物,特别是包括植物花蜜、花外蜜和昆虫蜜露等富含糖分的食物。这些蜜源食物对于提高寄生性和捕食性天敌的飞行和寄主搜索能力、延长寿命、提高繁殖力和增强控害能力都能发挥重要作用。本文重点介绍了农田生态系统中3类常见的非猎物性蜜源食物即植物花蜜、花外蜜和昆虫蜜露。其中,花蜜和花外蜜能够显著延长天敌寿命,提高天敌繁殖力和控害能力;蜜露的作用虽次于花蜜和花外蜜,但仍能促进某些天敌的生态功能。还进一步综述了显花植物和蜜源食物投放在生物防治中的应用,并从筛选适宜的蜜源植物、蜜源食物中糖成分作用分析和天敌对蜜源食物的搜索和定位等方向开展对蜜源食物的研究利用进行了展望。  相似文献   

8.
寄生植物对寄主植物的化学识别   总被引:20,自引:1,他引:19  
胡飞  孔垂华 《生态学报》2003,23(5):965-971
植物间寄生关系的研究近年来受到了广泛的重视。大量的研究表明,寄主释放的次生物质对植物间寄生关系的建立和维持起了重要的调节作用。寄主植物的次生物质对寄生植物的化学防御和昆虫授粉等生态功能起重要的作用,寄主植物次生物质对寄生植物生理与生态的调节作用是受寄生植物基因调节的。更为重要的是寄主植物释放的次生物质成为寄生植物的种子萌发和吸器发生的异源识别物质。能够刺激寄生植物种子萌发的次生物质主要是倍半萜和氢醌类物质,而诱导吸器发生的物质则是酚酸、醌和黄酮类化合物,诱导吸器发生的核心结构是对苯醌。这些异源识别物质大多是寄主植物释放的化感抑制物质,显示寄生植物在化学防御方面要比寄主植物高级。异源识别化合物的活性与其氧化潜力显著相关。由于寄生植物中存在一抑制异源识别物质诱导吸器发生的调节过程,因此吸器的产生与寄生植物根部接触异源识别物质的浓度与时间呈正相关关系,这一调节过程对寄生植物准确识别寄主并寄生其上是十分重要的。对寄生植物和寄主植物间的化学识别关系的揭示有助于人们防治有害寄生植物和开发利用有价值的寄生植物资源。  相似文献   

9.
虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发与信号转导途径   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
植物通过产生和释放挥发性物质增加植食性昆虫的天敌对其寄主或猎物的定位,减少植食性昆虫对植物的取食,从而达到间接防御的目的。植物对植食性昆虫所做出间接防御反应激发因子和信号转导途径的研究,对应用虫害诱导植物挥发物引诱害虫天敌,并进一步从植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌间三级营养关系,研究动植物协同进化机理和病虫害防治具有深远意义。本文根据国内外最新研究进展,对虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发因子,昆虫取食信号的转导途径及对植物间接防御相关基因的激活等方面进行了系统地综述。  相似文献   

10.
植食性昆虫与寄主植物关系的本质是化学。植食性昆虫搜寻寄主的嗅觉媒介是植物气味即化学信息物质。在介绍植物气味构成及其扩散模型基础上,阐述了植物气味在地上植食性昆虫成虫、幼虫和地下植食性昆虫搜寻寄主过程中的嗅觉导向作用,并指出了今后相关研究需要注意的问题。从植物与环境因子的关系来看,植物气味包括构成性气味和诱发性气味两类,这两类气味的概念既相联系而又不同。构成性气味组分及构成因植物分类地位等而不同。诱发性气味组分因植食性昆虫取食、植物病原微生物、机械致伤等因子的胁迫而变化,这种变化性状随植物属和/或种、植株生长发育阶段、胁迫因子性质及其作用方式而不同。无论是哪种植物气味,其释放均具有节律性。气味扩散过程比较复杂,扩散状态可用数学模型表征。对于地上植食性昆虫成虫,植物气味对其寄主搜寻行为具有导向特异性,重点分析了这种特异性形成的两个假说;鳞翅目昆虫幼虫,能够利用植物化学信息物质趋向寄主植物或回避非寄主植物;地下植食性昆虫搜寻寄主,既与寄主植物地下组织释放或分泌的次级代谢物有关,又与一些初级代谢物有关。初级代谢物中的CO2,起着“搜寻触发器”作用。有助于增强人们对昆虫与植...  相似文献   

11.
寄生蜂抗药性研究进展   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
吴刚  江树人 《昆虫学报》2004,47(4):515-521
植物-植食性昆虫-寄生蜂三级营养结构之间由于长期相互适应和协同进化,产生了一系列独特的相互关系。选择压力将对害虫和寄生蜂的抗药性演化产生影响,但由于寄生蜂具有与植食性昆虫不同的生物学及生态学特性,选择压力对害虫和寄生蜂抗药性演化的影响作用也是不同的。研究结果表明,除体外杀虫剂对寄生蜂的直接汰选因素外,进入寄主昆虫体内的杀虫剂成分、寄主昆虫取食不同植物的特有成分以及气候因子等均会对寄生蜂的抗药性演化产生影响。  相似文献   

12.
Allelochemicals are storing in different location in plant tissues as inactive form. Number of identified compounds may now exceed 100,000. Environmental factors have an effect on allelochemicals concentration in plants. Many allelochemicals classified as toxins or deterrents for herbivorous insects. Allelochemicals play a major role in feeding or ovipositing stimulants for some specialist insects. Consumption and assimilation of herbivorous insects had affected by the type of allelochemicals in host plants. Allelochemicals have an acute or chronic toxicity on herbivorous insects. Most specialist herbivorous insects rely heavily of ingested plant allelochemicals. Plant allelochemicals may influence an insect's susceptibility to pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and nematode. Specialists herbivorous insect can be using the allelochemicals in their host plants as protection against natural enemies. Some herbivorous insects are synthesising the aggregation, attracting, alarm or mating pheromone from the allelochemicals in their host plants.  相似文献   

13.
Plants, insects, and fungi have successfully colonized almost all terrestrial ecosystems, and their interactions have been the subject of numerous studies in recent decades. Plant-associated fungi include endophytic, arbuscular mycorrhizal, ambrosia, saprotrophic, pathogenic, and floral fungi. These fungi interact with insects through various mechanisms, including the modification of plant nutritional quality and degradation of plant defensive allelochemicals that are toxic to insects. Additionally, certain fungi assist plants in defending against insect attacks. Correspondingly, insects have evolved sophisticated nervous, digestive, and muscular systems that assist them in recognizing, preying on, and dispersing plant-associated fungi; these organ systems allow insects to detect and respond to various chemical signatures in the environment. Insects can be nourished, attracted, repelled, poisoned, and killed by chemical molecules produced by plant-associated fungi, which could be beneficial or detrimental to plants. This review summarizes the functions of different chemicals from the perspective of plant–fungus–insect interactions and discusses the challenges and future perspectives in this chemical ecology research field.  相似文献   

14.
Plants have evolved and diversified to reduce the damages imposed by infectious pathogens and herbivorous insects. Living in a sedentary lifestyle, plants are constantly adapting to their environment. They employ various strategies to increase performance and fitness. Thus, plants developed cost‐effective strategies to defend against specific insects and pathogens. Plant defense, however, imposes selective pressure on insects and pathogens. This selective pressure provides incentives for pathogens and insects to diversify and develop strategies to counter plant defense. This results in an evolutionary arms race among plants, pathogens and insects. The ever‐changing adaptations and physiological alterations among these organisms make studying plant–vector–pathogen interactions a challenging and fascinating field. Studying plant defense and plant protection requires knowledge of the relationship among organisms and the adaptive strategies each organism utilize. Therefore, this review focuses on the integral parts of plant–vector–pathogen interactions in order to understand the factors that affect plant defense and disease development. The review addresses plant–vector–pathogen co‐evolution, plant defense strategies, specificity of plant defenses and plant–vector–pathogen interactions. Improving the comprehension of these factors will provide a multi‐dimensional perspective for the future research in pest and disease management.  相似文献   

15.
1. Phytochemical coevolution theory, a long-standing paradigm in plant–insect interactions, predicts that specialist herbivores are less negatively affected by the allelochemicals of their host plants than are generalist herbivores. Although this theory is prevalent in plant–insect science, it is not always supported by empirical studies measuring the performance of specialist and generalist insects in response to allelochemicals. 2. The present study aimed to investigate: (i) whether there a difference between specialist and generalist performance in response to allelochemicals and (ii) whether the effect of allelochemicals on specialists and generalists depend upon allelochemical class or insect order. 3. A meta-analysis was conducted incorporating 76 effect sizes drawn from studies that directly compared the performance of specialist and generalist insects in response to treatment and control diets. Most of the effect sizes were related to the performance metric growth, the insect order Lepidoptera, and the allelochemical class nitrogen-containing compounds. 4. As predicted by phytochemical coevolution theory, specialist insects responded less negatively to allelochemicals of their hosts than generalist insects in terms of growth. There were no significant differences in terms of fecundity or survival, or among allelochemical classes or insect orders. 5. These results support the prediction of phytochemical coevolution theory that specialist insects respond less negatively to allelochemicals of their hosts than generalists, although only in terms of growth.  相似文献   

16.
Recent studies have shown that plant allelochemicals can have profound effects on the performance of associated species, such that plants with a history of co-existence with “chemical neighbour” plants perform better in their presence compared to naïve plants. This has cast new light on the complexity of plant–plant interactions and plant communities and has led to debates on whether plant communities are more co-evolved than traditionally thought. In order to determine whether plants may indeed evolve in response to other plants’ allelochemicals it is crucial to determine the presence of genetic variation for performance under the influence of specific allelochemicals and show that natural selection indeed operates on this variation. We studied the effect of the monoterpene carvacrol—a dominant compound in the essential oil of Thymus pulegioides—on three associated plant species originating from sites where thyme is either present or absent. We found the presence of genetic variation in both naïve and experienced populations for performance under the influence of the allelochemical but the response varied among naïve and experienced plant. Plants from experienced populations performed better than naïve plants on carvacrol soil and contained significantly more seed families with an adaptive response to carvacrol than naïve populations. This suggests that the presence of T. pulegioides can act as a selective agent on associated species, by favouring genotypes which perform best in the presence of its allelochemicals. The response to the thyme allelochemical varied from negative to neutral to positive among the species. The different responses within a species suggest that plant–plant interactions can evolve; this has implications for community dynamics and stability.  相似文献   

17.
The evolutionary ecology of insect resistance to plant chemicals   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Understanding the diversity of insect responses to chemical pressures (e.g. plant allelochemicals and pesticides) in their local ecological context represents a key challenge in developing durable pest control strategies. To what extent do the resistance mechanisms evolved by insects to deal with the chemical defences of plants differ from those that have evolved to resist insecticides? Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of insect resistance to plant chemicals, with a special emphasis on their underlying molecular basis, evaluate costs associated with each resistance trait, and discuss the ecological and evolutionary significance of these findings.  相似文献   

18.
Effector proteins that modulate plant--insect interactions   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Insect herbivores have highly diverse life cycles and feeding behaviors. They establish close interactions with their plant hosts and suppress plant defenses. Chewing herbivores evoke characteristic defense responses distinguishable from general mechanical damage. In addition, piercing-sucking hemipteran insects display typical feeding behavior that suggests active suppression of plant defense responses. Effectors that modulate plant defenses have been identified in the saliva of these insects. Tools for high-throughput effector identification and functional characterization have been developed. In addition, in some insect species it is possible to silence gene expression by RNAi. Together, this technological progress has enabled the identification of insect herbivore effectors and their targets that will lead to the development of novel strategies for pest resistances in plants.  相似文献   

19.
Allelopathic interactions between plants and other organisms have been recognized by scientists worldwide because they offer alternative uses in agriculture, such as decreasing our reliance on synthetic herbicides, insecticides, and nematicides for disease and insect control. The recognition of the role that allelopathy can have in producing optimum crop yields is of fundamental importance. Despite much optimism and some progress in unravelling the complexities of biochemical interactions between species, a firm foundation for the scientific rationale of the existence and function of the allelopathic phenomenon has not been developed. Allelopathic chemicals are primarily secondary products of plant metabolism which have been an enigma to plant scientists; however, they undergo a variety of reactions with plant, insect and animal species that inhibit or stimulate their growth and development. Examples of some allelochemicals and their basis of molecular and biological action are shown: interaction between the unicorn plant (Proboscidea louisianica L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.); diterpenoid alkaloids (fromDelphinium ajacis L.) as allelochemicals; substances that occur in wheat (Tritcum aestivum) and wheat soil that cause autotoxic effects; alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root saponins as allelochemicals; humic acids from wheat soil as allelochemicals; and structure-function of flavonols serving as allelochemicals in chloroplast-mediated electron transport and phosphorylation. This paper concludes with a discussion of some frontier areas of research in allelopathy.  相似文献   

20.
Adaptive diversification is a process intrinsically tied to species interactions. Yet, the influence of most types of interspecific interactions on adaptive evolutionary diversification remains poorly understood. In particular, the role of mutualistic interactions in shaping adaptive radiations has been largely unexplored, despite the ubiquity of mutualisms and increasing evidence of their ecological and evolutionary importance. Our aim here is to encourage empirical inquiry into the relationship between mutualism and evolutionary diversification, using herbivorous insects and their microbial mutualists as exemplars. Phytophagous insects have long been used to test theories of evolutionary diversification; moreover, the diversification of a number of phytophagous insect lineages has been linked to mutualisms with microbes. In this perspective, we examine microbial mutualist mediation of ecological opportunity and ecologically based divergent natural selection for their insect hosts. We also explore the conditions and mechanisms by which microbial mutualists may either facilitate or impede adaptive evolutionary diversification. These include effects on the availability of novel host plants or adaptive zones, modifying host-associated fitness trade-offs during host shifts, creating or reducing enemy-free space, and, overall, shaping the evolution of ecological (host plant) specialization. Although the conceptual framework presented here is built on phytophagous insect–microbe mutualisms, many of the processes and predictions are broadly applicable to other mutualisms in which host ecology is altered by mutualistic interactions.  相似文献   

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